Criminologists have long since marginalized passivity as a variable of interest when studying the phenomenon of harm-doing. In this thesis, I explore the role of passivity in such instances and build a case for its centrality to deviance. I also undertake a number of other tasks. First, I review the extent to which research throughout the academy has connected passivity to violence. Second, I explore whether criminological theories have incorporated the variable of passivity and how they could. Lastly, I reflect on why more work on passivity has not been done given its manifest connection to harm, and I offer suggestions on how criminology can move forward in integrating bystander behavior in its theories of harm-doing.

This study examines how the discourse on gang crime can be observed regarding the rhetoric of the Swedish prime minister, Ulf Kristersson, Research in the subject indicates that gang crime is most often explained by family situations and that gang violence can be partly explained by social learning theories. The research also indicates that the criminal policy in Sweden has clearly changed recently, and that crime is described as a result of immigration. By using the discourse analysis method, the purpose of the study has been to understand Kristersson’s explanation of gang crime based on parts of various speeches and interviews in which he has participated. Furthermore, I’ve studied how Kristersson’s discourse places itself on an analytical level made by criminological theories. The results of the study show thatKristersson’s discourse, for the most part, places itself at the meso- and macro-level as an explanatory factor for gang crime and that the dominant theories in his discourse consist of social ecological theory, the theory of subculture and strain theory.

Criminology and Security Science

Corruption from a criminological perspective forms the basis of this dissertation. The crime component of corruption the 'what', 'why' and 'how' is the dominant theme throughout the study and includes corruption in the South African public sector, highlighting police corruption in the Western Cape. Although this study is exploratory, certain qualitative interviewing techniques, including an interview guide, were used to maximise the information obtained from knowledgeable interviewees. Corruption was further elucidated by the employment of criminological theories to explain pertinent findings in the research, by highlighting risk factors that lead to corruption, by giving examples of corruption and by discussing anti-corruption agencies and the effectiveness of existing legislation. Corruption in the public sector has always been around and will be ad infinitum. The severity of the consequences of this phenomenon can be curtailed by the will of politicians, the involvement of civil society and an operational criminal justice system. / Criminology / MA (Criminology)

Corruption from a criminological perspective forms the basis of this dissertation. The crime component of corruption the 'what', 'why' and 'how' is the dominant theme throughout the study and includes corruption in the South African public sector, highlighting police corruption in the Western Cape. Although this study is exploratory, certain qualitative interviewing techniques, including an interview guide, were used to maximise the information obtained from knowledgeable interviewees. Corruption was further elucidated by the employment of criminological theories to explain pertinent findings in the research, by highlighting risk factors that lead to corruption, by giving examples of corruption and by discussing anti-corruption agencies and the effectiveness of existing legislation. Corruption in the public sector has always been around and will be ad infinitum. The severity of the consequences of this phenomenon can be curtailed by the will of politicians, the involvement of civil society and an operational criminal justice system. / Criminology and Security Science / MA (Criminology)

Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

L’internationalisation des échanges économiques inscrit les économies nationales dans un ordre mondialisé. Ce contexte de la mondialisation intensifie les échanges commerciaux et la concurrence des entreprises. Celles-ci doivent perpétuellement lutter pour survivre sur le marché. Pour ne pas disparaître, elles doivent devenir plus fortes, et plus grandes. Elles sont dès lors contraintes à un développement externe. Ce mode de croissance externe se matérialise par des opérations de concentration : fusion, scission, apports partiels d’actifs, cession de contrôle, offres publiques. Il s’agit d’étudier les fusions-acquisitions. Depuis quelques années, ces opérations sont devenues une réalité de la vie des affaires. Relayées à chaque réalisation - du moins les plus significatives - par les médias, elles sont le plus souvent connues pour la synergie qu’elles réalisent et/ou les conséquences sociales qu’elles emportent. Traitées dans les manuels de sciences économiques et de sciences juridiques de manière générale, les fusions-acquisitions sont rarement envisagées sous l’angle exclusif du droit pénal. C’est précisément l’objet de cette étude. Néanmoins, seules les opérations de fusions, scissions, et offres publiques, en droit pénal sont envisagées. Les risques juridiques liés à ces opérations, en particulier les risques pénaux, se situent à tous les étages. Dans le cadre de ces opérations, le droit pénal a vocation à protéger les différents intérêts en jeu, c’est-à-dire les divers intérêts des acteurs, personnes physiques ou morales. Mais certains obstacles obligent à une application mesurée du droit pénal en la matière. Le premier est la notion de personnalité juridique, fondement de plusieurs principes de droit pénal ; le second est une conjugaison de plusieurs difficultés : La diversité et/ou la spécificité des réglementations applicables à ces opérations, le caractère souvent international de ces dernières et la portée limitée du droit pénal accessoire. Cette étude se propose de concilier ces obstacles avec la nécessité et les exigences d’une vraie, juste et meilleure répression lors de la réalisation de ces opérations de ces opérations de fusions-acquisitions. En ce sens, notre contribution insiste sur un renouvellement de l’application du droit pénal lors de la réalisation de ces opérations. Deux principales pistes sont envisagées : considérer le caractère économique de l’opération pour consacrer une pénalisation – entendue ici comme l’action de sanctionner et de renforcer la sanction - des fusions-acquisitions eu égard au droit pénal économique ; prendre appui sur la notion d’entreprise pour apporter une réponse pénale adaptée à la répression. C’est à cette double condition que le droit pénal aura un réel intérêt dans le cadre de ces opérations. / The Internationalization of economical exchanges inscribes national’s economies in a globalized order. This globalized context intensifies the business’s trades and the competition between companies. These have to perpetually struggle to survive on the market. To avoid disappearance, they have to become stronger and bigger. Thenceforth, they are constrained to an external growth. This type of external growth materializes itself by concentrations: such as mergers, scissions, acquisitions, partial transfers of assets, transfers of control, takeovers. We talk about mergers and acquisitions. For some years now, these transactions had become a reality in a business’s life. Relay at each realization – at least the most significant ones – by the media, they are most known for the synergy they realized and/or social consequencies they cary. Generally studied in economics sciences and legal sciences manuals, mergers and acquisitions are rarely considered exclusively by criminal approach. This is precisely the purpose of this study. Nevertheless, only concentrations such as mergers scissions and takeovers will be considered in this study. Legal risks tied to such transactions, in particular criminal ones, are found at all stages. In the context of those concentrations, criminal Law is intended to protect all different interests in presence, meaning actors, natural persons as well as legal persons. But some certain obstacles call for a measured or moderated application of criminal Law. The first one is the legal personality, the basis of multiples criminal Law principles. The second is a combination of many or multiples difficulties: the diversity and/or the specificity of the applicable rules to those transactions, usually the international character of the latter ones and the limited scope of the Law on secondary penalties. This study is proposing to conciliate those obstacles with the necessity of and the requirements of a true, just and better criminal repression during these transactions realization. For this purpose, our contribution lay stress on renewal of the criminal Law application during the mergers and acquisitions. Two mains avenues will be considered: consider the economic character of the transactions to apply a penalization; intended here as the act of sanctioning and re-enforce the penalty of mergers and acquisitions in view of economic criminal Law; laying on the notion of enterprise to bring a penal answer adapted to the penalty. It will be at this double condition that the criminal Law will have a real interest in the frame, limit of those transactions.

Department of Criminal Justice / See the attached abstract below

This study explores the utilisation of spatial technologies as a tool to analyse and combat crime. The study deals specifically with remote sensing and its potential for being integrated with geographical information systems (GIS). The integrated spatial approach resulted in the understanding of land use class behaviour over time and its relationship to specific crime incidents per police precinct area. The incorporation of spatial technologies to test criminological theories in practice, such as the ecological theories of criminology, provides the science with strategic value. It proves the value of combining multi-disciplinary scientific fields to create a more advanced platform to understand land use behaviour and its relationship to crime. Crime in South Africa is a serious concern and it impacts negatively on so many lives. The fear of crime, the loss of life, the socio-economic impact of crime, etc. create the impression that the battle against crime has been lost. The limited knowledge base within the law enforcement agencies, limited logistical resources and low retention rate of critical staff all contribute to making the reduction of crime more difficult to achieve. A practical procedure of using remote sensing technology integrated with geographical information systems (GIS), overlaid with geo-coded crime data to provide a spatial technological basis to analyse and combat crime, is illustrated by a practical study of the Tshwane municipality area. The methodology applied in this study required multi-skilled resources incorporating GIS and the understanding of crime to integrate the diverse scientific fields into a consolidated process that can contribute to the combating of crime in general. The existence of informal settlement areas in South Africa stresses the socio-economic problems that need to be addressed as there is a clear correlation of land use data with serious crime incidents in these areas. The fact that no formal cadastre exists for these areas, combined with a great diversity in densification and growth of the periphery, makes analysis very difficult without remote sensing imagery. Revisits over time to assess changes in these areas in order to adapt policing strategies will create an improved information layer for responding to crime. Final computerised maps generated from remote sensing and GIS layers are not the only information that can be used to prevent and combat crime. An important recipe for ultimately successfully managing and controlling crime in South Africa is to strategically combine training of the law enforcement agencies in the use of spatial information with police science. The researcher concludes with the hope that this study will contribute to the improved utilisation of spatial technology to analyse and combat crime in South Africa. The ultimate vision is the expansion of the science of criminology by adding an advanced spatial technology module to its curriculum. / Criminology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

This study explores the utilisation of spatial technologies as a tool to analyse and combat crime. The study deals specifically with remote sensing and its potential for being integrated with geographical information systems (GIS). The integrated spatial approach resulted in the understanding of land use class behaviour over time and its relationship to specific crime incidents per police precinct area. The incorporation of spatial technologies to test criminological theories in practice, such as the ecological theories of criminology, provides the science with strategic value. It proves the value of combining multi-disciplinary scientific fields to create a more advanced platform to understand land use behaviour and its relationship to crime. Crime in South Africa is a serious concern and it impacts negatively on so many lives. The fear of crime, the loss of life, the socio-economic impact of crime, etc. create the impression that the battle against crime has been lost. The limited knowledge base within the law enforcement agencies, limited logistical resources and low retention rate of critical staff all contribute to making the reduction of crime more difficult to achieve. A practical procedure of using remote sensing technology integrated with geographical information systems (GIS), overlaid with geo-coded crime data to provide a spatial technological basis to analyse and combat crime, is illustrated by a practical study of the Tshwane municipality area. The methodology applied in this study required multi-skilled resources incorporating GIS and the understanding of crime to integrate the diverse scientific fields into a consolidated process that can contribute to the combating of crime in general. The existence of informal settlement areas in South Africa stresses the socio-economic problems that need to be addressed as there is a clear correlation of land use data with serious crime incidents in these areas. The fact that no formal cadastre exists for these areas, combined with a great diversity in densification and growth of the periphery, makes analysis very difficult without remote sensing imagery. Revisits over time to assess changes in these areas in order to adapt policing strategies will create an improved information layer for responding to crime. Final computerised maps generated from remote sensing and GIS layers are not the only information that can be used to prevent and combat crime. An important recipe for ultimately successfully managing and controlling crime in South Africa is to strategically combine training of the law enforcement agencies in the use of spatial information with police science. The researcher concludes with the hope that this study will contribute to the improved utilisation of spatial technology to analyse and combat crime in South Africa. The ultimate vision is the expansion of the science of criminology by adding an advanced spatial technology module to its curriculum. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)