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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Trigo com germinação pré-colheita na produção de malte

Carvalho, Paulo de Tarso 11 August 2015 (has links)
CAPES / A germinação pré-colheita é um dos principais problemas da triticultura mundial. Na germinação pré-colheita ocorrem transformações bioquímicas próprias da germinação que também ocorrem na maltagem, porém sem controle e com intensidade variável. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o uso de trigo com germinação pré-colheita na produção de malte. Treze amostras de trigo com germinação pré-colheita obtidas de diferentes regiões do Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul foram analisadas a fim de avaliar a intensidade das mudanças nas propriedades físicas, composição química e atividade enzimática, em função da intensidade do dano causado pela chuva. Foram avaliados falling number (FN), peso hectolitro, peso de mil sementes, nitrogênio total, nitrogênio solúvel (NS), nitrogênio de aminoácidos livres (NAL), cinzas, açúcares redutores, atividade enzimática e alterações na fração de gliadina. A segunda etapa teve como objetivo otimizar a maltagem de uma amostra de trigo com germinação pré-colheita, utilizando metodologia de superfície de resposta e avaliando o efeito da temperatura de embebição e germinação, umidade inicial de germinação e tempo de germinação. Os maltes foram avaliados quanto as perdas de maltagem, extrato, atenuação limite, viscosidade, atividade de α e β-amilase, nitrogênio total, NS e NAL. Na terceira etapa foi avaliada a qualidade do malte de amostras de trigo com diferentes intensidades de germinação pré-colheita, quanto às perdas de maltagem, extrato, atenuação limite, viscosidade, atividade de α e β-amilase, nitrogênio total, NS e NAL. Nas amostras de trigo com germinação pré-colheita, as variáveis açúcares redutores, NS, NAL, atividade de α-amilase, β-glucanase e protease apresentaram correlações significativas com FN. À medida que houve redução do falling number, as gliadinas apresentaram alterações nas bandas entre 40 e 30 KDa que ficaram mais intensas. No estudo de otimização da maltagem, a temperatura de embebição e germinação foi o fator que influenciou um maior número de parâmetros de qualidade do malte, seguido por tempo de germinação e umidade inicial de germinação. A metodologia de superfície de resposta possibilitou otimizar a maltagem do trigo, e as melhores condições definidas pela ferramenta de desejabilidade foram 45% de umidade inicial, embebição e germinação a 12,5oC e germinação por 78 horas. A maltagem de amostras com diferentes intensidades de germinação pré-colheita nas condições anteriormente citadas, produziram maltes que atenderam aos parâmetros de viscosidade, extrato, níveis de perdas, nitrogênio de aminoácidos livres, nitrogênio solúvel e índice de Kolbach. A amostra com falling number acima de 200 s apresentou nitrogênio solúvel inferior; mas atividade de α e β-amilase e extrato, superiores às amostras com germinação pré-colheita. O conjunto de resultados obtidos indica a viabilidade técnica de produção de maltes de trigos com germinação pré-colheita. / The preharvest sprouting damage (PHSD) is one of the main problems in world wheat crop. During the preharvest sprouting typical germination biochemical process occurs, which also happens in malting, but without control and with variable intensity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of preharvest sprouted wheat in malt production. Thirteen samples of preharvest sprouted wheat were collected in Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul states and were analyzed to assess the changes in physical properties, chemical composition and enzyme activity, due to rain damage. Falling number (FN), hectoliter weight, thousand seed weight, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen (SN), free amino acid nitrogen (FAN), ash, reducing sugars, enzyme activity and changes in the gliadin fraction were investigated. In the second study response surface methodology was used to optimize the malting of preharvest sprouted wheat. The influence of three malting parameters (degree of steeping, germination time and temperature) on the quality of wheat malt was investigated. Malt quality was evaluated as malting losses, extract, attenuation limit, viscosity, α and β-amylase activity, total nitrogen, Kolbach index, SN and FAN. In the third study, the quality of preharvest sprouted wheat malt containing various levels of PHSD was investigated about malting losses, extract, attenuation limit, viscosity, α and β-amylase activity, total nitrogen, Kolbach index, SN and FAN. In samples of preharvest sprouted wheat, reducing sugars, SN, FAN, α and β-amylase activity, and protease activity showed significant correlations with FN. In samples with lower falling number values, the gliadins displayed changes to the 40 and 30 kda bands, which become more intense. In the malting optimization study, temperature of malting was the factor that influenced a greater number of malt quality parameters, followed by germination time and degree of steeping. The response surface methodology enabled to optimize the malting of the wheat, and the best conditions defined by the desirability tool were degree of steeping 45%, temperature 12.5oC and germination time 78 hours. Wheat malt samples containing various levels of PHSD reached the desible parameters: viscosity, extract, malting losses, free amino nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and kolbach index. The sample with falling number greater than 200 s showed lower soluble nitrogen concentration; but higher α and β-amylase activity and extract than the samples of preharvest sprouted wheat with lower values of falling number. The set of results indicates that is possible to produce malt, using pre-harvest sprouting wheat.
12

Trigo com germinação pré-colheita na produção de malte

Carvalho, Paulo de Tarso 11 August 2015 (has links)
CAPES / A germinação pré-colheita é um dos principais problemas da triticultura mundial. Na germinação pré-colheita ocorrem transformações bioquímicas próprias da germinação que também ocorrem na maltagem, porém sem controle e com intensidade variável. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o uso de trigo com germinação pré-colheita na produção de malte. Treze amostras de trigo com germinação pré-colheita obtidas de diferentes regiões do Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul foram analisadas a fim de avaliar a intensidade das mudanças nas propriedades físicas, composição química e atividade enzimática, em função da intensidade do dano causado pela chuva. Foram avaliados falling number (FN), peso hectolitro, peso de mil sementes, nitrogênio total, nitrogênio solúvel (NS), nitrogênio de aminoácidos livres (NAL), cinzas, açúcares redutores, atividade enzimática e alterações na fração de gliadina. A segunda etapa teve como objetivo otimizar a maltagem de uma amostra de trigo com germinação pré-colheita, utilizando metodologia de superfície de resposta e avaliando o efeito da temperatura de embebição e germinação, umidade inicial de germinação e tempo de germinação. Os maltes foram avaliados quanto as perdas de maltagem, extrato, atenuação limite, viscosidade, atividade de α e β-amilase, nitrogênio total, NS e NAL. Na terceira etapa foi avaliada a qualidade do malte de amostras de trigo com diferentes intensidades de germinação pré-colheita, quanto às perdas de maltagem, extrato, atenuação limite, viscosidade, atividade de α e β-amilase, nitrogênio total, NS e NAL. Nas amostras de trigo com germinação pré-colheita, as variáveis açúcares redutores, NS, NAL, atividade de α-amilase, β-glucanase e protease apresentaram correlações significativas com FN. À medida que houve redução do falling number, as gliadinas apresentaram alterações nas bandas entre 40 e 30 KDa que ficaram mais intensas. No estudo de otimização da maltagem, a temperatura de embebição e germinação foi o fator que influenciou um maior número de parâmetros de qualidade do malte, seguido por tempo de germinação e umidade inicial de germinação. A metodologia de superfície de resposta possibilitou otimizar a maltagem do trigo, e as melhores condições definidas pela ferramenta de desejabilidade foram 45% de umidade inicial, embebição e germinação a 12,5oC e germinação por 78 horas. A maltagem de amostras com diferentes intensidades de germinação pré-colheita nas condições anteriormente citadas, produziram maltes que atenderam aos parâmetros de viscosidade, extrato, níveis de perdas, nitrogênio de aminoácidos livres, nitrogênio solúvel e índice de Kolbach. A amostra com falling number acima de 200 s apresentou nitrogênio solúvel inferior; mas atividade de α e β-amilase e extrato, superiores às amostras com germinação pré-colheita. O conjunto de resultados obtidos indica a viabilidade técnica de produção de maltes de trigos com germinação pré-colheita. / The preharvest sprouting damage (PHSD) is one of the main problems in world wheat crop. During the preharvest sprouting typical germination biochemical process occurs, which also happens in malting, but without control and with variable intensity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of preharvest sprouted wheat in malt production. Thirteen samples of preharvest sprouted wheat were collected in Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul states and were analyzed to assess the changes in physical properties, chemical composition and enzyme activity, due to rain damage. Falling number (FN), hectoliter weight, thousand seed weight, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen (SN), free amino acid nitrogen (FAN), ash, reducing sugars, enzyme activity and changes in the gliadin fraction were investigated. In the second study response surface methodology was used to optimize the malting of preharvest sprouted wheat. The influence of three malting parameters (degree of steeping, germination time and temperature) on the quality of wheat malt was investigated. Malt quality was evaluated as malting losses, extract, attenuation limit, viscosity, α and β-amylase activity, total nitrogen, Kolbach index, SN and FAN. In the third study, the quality of preharvest sprouted wheat malt containing various levels of PHSD was investigated about malting losses, extract, attenuation limit, viscosity, α and β-amylase activity, total nitrogen, Kolbach index, SN and FAN. In samples of preharvest sprouted wheat, reducing sugars, SN, FAN, α and β-amylase activity, and protease activity showed significant correlations with FN. In samples with lower falling number values, the gliadins displayed changes to the 40 and 30 kda bands, which become more intense. In the malting optimization study, temperature of malting was the factor that influenced a greater number of malt quality parameters, followed by germination time and degree of steeping. The response surface methodology enabled to optimize the malting of the wheat, and the best conditions defined by the desirability tool were degree of steeping 45%, temperature 12.5oC and germination time 78 hours. Wheat malt samples containing various levels of PHSD reached the desible parameters: viscosity, extract, malting losses, free amino nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and kolbach index. The sample with falling number greater than 200 s showed lower soluble nitrogen concentration; but higher α and β-amylase activity and extract than the samples of preharvest sprouted wheat with lower values of falling number. The set of results indicates that is possible to produce malt, using pre-harvest sprouting wheat.
13

Optimal policies directed at reducing pest damages for a pestpredator model /

Chan, Wenyaw January 1984 (has links)
No description available.
14

Utilization, preference and nutritional value of winter-green agricultural crops for goose food

Taylor, Warren Hassel 06 February 2013 (has links)
Present data are insufficient to permit final recommendations as to the best winter-green crop for geese of the sight crops studied. Italian rye grass appears, however, to have very good possibilities because of its good production of forage, its utilization and apparent high preference by geese coupled with a low preference by deer. It is also a relatively inexpensive field crop. Ladino clover is good as a second year crop for both geese and deer besides being economical to plant and maintain, but should be planted early to permit satisfactory first year utilization. Oats, on the refuges on which this investigation was conducted, appears a poor choice because of its high preference by deer and low goose preference. There is a need for additional investigation to permit the accumulation of more conclusive data. Presently reported results reflect limitations which might be overcome with additional investigation. / Master of Science
15

Quantificação de danos e controle pós-colheita de podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e podridão mole (Rhizopus stolonifer) em frutos de ameixa e nectarina / Quantification of damages and control of the postharvest diseases brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) and soft rot (Rhizopus stolonifer) in plum and nectarine fruits

Gonçalves, Fabrício Packer 07 February 2006 (has links)
Esse trabalho teve dois objetivos distintos, quantificar e caracterizar os danos pós-colheita em frutos de ameixa e nectarina na Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo (CEAGESP) e testar produtos que possam ser utilizados no controle das doenças pós-colheita podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e podridão mole (Rhizopus stolonifer) nestes dois frutos. Durante a safra 2003 e 2004, foram realizados 20 levantamentos de quantificação de danos em frutos de nectarina e 11 em frutos de ameixa. Em cada levantamento foram avaliados 1% do total de caixas comercializados em cinco permissionários da CEAGESP. A amostragem foi estratificada por variedade, calibre e procedência dos frutos, sendo quantificados danos mecânicos, fisiológicos e doenças pós-colheita. Para o controle da podridão parda e mole, o efeito curativo e protetor do CaCl2, cera e luz UV-C, em diferentes concentrações e o efeito curativo do tratamento com ozônio foram avaliados. A incidência de danos na CEAGESP em frutos de ameixa variou de 5 a 47%, e em nectarina entre 14 e 54%, considerando as safras 2003 e 2004. Tanto em ameixa como em nectarina os danos mais freqüentes foram os mecânicos, com variação de 2 a 25% em frutos de ameixa e de 7 a 30% em frutos de nectarina. Danos fisiológicos variaram de 1 a 22% e de 2 a 18% em frutos de ameixa e nectarina, respectivamente. Danos provocados por doenças variaram de 0 a 13% em frutos de ameixa e de 1 a 9% em frutos de nectarina. Entre os patógenos mais constatados figuraram fungos do gênero Rhizopus, Monilinia, Geotrichum, Cladosporium, Fusarium e Alternaria, além de bactérias. Correlação entre a incidência de frutos com dano mecânico e a incidência de frutos doentes foi constatada na safra 2004, nos dois frutos. Em ameixa, a variedade Gulfblazer apresentou maior incidência a danos mecânicos e fisiológicos. Não foi observada diferença na incidência de danos mecânicos e de doenças, entre as variedades de nectarina avaliadas na safra 2003. Na safra 2004, a incidência de danos mecânicos e fisiológicos foi superior na variedade Sunraycer comparada às demais variedades. Em relação aos produtos testados, no geral, CaCl2 a 1%, mostrou potencial de controle das duas doenças nos dois frutos, aplicado como protetor ou curativo. A cera ECF 124 a base de carnaúba foi o produto mais eficiente, com redução de até 70% das duas doenças em ambos os frutos, principalmente quando aplicada de maneira protetora, a 9%. As doses (1,4 e 5,2 kJm-2) de UV-C testadas não controlaram as doenças com resultados praticamente iguais à testemunha (dose 0,0 kJm-2). A presença de ozônio não reduziu nenhuma das doenças em nenhum dos dois frutos avaliados. / This study had two distinct objectives, to quantify and characterize the postharvest damages in plums and nectarines in the wholesale market of São Paulo (CEAGESP), and to test products that can be used in the control of the postharvest diseases such as the brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) and soft rot (Rhizopus stolonifer) in these two fruits species. Twenty assessments in nectarine and eleven in plums were carried out in 2003 and 2004. In each year 1% of the total of boxes commercialized in five outlets of CEAGESP was assessed, considering mechanical and physiological damages and postharvest diseases. The selection of samples was conducted through stratified sampling, taking fruit cultivar, place of origin and fruit size as the stratification criteria. Curative and protective control measures of brown and soft rot were analyzed testing CaCl2, wax and UV-C light, in different concentrations. The ozone was studied only as curative treatment. The incidence of damages in plums at CEAGESP ranged from 5 to 47%, and in nectarines from 14 to 54%. Either in plums or in nectarines, postharvest mechanical injuries were the most frequent damages, varying from 2 to 25% in plums and from 7 to 30% in nectarines. Physiological damages ranged from 1 to 22% and from 2 to 18% in plums and nectarines, respectively. Postharvest diseases ranged from 0 to 13% in plums and from 1 to 9% in nectarines. The most frequent postarvest pathogens were Rhizopus, Monilinia, Geotrichum, Cladosporium, Fusarium and Alternaria, besides bacteria. A correlation between the incidence of mechanical damages and the incidence of postharvest diseases in 2004 in both fruits was noticed. Cultivar Gulfblazer (plum) showed more incidence of mechanical and physiological damages than Reubennel. No differences were observed in the incidence of mechanical and physiological damages among the cultivars of nectarines assessed in 2003. No difference in the susceptibility to postharvest diseases among the nectarine cultivars Sunred, Sunripe, Sunraycer and Colombina in 2003 was verified. In 2004 cv. Sunraycer showed incidence of mechanical damages significantly higher than the other varieties. Regarding the products tested, as a whole, CaCl2 at 1% showed potential of controlling the two diseases in both kind of fruits, applied as a protective or curative measure. The carnauba wax (ECF 124) was the most efficient product, with a reduction of up to 70% of both diseases in both kind of fruits, mainly when applied as a protective agent, at 9%. The doses (1,4 e 5,2 kJm-2) of UV-C tested did not control the diseases with results practically similar to the reference dose (0,0 kJm-2). The presence of ozone did not reduce either of the diseases in any of the fruits evaluated.
16

Enhancing the genetic diversity and durability of leaf rust resistance in durum wheat /

Herrera-Foessel, Sybil A., January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
17

Efeito do transporte manual na ocorrencia de danos mecanicos em banana (Musa cavendishii) / Effect of manual transportation in the inicidence of mechanical damages in bananas (Musa cavendishii)

Santos, Jose Henrique dos 22 December 1998 (has links)
Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ferraz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T20:24:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_JoseHenriquedos_M.pdf: 1220305 bytes, checksum: 11a023a2193ebb3cb35b8cd823beb20c (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: No Brasil, as perdas na colheita e pós-colheita estão estimadas em 30 a 40% da produção. As hortícolas são as espécies vegetais cultivadas economicamente que mais contribuem para a manutenção deste elevado índice de perdas. Dentre elas, destacam-se as frutas, e em especial a banana, com perdas totais estimadas em 40%. O conhecimento das propriedades mecânicas dos materiais biológicos contribui não só para o projeto e desenvolvimento de equipamentos de colheita e pós-colheita, como também para a melhor gestão da qualidade e vida útil dos produtos. Neste trabalho avaliou-se o efeito do transporte manual quanto aos danos produzidos nos frutos da bananeira ((Musa cavendishii), determinaram-se as áreas de contato entre ombro do carregador e frutos, mediram-se as acelerações produzidas nos frutos durante o transporte manual, para topografias plana, acidentada e em superfícies gramada e de concreto. Realizaram-se ensaios mecânicos de penetração, de compressão entre pratos planos e paralelos e ensaios cíclicos de compressão. Resultados evidenciaram a sensibilidade dos frutos aos danos mecânicos mesmo no estádio verde. Danos no pedúnculo não foram observados devido a ação do transporte. Observaram-se acelerações entre 0,15 a 1,35g (9,8ms-2) indicando cargas significativas de compressão, adicionais ao peso próprio, geradas durante o caminhamento. Compressões com cargas crescentes não produziram manchas de tamanhos correlacionados com a intensidade da carga revelando que o tamanho dos danos constitui bom indicador da severidade da solicitação mecânica. Os ensaios de compressão do fruto inteiro, entre prato planos e paralelos, revelaram escoamento biológico e diferentes níveis de resistência entre frutos localizados nas regiões superior, média e inferior do cacho. Os ensaios cíclicos de compressão revelaram que solicitações repetidas de pequenas amplitudes podem promover modificações permanentes no fruto com grande potencial de danos. De uma forma geral concluiu-se que danos mecânicos estão presentes no transporte manual e que soluções para proteção do cacho ou dispositivos de auxílio ao transporte sejam necessários para a redução desses danos / Abstract: Around 30% to 40% of total losses of agricultural production in Brazil occurs during harvesting and post harvesting processes. Fruits and vegetables are the major contributor to these high losses. Among them, banana can reach losses up to 40% of total production. The knowledge of mechanical properties of fruits and vegetables is important not only for better designing of handling equipment but also to improve quality management as well as shelf life. This work reports the development of a methodology to evaluate the mechanical damage of banana fruit during manual transportation. It was measured the contact area between shoulder and fruit, accelerations during manual transportation on irregular topography on grass and concrete surfaces. Mechanical tests of penetration, compression and cyclic compression between parallel rigid plates were also performed. Results brought into evidence the high sensitivity of green banana fruits to mechanical loads. Damages in the peduncle were not observed after manual transportation. Values of acceleration between 0,15 and 1,35 g (g=9,8ms-2) were measured indicating significant additional load to the weight of the bunch during transportation. Compressions using increasing loads did not produce bruise areas correlated to load values revealing that bruise area is not a good indicator of the magnitude of the applied load. Simple compression between flat plates reveled the presence of bio-yielding and different mechanical resistance in whole fruits grown in the upper, medium and lower part of the bunch. Cyclic compression showed that repeated loads of even of small amplitudes may promote permanent changes in mechanical behavior of the tissues with great possibility of damaging them. It was concluded that mechanical damages are present during manual transportation and solutions for protection of the bunch and development of transportation aids are desirable to reduce those damages / Mestrado / Maquinas Agricolas / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
18

Quantificação de danos e controle pós-colheita de podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e podridão mole (Rhizopus stolonifer) em frutos de ameixa e nectarina / Quantification of damages and control of the postharvest diseases brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) and soft rot (Rhizopus stolonifer) in plum and nectarine fruits

Fabrício Packer Gonçalves 07 February 2006 (has links)
Esse trabalho teve dois objetivos distintos, quantificar e caracterizar os danos pós-colheita em frutos de ameixa e nectarina na Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo (CEAGESP) e testar produtos que possam ser utilizados no controle das doenças pós-colheita podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e podridão mole (Rhizopus stolonifer) nestes dois frutos. Durante a safra 2003 e 2004, foram realizados 20 levantamentos de quantificação de danos em frutos de nectarina e 11 em frutos de ameixa. Em cada levantamento foram avaliados 1% do total de caixas comercializados em cinco permissionários da CEAGESP. A amostragem foi estratificada por variedade, calibre e procedência dos frutos, sendo quantificados danos mecânicos, fisiológicos e doenças pós-colheita. Para o controle da podridão parda e mole, o efeito curativo e protetor do CaCl2, cera e luz UV-C, em diferentes concentrações e o efeito curativo do tratamento com ozônio foram avaliados. A incidência de danos na CEAGESP em frutos de ameixa variou de 5 a 47%, e em nectarina entre 14 e 54%, considerando as safras 2003 e 2004. Tanto em ameixa como em nectarina os danos mais freqüentes foram os mecânicos, com variação de 2 a 25% em frutos de ameixa e de 7 a 30% em frutos de nectarina. Danos fisiológicos variaram de 1 a 22% e de 2 a 18% em frutos de ameixa e nectarina, respectivamente. Danos provocados por doenças variaram de 0 a 13% em frutos de ameixa e de 1 a 9% em frutos de nectarina. Entre os patógenos mais constatados figuraram fungos do gênero Rhizopus, Monilinia, Geotrichum, Cladosporium, Fusarium e Alternaria, além de bactérias. Correlação entre a incidência de frutos com dano mecânico e a incidência de frutos doentes foi constatada na safra 2004, nos dois frutos. Em ameixa, a variedade Gulfblazer apresentou maior incidência a danos mecânicos e fisiológicos. Não foi observada diferença na incidência de danos mecânicos e de doenças, entre as variedades de nectarina avaliadas na safra 2003. Na safra 2004, a incidência de danos mecânicos e fisiológicos foi superior na variedade Sunraycer comparada às demais variedades. Em relação aos produtos testados, no geral, CaCl2 a 1%, mostrou potencial de controle das duas doenças nos dois frutos, aplicado como protetor ou curativo. A cera ECF 124 a base de carnaúba foi o produto mais eficiente, com redução de até 70% das duas doenças em ambos os frutos, principalmente quando aplicada de maneira protetora, a 9%. As doses (1,4 e 5,2 kJm-2) de UV-C testadas não controlaram as doenças com resultados praticamente iguais à testemunha (dose 0,0 kJm-2). A presença de ozônio não reduziu nenhuma das doenças em nenhum dos dois frutos avaliados. / This study had two distinct objectives, to quantify and characterize the postharvest damages in plums and nectarines in the wholesale market of São Paulo (CEAGESP), and to test products that can be used in the control of the postharvest diseases such as the brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) and soft rot (Rhizopus stolonifer) in these two fruits species. Twenty assessments in nectarine and eleven in plums were carried out in 2003 and 2004. In each year 1% of the total of boxes commercialized in five outlets of CEAGESP was assessed, considering mechanical and physiological damages and postharvest diseases. The selection of samples was conducted through stratified sampling, taking fruit cultivar, place of origin and fruit size as the stratification criteria. Curative and protective control measures of brown and soft rot were analyzed testing CaCl2, wax and UV-C light, in different concentrations. The ozone was studied only as curative treatment. The incidence of damages in plums at CEAGESP ranged from 5 to 47%, and in nectarines from 14 to 54%. Either in plums or in nectarines, postharvest mechanical injuries were the most frequent damages, varying from 2 to 25% in plums and from 7 to 30% in nectarines. Physiological damages ranged from 1 to 22% and from 2 to 18% in plums and nectarines, respectively. Postharvest diseases ranged from 0 to 13% in plums and from 1 to 9% in nectarines. The most frequent postarvest pathogens were Rhizopus, Monilinia, Geotrichum, Cladosporium, Fusarium and Alternaria, besides bacteria. A correlation between the incidence of mechanical damages and the incidence of postharvest diseases in 2004 in both fruits was noticed. Cultivar Gulfblazer (plum) showed more incidence of mechanical and physiological damages than Reubennel. No differences were observed in the incidence of mechanical and physiological damages among the cultivars of nectarines assessed in 2003. No difference in the susceptibility to postharvest diseases among the nectarine cultivars Sunred, Sunripe, Sunraycer and Colombina in 2003 was verified. In 2004 cv. Sunraycer showed incidence of mechanical damages significantly higher than the other varieties. Regarding the products tested, as a whole, CaCl2 at 1% showed potential of controlling the two diseases in both kind of fruits, applied as a protective or curative measure. The carnauba wax (ECF 124) was the most efficient product, with a reduction of up to 70% of both diseases in both kind of fruits, mainly when applied as a protective agent, at 9%. The doses (1,4 e 5,2 kJm-2) of UV-C tested did not control the diseases with results practically similar to the reference dose (0,0 kJm-2). The presence of ozone did not reduce either of the diseases in any of the fruits evaluated.
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Assessment of yield and economic losses caused by pests and diseases in a range of management strategies and production situations in coffee agroecosystems / Évaluation du rendement et des pertes économiques causées par les ravageurs et les maladies dans une gamme de stratégies de gestion et de situations de production dans les agroécosystèmes du café

Cerda, Rolando 21 February 2017 (has links)
Les pertes de récolte dues aux ravageurs et aux maladies constituent une menace sérieuse pour les revenus et la sécurité alimentaire de milliers de familles rurales dans le monde entier. L'évaluation de ces pertes de récolte (baisse de rendement et préjudice économique) et de leurs causes est nécessaire pour améliorer la mise au point d'agroécosystèmes capables d'offrir de bons rendements de culture, une régulation des ravageurs et des maladies et d'autres services écosystémiques. Ce mémoire de doctorat vise à contribuer à la recherche dans le domaine des pertes de récolte en proposant des approches expérimentales et de modélisation susceptibles d'être utilisées pour estimer les pertes primaires et secondaires subies dans les cultures pérennes, et analyser leurs causes. La culture pérenne étudiée est celle du caféier à Turrialba au Costa Rica, où la culture du café se pratique dans des plantations qui vont de la monoculture à pleine exposition solaire à des systèmes agroforestiers hautement diversifiés, et qui sont soumises à une gamme de situations de production (topolimat, fertilité du sol, types d'ombrage) et de stratégies de gestion (pratiques culturales et intrants). Les trois questions de recherche principales ont été les suivantes : Quel est l'impact des stratégies de gestion et des situations de production sur les ravageurs et les maladies et les rendements en café ? Comment les pertes de rendement en café associées à des profils de dégâts donnés varient-elles en fonction des stratégies de gestion et des situations de production ? Quels types d'agro-écosystèmes à base de caféiers permettent de minimiser les pertes en café (baisse de rendement et préjudice économique) et de maximiser les avantages globaux retirés (services écosystémiques) ? / Crop losses due to pests and diseases are a major threat to incomes and food security of thousands of rural families worldwide. The assessment of crop losses (yield and economic losses) and their causes is needed to improve the development of agroecosystems capable to offer good crop yields, regulation of pests and diseases, and other ecosystem services. This doctoral research aimed to contribute to the research field of crop losses, by providing experimental and modeling approaches that could be used in perennial crops to estimate primary and secondary losses and analyze their causes. We worked in a perennial crop such as coffee, in Turrialba, Costa Rica, where coffee is grown in plantations from monocultures at full sun exposure to highly diversified agroforestry systems, and under a range of production situations (topoclimate, soil fertility, types of shade) and management strategies (agricultural practices and inputs). The three main research questions were: What is the impact of management strategies and production situations on pests and diseases and coffee yields? How do coffee yield losses caused by injury profiles vary in function of management strategies and production situations? Which types of coffee agroecosystems are capable to obtain the lowest coffee losses (yield and economic) and highest overall benefits (ecosystem services)? This research was developed through two experimental designs. The first was an experimental coffee parcel under controlled conditions (three-year experiment) to quantify primary and secondary yield losses by comparison of treatments, and to identify the main predictors of yield losses by structural equation modeling. The second experimental design was based on surveys in a coffee research plot network (coffee plots of smallholder farmers), where, during two years, we measured indicators of yields and indicators of four ecosystem services: regulation of pests and diseases, provisioning of agroforestry products, maintenance of soil fertility, and carbon sequestration. Yield losses in this network were estimated through modeling using the predictors identified in the experimental coffee parcel. Analyses of data included several statistical techniques, from analysis of variances, linear regressions to multivariate techniques. The results were organized in four manuscripts, and then discussed integrally. The main findings were: i) Both production situations and management strategies determine coffee yield and pest and disease injuries, effects of interactions altitude x management x types of shade must be considered; ii) Injury profiles depend on particular combinations of production situations and management strategies, with impacts on yield losses especially in a year of high coffee production (primary yield losses), but compromising also the yields of the next year (secondary yield losses); iii) Diversified agroforestry systems have better chances to regulate pests and diseases (reduce yield and economic losses), and simultaneously provide goods for family benefits, maintain soil fertility, and increase carbon sequestration, without implying trade-offs among these ecosystem services. The main prospects of this research are related to perform similar studies in coffee and other perennials at regional levels, develop an injury profile simulator for coffee, and prototyping of coffee agroforestry systems to optimize the provision of multiple ecosystem services.
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Crop damage by wildlife in California ; with special emphasis on deer and waterfowl

Biehn, Earl Roy 01 January 1950 (has links) (PDF)
The problem of crop damage by wildlife is not a new one in California, but it has assumed a role of major economic importance only during the last few decades. Since this problem was first encountered in California, it has steadily increased in size and scope, until today in many areas of the state it is an important economic problem of the farmer; a pressing management problem for the biologists and wildlife technicians of the California Division of Fish and Game; a constant challenge to the game management agents of the Federal Fish and Wildlife Service; a great concern of the State Department of Agriculture and the State Chamber of Commerce; and of great interest to many California sportsmen and conservationists.

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