Dados A uma C*-álgebra com unidade e \\alpha um *-endomorfismo de A, um operador transferência para o par (A, \\alpha) é uma aplicação linear contínua positiva L: A --> A tal que L(\\alpha(a)b) = a L(b), para todo a, b \\in A. Nestas condições, denotamos por T(A, \\alpha, L) a C*-álgebra universal com unidade gerada por A e um elemento S sujeito às relações Sa = \\alpha(a)S e S*aS = L(a). Uma redundância é definida como o par (a, k) \\in A x \\overline{ASS* A} tal que abS = akS, para todo b \\in A. Neste trabalho definimos a C*-álgebra chamada de produto cruzado como o quociente de T(A, \\alpha, L) pelo ideal bilateral fechado I gerado pelo conjunto das diferenças a-k, para todas as redundâncias (a, k) tais que a \\in \\overline, onde R denota a Im \\alpha. Mostramos que quando \\alpha é injetor com imagem hereditária, então o produto cruzado é isomorfo à C*-álgebra universal com unidade, denotada por U(A, \\alpha), gerada por A e uma isometria T sujeita à relação \\alpha(a) = TaT*, para todo a \\in A. Também mostramos que a álgebra de Cuntz-Krieger O_A pode ser caracterizada como o produto cruzado definido neste trabalho. / Given A a C*-algebra with unit and \\alpha an *-endomorphism of A, a transfer operator for the pair (A, \\alpha) is a continuous positive linear map L: A --> A such that L(\\alpha(a)b) = a L(b), for all a, b \\in A. Under these conditions , we denote by T(A, \\alpha, L) the universal C*-algebra with unit generated by A and an element S subject to the relations Sa = \\alpha(a)S and S*aS = L(a). A redundancy is defined as a pair (a, k) \\in A x \\overline{ASS* A} such that abS = akS, for all b \\in A. In tjis work we define the C*-algebra called crossed-product as the quotient of T(A, \\alpha, L) by the closed two-sided ideal I generated by the set of all differences a-k, for all redundancies (a, k) such that a \\in \\overline, where by R we mean Im \\alpha. We prove that when \\alpha is injective with an hereditary range, then the crossed-product is isomorphic to the universal C*-algebra with unit, which we denote by U(A, \\alpha), generated by A and an isometry T subject to the relation \\alpha(a) = TaT*, for all a \\in A. We also prove that the Cuntz-Krieger algebra O_A can be characterized as the crossed-product we define in this work.

Title: Fylogenetic aspects of human locomotion Objectives: To find fylogenetic connection between human locomotion and animal locomotion as animal are considered to be our predecessors. Methods: Study and analysis of accessible literary sources. The results gained in the research will be generalized and used to find the fylogenetic connection of human and animal locomotion. Results: Similar locomotive principles happened to be found in connection with first vertebrates, amphibians, birds, mammals and humans. The need for presence of punctum fixum was also found to implement the crossed motion model. There were summarized necessary adaptations to bipedal human locomotion. Key words: punctum fixum, kvadrupedal crossed model, human locomotion, motion, development

M.Tech. (Chiropractic) / Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of Bruegger’s exercise on chronic low back pain in association with lower crossed syndrome and compare it to spinal manipulation alone or a combination of Bruegger’s exercise and spinal manipulation with regards to pain and disability, hip and lumbar range of motion as well as degree of lumbar lordosis. Method: Thirty participants who met the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to one of three different groups of ten participants each. Group one was only instructed on how to perform Bruegger’s exercise. Group two only received a spinal manipulation/s over the restricted joint/s in the lumbar spine. Group three received a spinal manipulation/s over the restricted joint/s in the lumbar spine in conjunction to being instructed on how to perform Bruegger’s exercise. All participants were assessed over a four week period. All groups attended six treatment sessions over three weeks of which Bruegger’s exercise and/or spinal manipulation were performed. The participants who needed to perform Bruegger’s exercise were also advised to continue doing the exercise out of the treatment session where applicable. In the fourth week only measurements were taken and no treatment was administered. Procedure: Subjective data was collected at the first and fourth consultations prior to treatment, as well as on the seventh consultation by means of a Numerical Pain Rating Scale and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire to assess pain and disability. Objective data was collected at the first and fourth consultations prior to treatment, as well as on the seventh consultation by means of a universal goniometer for assessing passive hip flexion and extension, a digital inclinometer for assessing active lumbar range of motion and a flexible ruler for measuring the degree of lumbar lordosis. Analysis of collected data was performed by a statician. Results: Clinically significant improvements in group 1, group 2 and group 3 were noted over the duration of the study with regards to pain, disability, hip and lumbar range of motion as well as degree of lumbar lordosis. Statistically significant changes were noted in group 1 and group 2 with regards to pain, disability, hip and lumbar range of motion as well as degree of lumbar lordosis, and in group 3 with regards to hip and lumbar range of motion as well as degree of lumbar lordosis. Conclusion: The results show that Bruegger’s exercise, spinal manipulation and the combination of Bruegger’s exercise and spinal manipulation are effective treatment protocols both clinically and significantly in decreasing pain and disability (not statistically for the combination of Bruegger’s exercise and spinal manipulation), increasing hip and lumbar range of motion as well as decreasing the degree of lumbar lordosis. However, there was no treatment protocol that proved to be preferential over the other. Because spinal manipulation alone showed the greatest overall clinical improvements, it may be suggested that spinal manipulation alone is the most effective in the treatment of chronic low back pain associated with lower crossed syndrome with regards to pain and disability, hip and lumbar range of motion as well as degree of lumbar lordosis. Also, the addition of Bruegger’s exercise may help in some instances to further assist in treatment once the full effects of the spinal manipulation has occurred and allowed for the muscles to be in their optimum state for exercise.

The goal of this thesis is three-fold: to examine complementation in Balinese from typological, syntactic, and cognitive perspectives. This thesis contributes to typological studies of complementation by providing a descriptive account of the distinguishing syntactic properties of four types of Balinese clausal complements: sentence-like (s-like), Subject Control (SC), Object Control (OC), and Raising complements. The data presented in this thesis demonstrate the clausal complement in Balinese can be differentiated through the kinds of elements that can be admitted within the complements: the type of complementizer, aspectual auxiliaries, modals, temporal specifications, and overt subjects. The theoretical aspect of this thesis is the application of Minimalist theory to account for the syntactic structure of Balinese monoclausal and biclausal constructions. This thesis also addresses a theoretical problem related to the syntactic structure of complementation within Generative syntax: finiteness. The presence of modals, aspectual auxiliaries, and the temporal specification of the complement do not signify finiteness in Balinese. Instead, finiteness in Balinese is marked by the licensing of overt subjects in the clausal complement, following the argument made by Kurniawan & Davies (2015), based on the evidence provided through the comparison of control complements and their subjunctive sentence-like complement counterparts. The cognitive processing of Balinese complementation is investigated through two sentence processing experiments with the goals of understanding how ambiguous Crossed Control Construction (CCC) sentences are processed in comparison to the processing of unambiguous Subject Control (SC) sentences and Raising sentences. The self-paced reading experiment focuses on the comparison of reading times for the verbs in these three types of sentences when the animacy of the subject is manipulated (i.e. animate or inanimate clause-initial DP). The results suggest that CCC sentences are processed differently than the SC and Raising sentences. The second experiment aims at investigating the effect of discourse context on the interpretation of the ambiguous CCC sentences. The results show the influence of context that primes subject control interpretation on the processing of Balinese SC and CC sentences.

En la actualidad, un gran porcentaje de las viviendas construidas en Perú son producto de la autoconstrucción, estas son construidas con materiales inadecuados, presentan deficiencia estructural y se encuentran ubicadas en zonas no aptas para la construcción, lo cual genera peligro a la población. En el primer trimestre del 2017, ocurrió el fenómeno del Niño Costero, en el cual se generaron importantes daños a la población, viviendas, infraestructura vial, servicios básicos y paralización de actividades socio-económicas. Piura fue uno de los departamentos más afectados por el fenómeno del Niño Costero, donde se registraron en total 105 369 viviendas afectadas y destruidas, 889 establecimientos educativos y 240 establecimientos de salud afectados, 189 790 km de caminos rurales, 1377 km de carreteras afectados y destruidos, y 27 puentes destruidos. Hasta la fecha, las obras e intervenciones de reconstrucción y soluciones de vivienda, no se han ejecutado según lo planificado, motivo por el cual, existe una gran cantidad de familias damnificadas que esperan acceder a una vivienda segura. En la presente investigación, se desarrolló la propuesta de diseño general de un módulo de vivienda sostenible con el objetivo de implementar y valorar la construcción de módulos de vivienda sostenibles en el distrito de Sondorillo - Huancabamba - Piura, basado en la Construcción Vernácula a través del uso de materiales eficientes según los criterios establecidos en el Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones. El diseño general de la vivienda modular sostenible desarrollado en la presente investigación, está compuesto por una cimentación corrida de concreto ciclópeo de 0.40 m de ancho de base, 0.50 m de altura y sobrecimiento de 0.30 m; vigas soleras de sección de 4” x 4” con longitud máxima de 6.25 m y longitud mínima de 3.30 m; columnas de sección de 4” x 4” y 2.50 m de altura; muros de quincha con ancho desde 0.40 m - 1.40 m con espesor de 0.10 m y alturas de 1.00 m, 1,90 m y 2.50 m; el techo del ambiente social de 4.80 m de luz con viguetas transversales de madera y viguetas de caña en el mismo sentido de la caída del agua con secciones 2” x 4” y 25 mm respectivamente, techo de la cocina comedor de 3.30 m de luz con viguetas transversales de madera y viguetas de caña en el mismo sentido de la caída del agua de secciones 2” x 4” y 25 mm respectivamente. Asimismo, se desarrolló el análisis estático y el análisis dinámico, según los parámetros establecidos en la E.030 Norma de Diseño Sismoresistente y la E.080 Norma de Diseño y Construcción con tierra reforzada, donde se determinó la fuerza sísmica horizontal o cortante basal de 3.51 t, y se registró la aceleración espectral más baja de 0.18 para un periodo mayor de 3 segundos Así mismo, se comparó la literatura estudiada con un modelo matemático analizado en SAP 2000, cumpliendo los criterios de resistencia, estabilidad y comportamiento sismo resistente, donde el øRn fue menor que el Ru con valor de 3509.9 kg. / Nowadays, a large percentage of the houses built in Peru are the product of self-construction, these are built with inadequate materials, have structural deficiencies and are located in areas not suitable for construction, which generates danger to the population. In the first quarter of 2017, the Coastal Child phenomenon occurred, in which significant damage was generated to the population, housing, road infrastructure, basic services and paralysis of socio-economic activities. Piura was one of the departments most affected by the El Niño Costero phenomenon, where a total of 105,369 affected and destroyed houses, 889 educational establishments and 240 affected health establishments, 189,790 km of rural roads, 1,377 km of affected roads, and destroyed, and 27 bridges destroyed. To date, the reconstruction works and interventions and housing solutions have not been carried out as planned, which is why there are a large number of affected families waiting to access safe housing. In the present investigation, the general design proposal of a sustainable housing module was developed with the objective of implementing and evaluating the construction of sustainable housing modules in the Sondorillo - Huancabamba - Piura district, based on Vernacular Construction through the use of efficient materials according to the criteria established in the National Building Regulations. The general design of the sustainable modular house developed in the present investigation, is made up of a continuous cyclopean concrete foundation of 0.40 m in base width, 0.50 m in height and a rise of 0.30 m; 4 "x 4" section sole beams with a maximum length of 6.25 m and a minimum length of 3.30 m; columns of section 4 "x 4" and 2.50 m high; quincha walls with width from 0.40 m - 1.40 m with thickness of 0.10 m and heights of 1.00 m, 1.90 m and 2.50 m; the ceiling of the social environment of 4.80 m light with wooden cross joists and cane joists in the same direction as the waterfall with sections 2 "x 4" and 25 mm respectively, ceiling of the kitchen-dining room of 3.30 m light with transverse wooden joists and cane joists in the same direction as the water fall of sections 2 "x 4" and 25 mm respectively. In addition to this, the static analysis and the dynamic analysis were developed, according to the parameters established in E.030 Design Standard for Earthquake Resistant and E.080 Design and Construction Standard with reinforced earth, where the horizontal seismic or shear force of 3.51 t, and the lowest spectral acceleration of 0.18 ms2 for a period greater than 3 seconds Likewise, the literature studied was compared with a mathematical model analyzed in SAP 2000, meeting the criteria of resistance, stability and earthquake resistant behavior, where the øRn was less than the Ru with a value of 3509.9 kg. / Tesis

Yes / This communication presents a single-feed ultra-wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna with high front-to-back ratio (FBR). The antenna is composed of two orthogonally placed elliptical dipoles printed on both sides of a substrate. To realize high FBR, a novel composite cavity is also proposed and integrated with the presented crossed dipoles, which effectively reduces the backlobe of the crossed dipoles. Simulation results are in good agreement with the measured results that demonstrate an impedance bandwidth from 0.9 to 2.95 GHz (106.5%) and a 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth from 1 to 2.87 GHz (96.6%). The measured FBR is about 30 dB across the whole global navigation satellite system (GNSS) band. Compared with other reported single-feed wideband CP antennas, the antenna has advantages such as a wider CP bandwidth and lower backlobe radiation.

The topology of interconnection networks plays a key role in the performance of parallel computing systems. A new interconnection network called exchanged crossed cube (ECQ) is proposed and analyzed in this paper. We prove that ECQ has the better properties than other variations of the basic hypercube in terms of the smaller diameter, fewer links, and lower cost factor, which indicates the reduced communication overhead, lower hardware cost, and more balanced consideration among performance and cost. Furthermore, it maintains several attractive advantages including recursive structure, high partitionability, and strong connectivity. Furthermore, the optimal routing and broadcasting algorithms are proposed for this new network topology.

No description available.

UCS is described as a muscle imbalance pattern located within the cervical and thoracic spine region. These imbalances have been shown to produce elevation and forward movement of the shoulders, winging of the scapula, and a forward extension of the head. These changes, in turn, lead to overstress of the cervical cranial junction and shoulders, which can cause neck and/or jaw pain, headaches, and shoulder problems. The purpose of this study was to determine if quantifiable differences existed in active range of motion, muscle strength and muscle endurance capacity between a group of patients with Upper Crossed Syndrome (UCS) and an asymptomatic group. A case-control experiment was completed. The case group consisted of 17 subjects with UCS, recruited through physical therapy and chiropractic clinics. The control group consisted of 17 healthy subjects, which were matched for age, gender and BMI on a group level. Isometric strength and endurance tests were completed. Neck range of motion was assessed about three axes. Significant differences in strength generating ability (neck flexion/extension, shoulder internal/external rotation, shoulder abduction/adduction) and range of motion (neck bending, neck rotation) were evident between the two groups. Endurance measures though, were comparable between groups. The results show that it is possible to use objective measures to distinguish between people with UCS and healthy controls, and thus demonstrate the possibility to move from a subjective to a quantitative objective diagnostic approach. / Master of Science

<p dir="ltr">Many phenomena in physics, engineering, and biology depend strongly on geometry; however, deriving analytic (and sometimes numerical or simulation) solutions to describe these phenomena for realistic geometries may be challenging or impossible. This thesis applies coordinate invariant mathematics to describe several key multidisciplinary problems.</p><p dir="ltr">The first phenomenon that we explore is space-charge-limited current (SCLC), which corresponds to the maximum steady-state current that can be injected into a diode. First derived by Child and Langmuir and described by the eponymous Child-Langmuir law for a one-dimensional, planar diode, SCLC is critical for numerous applications, including electric thrusters, Hall thrusters, directed energy, high-power microwaves, vacuum nanotransistors, and satellites. The SCLC is a critical limit to operation and many studies have sought ways to exceed it; however, this requires better understanding of the SCLC in more realistic geometries, motivating extensions to nonplanar and multidimensional geometries. However, many devices employ a crossed-field geometry in which a magnetic field is applied orthogonal to the electric field to enhance power output. This thesis applies variational calculus and capacitance to derive two sets of solutions for the SCLC in nonplanar crossed-field diodes.</p><p dir="ltr">The first set of solutions is found using scale factors and variational calculus. Variational calculus minimizes the gap energy to solve for the path of least resistance. The scale factors, which are the lengths of the local basis vectors, generalize the process. Models can be produced in variational calculus using the spatial domain alone, eliminating the need for the time domain transformation required by all other crossed-field approaches. This approach creates a powerful, numerically solvable solution for the SCLC in any orthogonal geometry, although it may be computationally expensive.</p><p dir="ltr">The second set of solutions is created by treating the diode as a capacitor and using the capacitance equations to find the SCLC. After finding a planar solution, the solution was generalized by combining conformal mapping and magnetic field mapping by leveraging the innately geometric definition of the Hull cutoff. The Hull cutoff, the magnetic field required to insulate the electron flow, is calculated across geometries to find a mapping factor for the magnetic field allowing the application of conformal mapping, a method of geometric translation that is normally unusable in crossed-field systems. This approach greatly reduces the computational expense and complexity present in other crossed-field approaches.</p><p dir="ltr">In Chapter 4, we apply Lie point symmetries to extend theories for spherical avascular tumor growth to spheroidal tumor growth. Lie point symmetries reduce the complexity of ordinary differential equations, providing a simpler, and sometimes the only, path to a solution. In this chapter, we apply Lie point symmetries to four types of tumors: prolate and oblate spheroids without a necrotic core, an area of dead cells often found at the center of larger tumors, and prolate and oblate spheroids with a necrotic core. Lie point symmetries simplify the differential equations in all four cases and make it possible to solve the prolate spheroid without a necrotic core.</p><p dir="ltr">The results from this thesis provide valuable insight to computational physicists benchmarking particle-in-cell simulations for determining SCLC for crossed-field diodes. Additionally, elucidating the physical phenomena in more realistic diodes can facilitate further optimization for many applications of crossed fields, such as magnetrons. The tumor growth models demonstrate the applicability of this approach to a dramatically different problem and could provide value to characterizing more realistic shapes.</p>