Dados A uma C*-álgebra com unidade e \\alpha um *-endomorfismo de A, um operador transferência para o par (A, \\alpha) é uma aplicação linear contínua positiva L: A --> A tal que L(\\alpha(a)b) = a L(b), para todo a, b \\in A. Nestas condições, denotamos por T(A, \\alpha, L) a C*-álgebra universal com unidade gerada por A e um elemento S sujeito às relações Sa = \\alpha(a)S e S*aS = L(a). Uma redundância é definida como o par (a, k) \\in A x \\overline{ASS* A} tal que abS = akS, para todo b \\in A. Neste trabalho definimos a C*-álgebra chamada de produto cruzado como o quociente de T(A, \\alpha, L) pelo ideal bilateral fechado I gerado pelo conjunto das diferenças a-k, para todas as redundâncias (a, k) tais que a \\in \\overline, onde R denota a Im \\alpha. Mostramos que quando \\alpha é injetor com imagem hereditária, então o produto cruzado é isomorfo à C*-álgebra universal com unidade, denotada por U(A, \\alpha), gerada por A e uma isometria T sujeita à relação \\alpha(a) = TaT*, para todo a \\in A. Também mostramos que a álgebra de Cuntz-Krieger O_A pode ser caracterizada como o produto cruzado definido neste trabalho. / Given A a C*-algebra with unit and \\alpha an *-endomorphism of A, a transfer operator for the pair (A, \\alpha) is a continuous positive linear map L: A --> A such that L(\\alpha(a)b) = a L(b), for all a, b \\in A. Under these conditions , we denote by T(A, \\alpha, L) the universal C*-algebra with unit generated by A and an element S subject to the relations Sa = \\alpha(a)S and S*aS = L(a). A redundancy is defined as a pair (a, k) \\in A x \\overline{ASS* A} such that abS = akS, for all b \\in A. In tjis work we define the C*-algebra called crossed-product as the quotient of T(A, \\alpha, L) by the closed two-sided ideal I generated by the set of all differences a-k, for all redundancies (a, k) such that a \\in \\overline, where by R we mean Im \\alpha. We prove that when \\alpha is injective with an hereditary range, then the crossed-product is isomorphic to the universal C*-algebra with unit, which we denote by U(A, \\alpha), generated by A and an isometry T subject to the relation \\alpha(a) = TaT*, for all a \\in A. We also prove that the Cuntz-Krieger algebra O_A can be characterized as the crossed-product we define in this work.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma introdução às C*-álgebras e a construção do produto cruzado $A times_{\\alpha} Z$, onde A é uma C*-álgebra com unidade, e $\\alpha$ é um automorfismo em A. Apresentamos, também, uma generalização do Teorema de Fejér, no contexto de produto cruzado. A título de exemplo de produto cruzado, provamos que $C times_ Z$ é isomorfo a C(S^1). Sendo X uma compactificação de Z pela adição dos símbolos $+\\infty$ e $-\\infty$, provamos que o produto cruzado $C(X) times_{\\alpha} Z$ é isomorfo A, o fecho do conjunto dos operadores pseudodiferenciais clássicos de ordem 0 sobre S^1, onde é definido pelo deslocamento. Com posse destes isomorfismos, vimos a implicação da generalização do Teorema de Fejér para C(S^1) e para A. / We present an introduction to C * -algebras and the construction of the crossed product $A times_{\\alpha} Z$, where A is a C *-algebra with unit, and $\\alpha$ is an automorphism in A. We also study a generalization of Fejérs theorem on crossed product context. As an example of crossed product, we prove that $C times_ Z$ is isomorphic to C(S^1). Let X be a compactification of Z by addition of the symbols $+\\infty$ and $-\\infty$. We prove that $C(X) times_{\\alpha} Z$ is isomorphic A, the closure of set of classics pseudo-differential operators of order 0 on S^1, where is defined by a shift. Based on these isomorphisms, we see the implication of the generalization of Fejérs theorem for C(S^1) and A.

Para uma extensão de Galois de anéis comutativos, Chase-Harrison-Rosenberg construíram uma sequência exata de sete termos que envolve o grupo de Picard, o grupo de Brauer relativo e grupos de cohomologias. Essa sequência é vista como uma generalização de dois fatos importantes da teoria galoisiana de corpos, a saber, o Teorema $90$ de Hilbert e o isomorfismo de grupo de Brauer relativo com o segundo grupo de cohomologia. A sequência foi generalizada por Miyashita para o contexto de anéis não comutativos com unidade. Mais tarde, El Kaoutit e Gomez-Torrencillas generalizaram o resultado de Miyashita para uma extensão de anéis não comutativos e não unitais, apenas com um conjunto de unidades locais. A sequência de Chase-Harrison-Rosenberg também foi considerada para ações parciais por Dokuchaev, Paques e Pinedo, que construíram uma versão para uma extensão de Galois parcial de anéis comutativos. Nesta tese, elaboramos uma versão da sequência no contexto de ações parciais para uma extensão de anéis não comutativos com unidade. A sequência apresentada aqui generaliza a sequência dada por Miyashita. / For a Galois extension of commutative rings, Chase-Harrison-Rosenberg constructed a seven terms exact sequence which involves the Picard group, the relative Brauer group and cohomology groups. The sequence can be viewed as a generalization of two important facts of Galois theory of fields: the Hilbert 90 Theorem and the isomorphism of the relative Brauer group with the second cohomology group. The sequence was generalized by Miyashita for the context of non-commutative unital rings. Later, El Kaoutit and Gomez-Torrencillas extended the result of Miyashita for an extension of non-unital non-commutative rings with local units. The Chase-Harrison-Rosenberg sequence was also considered for partial actions by Dokuchaev, Paques e Pinedo, who constructed a version for a partial Galois extension of commutative rings. In this thesis, we elaborate a vesrion of the sequence in the context of partial actions for an extension of non-commutative unital rings. Our sequence generalizes the sequence given by Miyashita.

In this dissertation we explore the question of existence of a property of group actions on C*-algebras known as the tracial Rokhlin property. We prove existence of the property in a very general setting as well as specialise the question to specific situations of interest. For every countable discrete elementary amenable group G, we show that there always exists a G-action ω with the tracial Rokhlin property on any unital simple nuclear tracially approximately divisible C*-algebra A. For the ω we construct, we show that if A is unital simple and Z-stable with rational tracial rank at most one and G belongs to the class of countable discrete groups generated by finite and abelian groups under increasing unions and subgroups, then the crossed product A 􏰃ω G is also unital simple and Z-stable with rational tracial rank at most one. We also specialise the question to UHF algebras. We show that for any countable discrete maximally almost periodic group G and any UHF algebra A, there exists a strongly outer product type action α of G on A. We also show the existence of countable discrete almost abelian group actions with the "pointwise" Rokhlin property on the universal UHF algebra. Consequently we get many examples of unital separable simple nuclear C*-algebras with tracial rank zero and a unique tracial state appearing as crossed products.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma introdução às C*-álgebras e a construção do produto cruzado $A times_{\\alpha} Z$, onde A é uma C*-álgebra com unidade, e $\\alpha$ é um automorfismo em A. Apresentamos, também, uma generalização do Teorema de Fejér, no contexto de produto cruzado. A título de exemplo de produto cruzado, provamos que $C times_ Z$ é isomorfo a C(S^1). Sendo X uma compactificação de Z pela adição dos símbolos $+\\infty$ e $-\\infty$, provamos que o produto cruzado $C(X) times_{\\alpha} Z$ é isomorfo A, o fecho do conjunto dos operadores pseudodiferenciais clássicos de ordem 0 sobre S^1, onde é definido pelo deslocamento. Com posse destes isomorfismos, vimos a implicação da generalização do Teorema de Fejér para C(S^1) e para A. / We present an introduction to C * -algebras and the construction of the crossed product $A times_{\\alpha} Z$, where A is a C *-algebra with unit, and $\\alpha$ is an automorphism in A. We also study a generalization of Fejérs theorem on crossed product context. As an example of crossed product, we prove that $C times_ Z$ is isomorphic to C(S^1). Let X be a compactification of Z by addition of the symbols $+\\infty$ and $-\\infty$. We prove that $C(X) times_{\\alpha} Z$ is isomorphic A, the closure of set of classics pseudo-differential operators of order 0 on S^1, where is defined by a shift. Based on these isomorphisms, we see the implication of the generalization of Fejérs theorem for C(S^1) and A.

Para uma extensão de Galois de anéis comutativos, Chase-Harrison-Rosenberg construíram uma sequência exata de sete termos que envolve o grupo de Picard, o grupo de Brauer relativo e grupos de cohomologias. Essa sequência é vista como uma generalização de dois fatos importantes da teoria galoisiana de corpos, a saber, o Teorema $90$ de Hilbert e o isomorfismo de grupo de Brauer relativo com o segundo grupo de cohomologia. A sequência foi generalizada por Miyashita para o contexto de anéis não comutativos com unidade. Mais tarde, El Kaoutit e Gomez-Torrencillas generalizaram o resultado de Miyashita para uma extensão de anéis não comutativos e não unitais, apenas com um conjunto de unidades locais. A sequência de Chase-Harrison-Rosenberg também foi considerada para ações parciais por Dokuchaev, Paques e Pinedo, que construíram uma versão para uma extensão de Galois parcial de anéis comutativos. Nesta tese, elaboramos uma versão da sequência no contexto de ações parciais para uma extensão de anéis não comutativos com unidade. A sequência apresentada aqui generaliza a sequência dada por Miyashita. / For a Galois extension of commutative rings, Chase-Harrison-Rosenberg constructed a seven terms exact sequence which involves the Picard group, the relative Brauer group and cohomology groups. The sequence can be viewed as a generalization of two important facts of Galois theory of fields: the Hilbert 90 Theorem and the isomorphism of the relative Brauer group with the second cohomology group. The sequence was generalized by Miyashita for the context of non-commutative unital rings. Later, El Kaoutit and Gomez-Torrencillas extended the result of Miyashita for an extension of non-unital non-commutative rings with local units. The Chase-Harrison-Rosenberg sequence was also considered for partial actions by Dokuchaev, Paques e Pinedo, who constructed a version for a partial Galois extension of commutative rings. In this thesis, we elaborate a vesrion of the sequence in the context of partial actions for an extension of non-commutative unital rings. Our sequence generalizes the sequence given by Miyashita.

Ce travail de thèse prend sa source à partir d’une intervention réalisée auprès d’un collectif de chefs d’équipe des éboueurs de la Ville de Paris, et prend pour objet le rôle et la fonction des affects dans le développement de leur activité dialogique en autoconfrontation croisée. Nous cherchons à expliquer la manière dont les affects peuvent constituer une ressource pour le développement du dialogue au sein de ce collectif.Cet objet de recherche nous amène à proposer un modèle développemental de l’activité, dans lequel l’affect joue un rôle moteur. Ce modèle propose de concevoir l’activité comme une triade vivante (sujet/objet/autrui) traversée de deux conflits développementaux : le premier lié à la double direction simultanée de l’activité, toujours portée à la fois vers un objet et vers les autres qui agissent sur cet objet ; le second, affectif, qui fait de l’activité un rapport variable entre l’expérience « déjà-vécue » et l’expérience « vivante » éprouvée par le sujet dans le contexte dialogique de l’autoconfrontation.Nous définissons alors la notion « d’intensité affective » comme un rapport de motricité entre ces deux conflits de l’activité. Elle peut être dite « passive » lorsque l’affect se constitue comme un obstacle au développement de l’activité, et « active » lorsque l’affect se constitue comme ressource pour renouveler les instruments, les objets et les destinataires du dialogue.Nous concluons sur le rôle des affects et sur leur fonctionnement dans le développement de l’activité dialogique. Les perspectives ouvertes par ce travail concernent d’une part la conceptualisation de l’affect dans l’activité, mais également le potentiel transformateur des affects dont la méthode en autoconfrontation doit pouvoir tirer profit, dans toutes les situations où un professionnel est placé en position réflexive vis-à-vis de son activité pratique.Mots clés : Autoconfrontation, affect, dialogue, activité, réflexivité / Based on an intervention with a collective group of foremen of garbage collectors, the purpose of this thesis is to better understand role and function of affect in the development of dialogical activity in crossed confrontation method. We seek to explain how affect can be a resource in development of dialog inside this collective group.This purpose leads us to present a developmental model of activity, in which affect plays a central role. This model propose a triadic conception of activity (subject, object, others), crossed by two developmental conflicts: the first is related to the simultaneous dual direction of activity, always turned both to the object and to the others acting on the object; the second conflict directly concerns affect: it makes of activity a variable ratio between the “already lived” experience and the “living” experience that the subject experiences in the dialogical context of crossed confrontation.We define then the notion of “affective intensity” as a motor ratio between the two conflicts of activity. Intensity can be “passive” when affect is an obstacle to development of activity, and “active” when affect is a resource for renewing instruments, objects and addressees of dialog.We conclude about the role of affects and how they work in the development of dialogical activity. The perspectives opened by this work are on the one hand the conceptualization of affect in activity, and on the other hand the transformative potential of affects whose crossed confrontation method should benefit, in all situations where a professional is placed in a reflexive position towards his practical activity.Key words: Crossed confrontation method, affect, dialog, activity, reflexivity

A two-dimensional isotropic metamaterials formed by crossed split-ring resonators (CSRRs) are studied in this paper. The effective characteristic parameters of this media are determined by quasi-static Lorentz theory. The induced current distributions of a single CSRR at the resonant frequency are presented. Moreover, the dependence of the resonant frequency on the dimensions of single CSRR and the spaces of the array are also discussed. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

For a given field F we seek all division algebras over F up to isomorphism. This question was first investigated for division algebras of finite dimension over F by Richard Brauer. We discuss the construction of the Brauer group and some examples. Crossed products and PI algebras are then introduced with a focus on Amitsur's non-crossed product algebra. Finally, we look at some modern results of Bell on the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension of finitely generated algebras over F and the classification of their division subalgebras.

For a given field F we seek all division algebras over F up to isomorphism. This question was first investigated for division algebras of finite dimension over F by Richard Brauer. We discuss the construction of the Brauer group and some examples. Crossed products and PI algebras are then introduced with a focus on Amitsur's non-crossed product algebra. Finally, we look at some modern results of Bell on the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension of finitely generated algebras over F and the classification of their division subalgebras.