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No presente trabalho verificamos o papel dos Leucotrienos na modulação da resposta imune durante a fase aguda da infecção experimental pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, usando como modelo camundongos deficientes da enzima 5-lipoxigenase (5-LOko). Os nossos dados demonstram que camundongos infectados pelo T. cruzi produzem metabólitos do ácido aracdônico como PGE2, LTB4 e LTC4. Comparados aos animais controles, os animais 5-LOko apresenta parasitemia mais tardia e menor, tem menor parasitismo tissular, menor infiltrado de células inflamatórias no coração e musculatura esquelética e apresenta menor taxa de mortalidade durante a fase aguda, indicando que animais deficientes de leucotrienos são mais resistentes a infecção pelo parasito. Animais 5-LOko está relacionado com a manutenção de números elevados de células F4/80+ e redução de células CD11b+ durante a infecção e menor número de células T ativadas expressando os marcadores CD4+CD69+, CD4+CD25+, CD4+CD44+ e CD8+CD69+, números inalterados de células T regulatórias CD4+CD25+GITR+ e menor produção de anticorpos parasito-específicos do isotipo IgG2a. O controle eficiente de parasitas por animais 5-LOko está associado ao aumento de células Gr-1+ e CD11c+GR-1+, produção aumentada IL-12, IFN-g, e produzirem menos PGE2, IL-10, ao contrario, animais controles, incapazes de controlar parasitas circulantes, produzem mais PGE2 e IL-10 e menos IL-12 e IFN-g. A baixa mortalidade de animais 5-LOko correlaciona com a produção de PGE2 e IL-10, produzir muita IL-12 e menos IFN-g e NO e baixíssima parasitemia. A mortalidade maior de animais controles envolve a produção IFN-g e altos níveis de LTB4, LTC4, NO e ausência de IL-10, IL-1b, PGE2 e números elevados de parasitas circulantes. Ainda macrófagos de animais 5-LOko apresentam maior capacidade de adesão/internalização de tripomastigotas e alta atividade tripanocida por mecanismo independente da geração de NO. Estes dados em conjunto demonstram que mediadores lipídicos produzidos pela enzima 5-lipoxigenase como LTB4 e LTC4 modulam negativamente a capacidade dos camundongos para geração de uma resposta imune capaz de controlar os parasitos durante a fase aguda da infecção pelo T. cruzi. / Accumulating studies have indicated that 5-lipoxigenase (5-LO) converted lipid mediators as leukotrienes acts modulating the host immune response against infectious diseases. The precise role of leukotrienes during the protozoan infection is unknown. In this work we evaluate the role of leukotrienes during the acute phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection using as model the 5-lypoxigenase deficient mice (5-LOko). Our results show that PGE2, LTB4 and LTC4 are produced during the Trypanosoma cruzi infection. 5-LOko infected mice are more resistant than control mice as judge by the lower parasitemia, decreased number of parasite nest and inflammatory cells in the heart and skeletal muscle and low rate of mortality. The resistance of 5-LOko mice is associated with the increased capacity of spleen cells to produce cytokines as IL-12 and IFN-g; sustained capacity to produce detectable levels of IL-10 and PGEe and low NO serum levels than control mice. In contrast, the wild type mice are extremely susceptible and are unable to control parasites efficiently. The susceptibility is associated with increased levels of IL-10 and PGE2 and low IL-12 and IFN-g production. The high mortality rate in wild type mice is related with high LTB4, LTC4 and NO levels and bias to produce only type 1 cytokines. Also we shown that resistant 5-LOko mice present increased number of spleen cells expressing GR-1+, GR-1+CD11c+, F4/80+ and lower numbers o spleen cells expressing CD4+CD69+, CD4+CD25+, CD4+CD44+, CD8+CD69+ and CD11b+ and low serum levels of parasite-specific IgG2a than wild type mice and do not present alteration in TREG expressing CD4+CD25+GITR+. Importantly, IFN-g and- LPS activated macrophage from 5-LOko mice but not from wild type mice, present high capacity to recognize typomastigotes, internalize them and strong capacity to kill intracellular parasite as NO independent pathway. The results implicate that high levels leukotrienes, NO and pure type 1 cytokines production is associated to susceptibility to parasite. In contrast, leukotrienes deficiency led to an balanced immune response with relative high levels of type 1 cytokines and relative low levels of NO, type 2 cytokines and PGE2 that efficiently control the parasites. Also indicate that 5-lipoxigenase converted lipid mediators contribute negatively to generation of an effective immune response during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection.

Las Misiones jesuíticas de Chiquitos están ubicadas en el departamento de Santa Cruz en las provincias Ñuflo de Chávez (San Javier y Concepción), Chiquitos (San José de Chiquitos) y Velasco (San Miguel, San Rafael, Santa Ana y San Ignacio ). Se considera que es una región bastante importante para el desarrollo turístico de nuestro país ya que de todas las Reducciones existentes en América hace aproximadamente 300 años atrás, únicamente 6 son considerados como pueblos vivos, gracias a ello fueron declarados como Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad, en 1990, por la UNESCO. A pesar de ello y de contar con un gran potencial turístico a nivel cultural y natural, la afluencia turística es insuficiente. El presente trabajo de investigación pretende explicar de qué manera la promoción incide en la afluencia turística a las Misiones jesuíticas de Chiquitos. Se fortalece dicha investigación con comparaciones en cuanto al desarrollo turístico y el de las comunidades antes y después de ser declaradas Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad, determinando el perfil del turista, los aspectos culturales que demuestran las poblaciones y el estado de infraestructura turística, para finalizar, en las recomendaciones, con una propuesta de Plan de promoción

Durante el mes de Julio del 2004, se realizó una encuesta a 160 familias criadoras de cuyes, con el objetivo de caracterizar los sistemas de producción de cuyes existentes en 11 caseríos del distrito de Santa Cruz, situado a 210 km al noroeste de la ciudad de Cajamarca. Sobre los encuestados, encontramos que, el rango de edad predominante de las esposas es de 31 a 50 años (42%) y que la mayoría de los esposos superan los 50 años de edad (44,6%). El grado de instrucción predominante es el de primaria. La ocupación principal del jefe de familia es la agricultura (95,4%) y de la esposa el de ama de casa (97,2%). La crianza de cuyes es conducida principalmente por el ama de casa y bajo un sistema familiar o tradicional. Se encontró un promedio de 20,39 cuyes por familia. Los cuyes son criados en un sólo grupo sin distinción de clase, sexo y edad; de preferencia en la cocina (88,8%), en donde permanecen sueltos (73,8%), en pozas (21,9%), corrales (3,1%) o jaulas (1,2%). La alimentación se basa en forrajes, malezas y residuos de cocina. Las principales enfermedades reportadas son los ectoparásitos (90,1%) y la “peste” (76%). El 71,2% de las familias destina los cuyes para autoconsumo y venta, y el 28,2 % sólo para autoconsumo. Según el 96,2% de los encuestados, no disponen de servicios como asistencia técnica, créditos, insumos, etc. El 67,5% de los criadores considera que con asistencia técnica mejorarían su crianza. A través de una crianza de cuyes tecnificada, alcanzaríamos índices productivos superiores y así podríamos mejorar el nivel de vida del poblador de Santa Cruz. / During the month of July 2004, a survey of 160 families of guinea pig breeders, with the aim of characterizing the production systems of guinea pigs in 11 villages in the district of Santa Cruz, located at 210 km northwest of the city of Cajamarca. Among the people who answered the survey, we found that the predominant age range of the wives is 31 to 50 years (42%) and most of the spouses exceed the age of 50 years (44,6%). The level of instruction is predominantly primary. The main occupation of the head of the family is agriculture (95,4%) and the wife of a housewife (97,2%). Raising guinea pigs is mainly driven by the housewife and under a family or traditional system. We found an average of 20,39 guinea pigs in each family. The guinea pigs are raised in a single group regardless of class, gender and age, preferably in the kitchen (88,8%), which are free (73,8%), in pools (21,9%), yards (3,1%) or cages (1,2%). The food is based on forages, weeds and kitchen waste. The main diseases reported are ectoparasites (90,1%) and the "plague" (76%). 71,2% of guinea pigs production is for consumption and sale, and only 28,2% for consumption. According to 96,2% of people who answered the survey they do not have services such as technical assistance, credit, inputs, etc. 67,5% of farmers believed that technical assistance would improve their work. Through a breeding of guinea pigs tech reach higher production levels and thus could improve the living standards of the residents of Santa Cruz.

Tese--Universidade do Porto. / Bibliography: v. 1, p. 381-401.

The thesis focuses on two letters written by Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz: The "Carta Atenagorica" (1690) and The "Respuesta a sor Filotea" (1691), as well as on the "Carta de sor Filotea de la Cruz a sor Juana Ines de la Cruz" (1690), written by Manuel Fernandez de Santa Cruz, bishop of Puebla. The "Respuesta a sor Filotea," inspired by the "Carta de sor Filotea," presents an elaborated defence of the "Carta Atenagorica" and the right to discuss theological principles that the author claims on her behalf. / The thesis was inspired by the main theme of the "Respuesta a sor Filotea" as well as the polemical content of the other two letters. The introduction briefly presents the historical context in which the polemic took place. It also explains the objectives of the thesis and comments some of the critical work related to this theme. Chapters one and two analyse the "Carta Atenagorica," focusing on the theological discussion. / Chapters three and four analyse the "Carta de sor Filotea." Chapter three examines the intentions of the bishop of Puebla when he published Sor Juana's letter under the title of "Atenagorica." The analysis of the bishop's letter is in chapter four. / Chapter five examines, in the light of the preceding chapters, the "Respuesta a sor Filotea" and presents the conclusion.

Thesis (M.A. - Geography and Regional Development)--University of Arizona, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-119).

Thesis (Ph. D. - Geosciences) - University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 230-241).

Universiẗat, Diss., 2007--Giessen.

Thesis (Ph. D.)-- (Anthropology), University of Arizona, 1997. / We acknowledge that there is a duplicate of page 134 in this thesis. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 280-310)..