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Movement problems related to Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been shown to have a profound effect on functional independence and reported quality of life. Within the constellation of movement signs of PD (tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia/hypokinesia, and postural instability), impaired arm swing is often the earliest-recognized symptom. It is also a strong independent predictor of greater fall risk and morbidity/mortality risk. Early treatment for movement problems such as impaired arm swing is associated with the greatest improvement in these impairments. However, movement problems often coincide with impaired processing of sensory information, leaving many people with PD with inadequate awareness of their posture and limb position. Thus, PD-related gait deficits are difficult for people to correct by themselves. External cueing techniques (such as visual cues in the environment or auditory cues for pacing and rhythm) have shown promise in improving parameters such as gait speed, s / Kinesiology

This research examines a possible relationship between intentional memory and possible phonologic cues in the human voice. Specifically, if someone has told us something in the past, does hearing that same voice at the time of recall affect our ability to remember what was said? Also, if voice cues do affect memory, is the effect voice-specific? Since most standardized assessments of student learning and tests of human memory rest their conclusions about human learning solely on non-aural tests, it is necessary to determine if student performance changes with test modality. Via a computer program, ninety-five adults each listened to a male voice read a one-minute story and were then randomly assigned to take one of three different tests consisting of multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blank items. In the first test, the male voice from the story read all questions and possible answers. The second test used a different male voice to read while the third test was text-only. All tests contained identical content and gave single-modality cues only, text or speech. Results show no significant difference in long-term recall or recognition with respect to test-modality. Further research in this area is encouraged to determine if conclusions are generalizable to wider populations and hold for longer memory intervals. / Ph. D.