This thesis sets out to investigate hedonic and cultural web interface design elements present on wine tourism destination websites. The thesis focuses on explaining several cultural frameworks and especially the notion of localization, globalization, culturability, and cultural markers, the high/low context theory as well as tenets of hedonics in user interface design. The aim of the thesis was to develop a better understanding and knowledge about which localized design elements that exist and are important in the cultural context of wine tourism destination websites. Hence, the patterns found can help understand how to create and design websites that are culturally sensitive and globally congruent, thus meeting the needs and behaviors of users across different cultures and backgrounds. A web design analysis was conducted to answer the research questions and results were analyzed qualitatively. The results from the web design analysis indicate several similarities and differences found in web interface design elements between the investigated websites. The results found, indicate that the use of hedonic and cultural web interface design elements present on the interfaces investigated are highly context-dependent. Meaning that the websites are preferably considered being culturally dependent, and to a greater extent reflect and are used to motivate the cultural context examined and regional differences. Hence, the patterns found in web interface design elements are considered to be culturally sensitive to the context of wine destination websites and marketing aims of the websites investigated.  The findings can increase knowledge about hedonic aspects in cross-cultural design and can thus be used to help create culturally congruent and globalized interfaces for this specific context.

Genetic improvement of the potato through classical breeding has been limited by its tetraploid nature, the narrow genetic variability within cultivars, and interploidy barriers between tetraploid cultivars and diploid germplasm. Breeding at reduced ploidy levels has been proposed as a solution to these problems. Because of sterilities, somatic hybridization via protoplast fusion has been considered an alternative to sexual polyploidization for resynthesizing superior diploids from selected monoploids, and tetraploids from selected diploids and dihaploids. Successful application of somatic hybridization largely depends upon protoplast culturability and regenerability of a plant. The ability of callus formation and plant regeneration from protoplasts varies among plants. To understand the genetic basis for this variation, the mode of inheritance for protoplast culturability, defined as the ability to develop calli from cultured protoplasts, was studied in the diploid potato species, Solanum phureja. Based upon data from F₂ as well as from F₁ and backcross progenies, it was found that protoplast culturability in this potato species was controlled by two unlinked loci with dominant effect. In addition, there was quantitative variation for protoplast plating efficiency among culturable genotypes. Male sterility in cultivars of Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum results from nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. 'Donor-recipient' protoplast fusion and regeneration were conducted between a sterile S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum cultivar, Russet Burbank, and fertile selections of S. tuberosum ssp. andigena which have a non-sensitive cytoplasm and were used as the cytoplasmic donor. Sixteen regenerated plants possessed nuclear background and chloroplast DNA of Russet Burbank. However, two of these regenerants had improved pollen stainability. The possible causes for the improvement of pollen stainability are discussed. In the last chapter, allelic polymorphism in a monoploid population derived from anther culture of a clone of S. phureja was assessed by isozyme electrophoresis. Fourteen monoploids and their anther donor were examined for six enzymes. No allozyme variation was detected in these plants. However, genetic variability among these monoploids was manifested by variations in some growth characters and general morphology. The limitation of enzymatic markers in detecting allelic polymorphism in these monoploids is discussed. / Ph. D.

Parmi les différentes méthodes de lutte contre les microorganismes pathogènes et/ou altérants en agroalimentaire, l’utilisation de bactéries lactiques (LAB) bioprotectrices s'avère être un outil prometteur pour la préservation des aliments. Ce travail de thèse collaboratif, entre l'équipe PAPC (AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne) et le laboratoire BioDyMIA (Université Lyon1-Isara Lyon), concerne l'étude de systèmes bioprotecteurs immobilisant des cellules entières de LAB dans une matrice polymérique d'alginate de sodium et de caséinate de sodium pour une activité ciblée contre Listeria spp. Dans un premier temps, la méthodologie mise en œuvre a consisté à sélectionner des souches de LAB bioprotectrices sur la base de leur activité antimicrobienne évaluée par la méthode de diffusion en milieu gélosé contre trois souches de Listeria spp. Quatre souches sur 19 ont ainsi été sélectionnées. Une caractérisation partielle des métabolites antimicrobiens produits par ces 4 souches a ensuite été réalisée en appliquant des traitements thermiques et enzymatiques aux surnageants de culture correspondants pour évaluer si ces traitements altéraient l’activité des métabolites antimicrobiens présents. Une purification et une identification partielle des actifs antimicrobiens de nature peptidique ont été réalisées uniquement pour la souche d'intérêt principale : Lactococcus lactis LAB3. Dans un second temps, une formulation de la matrice polymérique d’immobilisation des LAB sélectionnées a été choisie en réalisant le diagramme de phases du système aqueux alginate de sodium/caséinate de sodium : 1,5 % (m/m) d'alginate de sodium / 4 % (m/m) de caséinate de sodium / 20 % (m/m) bouillon MRS. Cette formulation a permis d'obtenir une matrice composée d’une phase continue riche en alginate et d’une phase dispersée riche en caséinate dans laquelle les cellules de LAB se localisent préférentiellement d’après les observations en microscopie de fluorescence confocale à balayage laser. Suite à l'inclusion des cellules de LAB dans ces matrices liquides et gélifiées d'alginate seul et d'alginate/caséinate, leur cultivabilité et leur activité anti-Listeria ont été suivies à 30°C pendant 12 jours. Ceci a révélé que la cultivabilité et l’activité antimicrobienne des cellules de LAB se maintiennent à des niveaux plus élevés dans les matrices d'alginate/caséinate que dans celles uniquement à base d’alginate. Ces matrices à base d’alginate et de caséinate apparaissent donc comme un système prometteur pour l'immobilisation de LAB bioprotectrices. Leur intérêt pour l’inclusion de LAB a pu être corrélé à leur viabilité et à la structure composite de cette matrice à base de protéines qui favoriserait la production et la libération des métabolites antimicrobiens / Among the various methods to control foodborne pathogenic and/or food spoilage microorganisms in food chain, bioprotective lactic acid bacteria (LAB) appear to be promising tools for food biopreservation. This collaborative study, between PAPC (Agrosup Dijon, University of Burgundy) and BioDyMIA (University Lyon1-Lyon Isara) laboratories, concerned the development of sodium alginate/sodium caseinate polymeric matrices intended to entrap LAB cells selected for their anti-Listeria spp. activity. First, 4 LAB strains from 19 LAB strains were selected for their anti-Listeria spp. activity: this screening was performed by the method of agar diffusion against three Listeria spp strains. Then, antimicrobial metabolites produced by the selected LAB strains were partially characterized by assessing the effect of various thermal and enzymatic treatments on the anti-Listeria spp. activity of their culture supernatants. A partial purification and identification of antimicrobial active peptides produced by the main strain of interest (Lactococcus lactis LAB3) was also performed. A composition of the polymer matrix has been selected by performing the phase diagram of sodium alginate/sodium caseinate system: 1.5% (w/w) sodium alginate / 4% (w/w) of caseinate sodium / 20% (w/w) MRS broth. This formulation provides a rich alginate continuous phase and a rich caseinate dispersed phase in which LAB cells localize according to the study by confocal microscopy. LAB cells were immobilized in liquid and gelled matrices of alginate and alginate/caseinate. Culturability and anti-Listeria activities were measured during a storage at 30°C for 12 days. The alginate/caseinate matrices were more effective in better maintaining LAB cells cultivability and their antimicrobial activity than alginate matrix. This effectiveness seemed correlated with cell viability and the dispersion-like structure of the protein-based system which enhance production and release of antimicrobial metabolites. Thus, this type of polymeric matrix appeared as a promising immobilization system of bioprotective LAB