The basic necessities to sustain life are – air, water and food. Although the harmful effects due to contaminated food or water are dangerous to life, these can be reduced/avoided by controlling the intake. Whereas, in case of air, the same amount of control cannot be exercised as there is very little, one can do in case of inhalation. Maximum damage to life is due to air contamination which can be detected and prevented by using gas sensors. The proper use of these sensors not only save lives, but also minimizes social and financial loss. The objective of this thesis work is to study and explore the use of p-type semiconducting material such as CuO, as a promising gas sensing material for organic compounds (VOCs), compatible with existing silicon fabrication technology. The Thesis consist of 7 chapters: Chapter 1 covers the general introduction about gas sensors, sensor parameters, criteria for the selection of sensing material, suitability of CuO as sensing material and a brief literature survey. The second chapter includes the selection of substrate, cleaning procedures and suitable deposition method. The deposition method used in the present thesis work is DC/RF magnetron sputtering. The reactive magnetron sputtering is employed during the deposition of CuO sensing films. It also includes basic introduction about some of the common material characterization techniques. This is followed by Chapter 3 which includes the optimization of sputtering process parameters such as applied power, working pressure, Ar-O2 ratio and substrate temperature for CuO sensing film and the effect of these on surface morphology. Information on the optimized sputtering parameters for electrode film (silver and gold) deposition has also been included in this chapter. In order to study the sensing behavior of the sensor, suitable testing set-up is necessary. This leads us to Chapter 4 that discusses the development of an in-house built sensor testing setup and its automization using MATLAB. The automated testing set-up facilitates off-time data plotting as well as real-time data plotting during the sensing process. To demonstrate the working of the set-up, some initial results obtained are also included in this chapter. After ascertaining the functioning of the automated gas sensor testing set-up, detailed study on the sensing behavior of nanostructured CuO films was performed. This information along with the necessary details is included in Chapter 5. The sensing response of nanostructured CuO films has been studied for different VOCs such as alcohol, toluene and benzene. The study carried out on the effect of different surface additives like multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), gold or platinum on ethanol sensing has also been included in this chapter. During the use of MWNTs as surface additives, different concentrations of MWNTs – 0.01 mg, 0.05 mg and 0.1 mg have been dispersed on the CuO sensing film. The sample with lowest concentration of MWNTs exhibited highest sensitivity and lower response time. It is due to the fact that, higher concentrations of MWNTs do not result into uniform dispersion over the CuO films and cover the sensing film almost completely. Operating temperature is the most important factor affecting the performance of a gas sensor. In order to maintain the operating temperature for the portable sensor, the sensor is usually integrated with a heater. The chapter 6 deals with heater optimization including design, simulation and fabrication. In this chapter, microheater as well as macro-heaters were simulated and fabricated. The fabricated macro-heater is bonded with the sensor by eutectic bonding. One of the bonded samples was studied for its sensing response. The final chapter of the thesis deals with the conclusion of present research work and the possible further work on CuO gas sensor.

La mesure du taux de CO2 est un besoin relativement récent. Les travaux sur l'utilisation de nouveaux matériaux pour la réalisation de capteurs de gaz, efficaces et peu chers, suscitent des intérêts scientifique et technologique croissants. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est l'élaboration et la caractérisation de nouvelles couches sensibles obtenues par pulvérisation cathodique radiofréquence pour la réalisation de capteurs de CO2. Les films minces ont été déposés à partir d'une cible céramique de CuO, dans diverses conditions de dépôt, en variant la pression d'argon dans l'enceinte et la puissance RF appliquée. Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé la structure et la microstructure des films bruts et recuits sous air par DRX, MEB, AFM et spectroscopie Raman. Nous avons également étudié les propriétés physiques des films minces ainsi que leur surface accessible par adsorption de gaz krypton (méthode de Brunauer, Emmett et Teller). Le traitement thermique à 450°C n'affecte pas la structure cristalline des couches, en revanche il tend à faire chuter fortement la surface accessible entre les colonnes. Après l'optimisation des paramètres de fonctionnement de la cellule de mesure, nous avons caractérisé les performances des films de CuO pour la détection du CO2. La meilleure réponse (?R/R=51 %) a été obtenue pour une couche élaborée à 2 Pa avec une puissance RF de 30W. De plus, la température optimale de mesure est relativement basse (T= 250°C). Le contrôle de la microstructure et plus particulièrement de la taille des grains s'est avéré être le paramètre principal qui impacte la réponse sous CO2. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus avec des tailles de grains proches d'une vingtaine de nanomètres de diamètre. Une bonne modélisation de la réponse électrique en fonction de la taille des grains a pu être réalisée en prenant en compte un circuit électrique équivalent comportant une zone enrichie en porteur de type trous à la surface des grains et dont l'épaisseur est de l'ordre de la longueur de Debye. / The measure of the rate of CO2 is a recent need. The works on the use of new materials for the conception of gas sensors based semiconductor oxides, effective and not expensive; arouse a huge interest in our society. The objective of this thesis is the elaboration and the characterization of new sensitive layers obtained by RF sputtering for the realization of the sensors of CO2. Thin films were deposited using two targets: CuFeO2 and CuO, under three conditions by varying argon pressure and RF power. First of all, the structure and the microstructure were studied for the as-deposited samples. Surface investigations carried out by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, BET measurements and MEB-FEG images have shown a strong influence of deposition technique parameters on film surface topography and morphology. In a second step, the thin films were annealed in air in order to oxidize the phase. For the composite CuO/CuFe2O4, Glow discharge optical emission spectrometry technique showed a structure in two layers stacked on top of each other for the thinner films. For the cupric films, no changes on both structure and microstructure have been revealed. Our films have then been evaluated for CO2 detection. The sensitive layers with different thicknesses were sensitive to 5000 ppm of CO2. The deposition parameters are optimized to obtain microstructure features which can enhance the sensitivity of the thin films as gas sensors. Best response was obtained for a cupric sample deposited in P2 30W conditions and was close to 50% at T = 250°C. We have demonstrates that cupric oxide alone can detect the CO2 gas and that the growth conditions determine the film surface characteristics. The gas sensing characteristics of these films are strongly influenced by both surface morphology and microstructure.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work were obtained of Cu1-xMxO (M = Fe, Ni, Al e Zn, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0,1 samples, using the co-precipitation method. These samples were studied using different techniques of characterization structural and magnetic. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results added to the Rietveld refinement analysis of the x-ray powder diffraction data shows that all samples present monoclinic the same structure of CuO with space group C2/c. The magnetization measurements as function of temperature (MvsT) show a fast suppress of TN for Fe-doped CuO samples, in contrast with (Ni, Zn and Al)-doped CuO. Synchrotron radiation XRD data at low temperature performed with show that the Cu0,9Fe0,1O and Cu0,9Ni0,1O samples present slow changes in the cell parameters, which it can be associated with the magnetic transition. Although the X-ray absorption (XAS) measurements performed in Cu K-edge show a variation in the density of unoccupied state in the p sublevel, appreciable changes in the local structure of these ions ban not be confirmed. On the other hand, measurements at the doping K and L2,3-edges confirm the existence of Ni2+ ions and oxygen vacancies and/or defect in your structure, already measurements performed in Cu0,9Fe0,1O sample shown the presence of Fe+2/Fe+3 mixed valence. / Neste trabalho foram obtidas amostras de Cu1-xMxO (M = Fe, Ni, Al e Zn) usando o método químico de co-precipitação. Estas amostras foram estudadas por diferentes técnicas de caracterização estrutural e magnética. Resultados de difração de raios X (DRX) associados às análises de refinamento Rietveld confirmam que todas as amostras de CuO dopadas com Fe, Ni, Al e Zn apresentaram estrutura cristalina similar a estrutura monoclínica do CuO puro, pertencente ao grupo espacial C2/c. As medidas de magnetização em função da temperatura (MvsT) mostram uma rápida supressão da temperatura de Néel (TN) de 210 K para 65 K, na amostras de CuO dopadas com 10% de Fe, em contraste com os sistema dopado com Ni, Zn e Al. Resultados de DRX em baixa temperatura usando radiação síncrotron indicam suaves alterações no parâmetro de rede das amostras de Cu0,9Fe0,1O e Cu0,9Ni0,1O, os quais podem estar associados com a transição magnética. Embora as medidas de absorção de raios X realizadas na borda K do Cu, antes e depois da TN, mostrarem uma variação na densidade de estado desocupado no subnível p, não se verificaram mudanças apreciáveis na estrutura local destes íons. Por outro lado, as medidas de absorção na borda K e L2,3 do dopante confirmam a existência de íons de Ni com estado de oxidação +2 e vacância de oxigênio e/ou defeitos na estrutura monoclínica do CuO dopado com Ni. Já nas medidas realizadas na amostra de Cu0,9Fe0,1O mostra a presença de valência mista de Fe+2/Fe+3 neste composto.

Les nanotechnologies ADN utilisées pour l’auto-assemblage de nanoparticules d’or ou de métaux nobles ont connu un important développement au cours des vingt dernières années, permettant l’organisation de particules agencées en nano-cristaux, grâce à la spécificité biologique inégalable de deux brins complémentaires d’ADN. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse est d’adapter ces nanotechnologies à l’assemblage de nanoparticules d’Al et de CuO en vue d’élaborer des matériaux composites énergétiques à haute performance, grâce à l’augmentation des surfaces en contact entre réducteur (Al) et oxydant (CuO) par la maîtrise de l’organisation spatiale des nanoparticules. Ainsi, la fonctionnalisation séparée des nanoparticules d’Al et de CuO dispersées en solution colloïdale par des monobrins d’ADN complémentaires assurée ici par l’utilisation du complexe biotineStreptavidine, doit amener, après mélange des deux solutions colloïdales, à l’agrégation des particules par l’hybridation des brins d’ADN greffés en surface. La stratégie de fonctionnalisation choisie ici est générique : la protéine « Streptavidine » est d’abord greffée sur la nanoparticule, puis le brin d’ADN possédant un groupe biotine à une de ses extrémités, se fixe sur la Streptavidine. Au-delà de l’organisation de la matière à l’échelle nanométrique, l’enjeu double de ces travaux tient dans l’établissement d’un protocole de fonctionnalisation fiable et reproductible, propre aux procédés de micro-électronique, pour envisager un report de ces matériaux sur puce, mais également dans le contrôle des performances énergétiques grâce à l’ADN. Nous nous sommes donc appliqués à élaborer ce protocole en caractérisant précisément chaque étape de fonctionnalisation : la stabilisation des colloïdes et la biofonctionnalisation des nanoparticules par la Streptavidine et l’ADN. De plus, l’interaction entre ADN et surfaces oxydées des particules a été étudiée de façon à identifier les interactions non-spécifiques à l’origine d’agrégations non maîtrisées et améliorer en conséquence la qualité de la fonctionnalisation. Nous avons ensuite étudié l’agrégation des particules fonctionalisées en fonction de nombreux paramètres expérimentaux telles que la longueur de la chaîne ADN, la séquence de l’oligonucléotide, ou encore la composition saline de la solution. A cause de l’existence d’interactions non-spécifiques mise en évidence, nous avons optimisés ces paramètres de façon à assurer une agrégation dirigée uniquement par l’hybridation des brins d’ADN. Les performances énergétiques des matériaux synthétisés ont enfin été caractérisées et nous avons démontré la possibilité de contrôler les performances énergétiques des nanobiocomposites synthétisant en maîtrisant leur microstructure grâce à l’ADN. / Over the two last decades, DNA technologies have intensively been studied for the organization of matter at the nanoscale. Thanks to the bio recognition of two complementary DNA single-strands and their hybridization into the famous helicoidally structure, self-assembling of gold nanoparticles into highly ordered micrometer scale crystals has been demonstrated. The aim of this thesis is to explore this new nanotechnology for the self-assembly of Al and CuO nanoparticles driven by DNA hybridization into highly energetic nanocomposites by optimizing contact surfaces between reducer (Al) and oxidizer (CuO). We chose Streptavidin-biotin strategy to functionalize nanoparticles with DNA single strands. More precisely, the functionalization process includes four steps: (i) stabilization of Al and CuO nanoparticles into separate colloidal suspensions; (ii) Streptavidin grafting on Al and CuO nanoparticles; (iii) DNA grafting on Al and CuO Streptavidin-modified nanoparticles thanks to the addition of biotin function at the end of the DNA single strands; (iv) mixing of the two colloidal DNA-functionalized suspensions in order to realize the self-assembly. First, we precisely determined, characterized and optimized each step of the functionalization process. Then, we studied more precisely two key points of the process: we analyzed the interaction of DNA bases with technologically relevant oxide surfaces by studying the grafting of Thymidine by theoretical and experimental approaches; and we studied the influence of the coding sequence used for the DNA strands on the quality of the self-assembly, also by theoretical and experimental analyses. Finally, we optimized environmental conditions to realize the self-assembly of DNAfunctionalized nanoparticles into energetic nanobiocomposites. Morphologies and energetic properties were established as a function of synthesis conditions, and the control of energetic performances of nanobiocomposites as a function of aggregation process was demonstrated.

Low dimensional nanostructures of zinc oxide (ZnO), cupric oxide (CuO), and their composite nanostructures possess remarkable physical and chemical properties. Fundamental understanding and manipulation of these unique properties are crucial for all potential applications. Integration of nanostructured ZnO and CuO and their hybrid composites may play a significant role in the existing technology while paving the way for new exciting areas. Solution based low temperature synthesis of ZnO and CuO nanostructures have attracted extensive research efforts during the last decade. These efforts resulted in a plenteous number of nanostructures ranging from quantum dots into very complex three dimensional nanomaterials. Among the various low temperature synthesis methods the hydrothermal technique became one of the most popular approaches. The use of hydrothermal approach enabled the synthesis of diversity of nanomaterials on conventional and nonconventional substrates such as metals, glass, plastic and paper etc. The primary objectives of this thesis are to study and understand the characteristics of nanostructured ZnO, CuO, and their hybrid composites synthesized at low temperature. Likewise, the hybrid composites were successfully utilized to fabricate light emitting diodes and sensors. This thesis is organized into three major parts. In the beginning the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured ZnO, CuO, and their composite nanostructures are elaborated. Efforts have been made to understand the selective assembly of hierarchical CuO nanostructures on ZnO nanorods and to correlate it to the observed unique properties of the CuO/ZnO composite nanostructures. In the second part of the thesis fabrication, characterization, and device application of ZnO/p-polymer hybrid light emitting diode (HyLEDs) on flexible substrates are presented. In particular single and blended p-type light emissive polymers were controllably developed for potential greener and cheaper white light emitters. It was found that the HyLEDs exhibited rectifying diode characteristics together with white light emission covering the entire visible range. In the third part, pH and relative humidity sensing applications of CuO nanoflowers, and CuO/ZnO nanocorals, respectively, are described. A pH sensor based on CuO nanoflowers demonstrated good sensitivity and reproducibility over a wide range of pH. By taking the advantages of the selective growth of CuO nanostructures on ZnO nanorods and their naturally formed p-n heterojunction the realization of high sensitivity humidity sensor was achieved. The humidity sensor fabricated from the CuO/ZnO nanocorals displayed the highest sensitivity factor reported so far for its constituent materials; along with reasonably fast dynamic responses. A brief outlook into future challenges and opportunities are also presented in the last part of the thesis. / Nanophotonics

Fjords contain a significant quantity of sediments deposited in coastal zones over the last ~100,000 years. Studies of Northern Hemisphere fjords have shown that a large part of the high concentration of sedimentary organic matter (OMsed) is terrestrial in origin (OMterr), composed of a modern detrital fraction and an old mineral-associated fraction (OMfossil). These results suggest that fjords are disproportionately responsible, on a per area basis, for the burial of organic matter in coastal zones. This study, after a rigorous examination of CuO and GDGT biomarker methods used to quantify terrestrial organic matter in coastal environments, demonstrated this hypothesis in a Southern Hemisphere fjord system, Fiordland, New Zealand. CuO analysis of Doubtful Sound surface sediments indicated a large contribution of vascular plant material to fjord sediments. The BIT Index correlated strongly with both delta13C and C/N values in Doubtful Sound surface sediments, indicated that it may accurately trace the relative proportions of marine and soil organic matter (OMsoil) in Fiordland. However, a detailed analysis of the conversion of the BIT Index to quantitative estimates of terrestrial (soil) organic matter revealed that these values are overestimates. Reconstructions of the BIT Index and tetraethers in cores from two locations on the Louisiana continental shelf demonstrated the influence of the crenarchaeol term on BIT Index-based terrestrial organic matter estimates. The differences in the applicability of the BIT Index to these two coastal environments was most likely due to large seasonal changes in productivity on the Louisiana Continental Shelf as well as higher marine relative to terrestrial inputs. Six cores were reconstructed for contributions from marine OM (OMmar), OMfossil, and OMterrestrial representing the last ~500 years of sedimentation. Spatial variations were larger than temporal variations, owing to negligible development and deforestation in the region. OMterr was the dominant fraction in all but one core, and OMfossil inputs were significant. Additionally, source reconstructions from a variety of biomarkers indicated that Landslides deliver large volumes of detrital organic matter to fjord sediments. These results confirm that fjords bury quantitatively significant volumes of organic carbon on a global scale.

Research on nanomaterials has become increasingly popular because of their unique physical, chemical, optical and catalytic properties compared to their bulk counterparts. Therefore, many efforts have been made to synthesize multidimensional nanostructures for new and efficient nanodevices. Among those materials, zinc oxide (ZnO), has gained substantial attention owing to many outstanding properties. ZnO besides its wide bandgap of 3.34 eV exhibits a relatively large exciton binding energy (60 meV) at room temperature which is attractive for optoelectronic applications. Likewise, cupric oxide (CuO), having a narrow band gap of 1.2 eV and a variety of chemo-physical properties that are attractive in many fields. Moreover, composite nanostructures of these two oxides (CuO/ZnO) may pave the way for various new applications. This thesis can be divided into three parts concerning the synthesis, characterization and applications of ZnO, CuO and their composite nanostructures. In the first part the synthesis, characterization and the fabrication of ZnO nanorods based hybrid light emitting diodes (LEDs) are discussed. The low temperature chemical growth method was used to synthesize ZnO nanorods on different substrates, specifically on flexible non-crystalline substrates. Hybrid LEDs based on ZnO nanorods combined with p-type polymers were fabricated at low temperature to examine the advantage of both materials. A single and blended light emissive polymers layer was studied for controlling the quality of the emitted white light. The second part deals with the synthesis of CuO nanostructures (NSs) which were then used to fabricate pH sensors and exploit these NSs as a catalyst for degradation of organic dyes. The fabricated pH sensor exhibited a linear response and good potential stability. Furthermore, the catalytic properties of petals and flowers like CuO NSs in the degradation of organic dyes were studied. The results showed that the catalytic reactivity of the CuO is strongly depending on its shape. In the third part, an attempt to combine the advantages of both ZnO and CuO NSs was performed by developing a two-step chemical growth method to synthesize the composite NSs. The synthesized CuO/ZnO composite NSs revealed an extended light absorption and enhanced defect related visible emission.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RegineideOL_DISSERT.pdf: 1906684 bytes, checksum: 6ab6bc4b30db454754e3cd6ba142d8d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / In this study, was used a very promising technique called of pyrolysis, which can be used for obtaining products with higher added value. From oils and residues, since the contribution of heavier oils and residues has intensified to the world refining industry, due to the growing demand for fuel, for example, liquid hydrocarbons in the range of gasoline and diesel. The catalytic pyrolysis of vacuum residues was performed with the use of a mesoporous material belonging the M41S family, which was discovered in the early 90s by researchers Mobil Oil Corporation, allowing new perspectives in the field of catalysis. One of the most important members of this family is the MCM-41, which has a hexagonal arrangement of mesopores with pore diameters between 2 and 10 nm and a high specific surface area, making it very promising for use as a catalyst in petroleum refining for catalytic cracking, and their mesopores facilitate the access of large hydrocarbon molecules. The addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 increases the acidity of the material, making it more positive for application in the petrochemical industry. The mesoporous material of the type Al-MCM41 (ratio Si / Al = 50) was synthesized by hydrothermal method starting from the silica gel, NaOH and distilled water added to the gel pseudobohemita synthesis. Driver was used as structural CTMABr. Removal of organic driver (CTMABr) was observed by TG / DTG and FTIR, but this material was characterized by XRD, which was observed the formation of the main peaks characteristic of mesoporous materials. The analysis of adsorption / desorption of nitrogen this material textural parameters were determined. The vacuum residues (VR's) that are products of the bottom of the vacuum distillation tower used in this study are different from oil fields (regions of Cear? and Rio de Janeiro). Previously characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, viscosity, density, SARA, elemental analysis and thermogravimetry, which was performed by thermal and catalytic degradation of vacuum residues. The effect of AlMCM-41 was satisfactory, since promoted a decrease in certain ranges of temperature required in the process of conversion of hydrocarbons, but also promoted a decrease in energy required in the process. Thus enabling lower costs related to energy expenditure from degradation during processing of the waste / No presente trabalho, foi utilizada uma t?cnica bastante promissora denominada de pir?lise, a qual pode ser usada para obten??o de produtos com maior valor agregado. Partindo de ?leos e res?duos, visto que a contribui??o desses petr?leos mais pesados e res?duos tem se intensificado para o mundo da ind?stria do refino, em virtude da crescente demanda por combust?veis, como por exemplo, hidrocarbonetos l?quidos na faixa de gasolina e ?leo diesel. Os res?duos de v?cuo (RV?S) que s?o produtos de fundo da torre de destila??o a v?cuo utilizados neste trabalho, foram provenientes de diferentes petr?leos (regi?es do Cear? e Rio de Janeiro). Estes res?duos foram previamente caracterizados por v?rias t?cnicas como: FTIR, viscosidade, densidade, SARA, an?lise elementar e termogravimetria, pela qual foi realizada a degrada??o t?rmica e catal?tica dos res?duos de v?cuo. A pir?lise catal?tica dos res?duos de v?cuo foi realizada com a utiliza??o de um material mesoporoso pertencente ? fam?lia M41S, que foi descoberto no in?cio dos anos 90 por pesquisadores da Mobil Oil Corporation, possibilitando assim novas perspectivas no ramo da cat?lise. Um dos mais importantes membros desta fam?lia ? o MCM-41, que possui um arranjo hexagonal de mesoporos com di?metros de poros entre 2 a 10 nm e uma alta ?rea espec?fica, tornando-o bastante promissor para ser utilizado como catalisador no refino do petr?leo para o craqueamento catal?tico, j? que seus mesoporos facilitam o acesso de mol?culas grandes de hidrocarbonetos. A incorpora??o do alum?nio na rede do material MCM-41 proporciona a acidez ao material, possibilitando sua aplica??o na ind?stria petroqu?mica. O material mesoporoso do tipo Al- MCM41 (raz?o Si/Al=50) foi sintetizado atrav?s do m?todo hidrot?rmico partindo da S?lica gel, NaOH e ?gua destilada, acrescentado de pseudobohemita no gel de s?ntese. O efeito do AlMCM-41 foi satisfat?rio, pois promoveu uma diminui??o de determinadas faixas de temperatura requeridas no processo de convers?es dos hidrocarbonetos, como tamb?m promoveu uma diminui??o na energia necess?ria do processo. Possibilitando assim, menos custos relacionados ao gasto de energia para a degrada??o durante o processamento desses res?duos. Como direcionador estrutural foi utilizado CTMABr. A remo??o do direcionador org?nico (CTMABr) foi verificado por TG/DTG e FTIR, como tamb?m este material foi caracterizado por DRX, o qual foi constatado a forma??o dos principais picos caracter?sticos dos materiais mesoporosos. Pela an?lise de adsor??o/dessor??o de nitrog?nio deste material foram determinados os par?metros texturais

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:14:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoVCJ_DISSERT.pdf: 1902180 bytes, checksum: f48bb516c87d34521899164b27fcda6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Esta tese investiga os limites observacionais impostos pelos testes cl?ssicos para uma extensa classe de modelos cosmol?gicos do tipo FRW com decaimento da densidade de energia do v?cuo, ou equivalente, um termo cosmol?gico dependente do tempo. Express?es anal?ticas para o lookback time , a idade do universo, dist?ncia-luminosidade, di?metro angular e contagem de fontes s?o obtidas como fun??es do redshift , e o significado f?sico delas ? discutido em detalhe. Em particular, a influ?ncia de efeitos evolucion?rios ? brevemente analisada para o caso de di?metro angular. Como um resultado geral, as express?es do modelo padr?o s?o significativamente alteradas, mostrando que tais testes podem restringir consideravelmente os par?metros f?sicos dos modelos. Todos os resultados de modelo cosmol?gico padr?o s?o recuperados quando o v?cuo n?o contribui para a densidade de energia do universo. Um aspecto interessante de tais cosmologias ? a possibilidade de uma expans?o acelerada hoje como sugerido pelos dados de SNe Ιa. Estes modelos est?o tamb?m em acordo com o problema da constante cosmol?gica, no sentido de que o presente valor da constante cosmol?gica ? 10118 ordens de grandeza menor do que na era de Planck

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-03-02T23:17:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NivaldoFreireDeAndradeNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 3043754 bytes, checksum: 81f701dde4d2487b0d56ee58677070b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-13T18:18:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 NivaldoFreireDeAndradeNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 3043754 bytes, checksum: 81f701dde4d2487b0d56ee58677070b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T18:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NivaldoFreireDeAndradeNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 3043754 bytes, checksum: 81f701dde4d2487b0d56ee58677070b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-16 / O crescimento das atividades industriais vem proporcionando um aumento na gera??o de efluentes, que fez com que ?rg?os governamentais relacionados ao meio ambiente propusessem a cria??o de marcos regulat?rios para limitar a gera??o de efluentes. Os efluentes gerados pelas ind?strias t?xteis s?o de dif?cil degrada??o por m?todos tradicionais de tratamento. Os processos oxidativos avan?ados (POAs) s?o uma alternativa eficiente para a degrada??o de poluentes org?nicos, como corantes (azul de metileno). Neste trabalho, part?culas de cloreto de prata (AgCl) impregnadas com ?xido de cobre (CuO) foram sintetizadas via m?todo sonoqu?mico. Foram preparadas composi??es molares de 1:1 e 2:1 de AgCl/CuO, respectivamente. Tais composi??es passaram por tr?s rotas de obten??o distintas. Para a caracteriza??o das part?culas, utilizou-se as t?cnicas de difra??o de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura com emiss?o de campo (MEV-FEG), e espectroscopia UV-vis?vel (UV-vis). Para verificar a aplicabilidade do composto foram realizados nas amostras de AgCl/CuO testes fotocatal?ticos para degrada??o do corante azul de metileno e a atividade antimicrobiana frente ?s bact?rias Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. Os resultados da difra??o de raios-X confirmaram a forma??o de AgCl e CuO em todas as amostras, n?o havendo ind?cios de dopagem para nenhuma rota utilizada. Os resultados da atividade fotocatal?tica indicam que o aumento da propor??o molar de AgCl (1:1 para 2:1) acelera a degrada??o do azul de metileno em m?dia em 25%. / The growth of industrial activities has led to an increase in the generation of effluents, which led environmental agencies to propose the creation of regulatory frameworks to limit the generation of effluents. The effluents generated by the textile industries are difficult to be degraded by traditional methods of treatment. Advanced oxidative processes (POAs) are an efficient alternative for the degradation of organic pollutants such as dyes (methylene blue). In this work, silver chloride particles (AgCl) impregnated with copper oxide (CuO) were synthesized via method sonochemistry. AgCl/CuO 1:1 and 2:1 molar compositions, respectively, were prepared. Such compositions went through three distinct procurement routes. To characterize the particles, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with field emission (SEM-FEG), and UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy were performed. To verify the applicability of the compound were carried out in the samples of AgCl/CuO photocatalytic tests for degradation of the methylene blue dye and the antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of AgCl and CuO in all samples, with no evidence of doping for any route used. The results of the photocatalytic activity indicate that increasing the molar ratio of AgCl (1:1 to 2:1) accelerates the degradation of methylene blue on average by 25%.