Este trabalho apresenta conceitos da fabricação de compósitos com o objetivo de avaliar a influência das condições do processo de fabricação nas propriedades mecânicas do laminado. É comum utilizar ensaios mecânicos para determinar as propriedades do produto final a fim de otimizar e adicionar confiabilidade ao projeto e o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar uma das fontes de variação das características em compósitos estruturais, que é o processo de cura. Embora pela regra das misturas se considere que a relação ponderada entre os elementos de matriz e reforço resulte na propriedade final do laminado, é necessário entender que existe influência do processo de fabricação para a obtenção deste potencial. O processo de cura é uma das etapas mais importantes na fabricação de componentes em polímeros reforçados e consiste na utilização de certo nível de energia que propicia a polimerização da matriz e formação da estrutura monolítica do material compósito. Para a simulação desta variação, através de ensaios laboratoriais são definidas condições de cura que reflitam uma diferença razoável de temperatura de transição vítrea. Com a definição dos parâmetros de cura, laminados bi diagonais são fabricados por processo de moldagem por transferência de resina assistida por vácuo e as características mecânicas destes laminados são mensuradas em ensaios que seguem padrões normalizados pela ISO em condições de tração, compressão e flexão. Os resultados destes ensaios são comparados entre si, a fim de direcionar o projetista em compósitos para a relevância e impacto do processo produtivo na vida do componente. / This work introduces manufacturing concepts for composites parts targeting to evaluate the influence of manufacturing process conditions in the final mechanical properties of the laminates. It is usual to utilize mechanical tests to define and predict properties of the actual component aiming to optimize and add reliability to the design. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate one of the main sources of variation that becomes form the curing process. Although from the mixture rules is possible to consider the final product property as the weighted relation between matrix and reinforcement properties, its needed to understand that the manufacturing process affects the achievement of this potential. Curing is one of the most important steps on the composites manufacturing and consists in the use of some source of energy to start matrix polymerization and formation of a monolithic structure with at least two phases from when becomes the composites concept. To simulate this variation through laboratorial tests, firstly the curing condition was defined to reflect a reasonable difference of glass transition temperature between the samples. After the definition of the curing condition bi diagonal laminate panels were prepared through vacuum assisted resin transfer molding and their mechanical characteristics evaluated by laboratory tests following international ISO standards in tensile, compression and flexural trials. Results of the tests are compared for the purpose of guiding composites designers for the relevance of manufacturing process and its impact on the component life.

Este trabalho apresenta conceitos da fabricação de compósitos com o objetivo de avaliar a influência das condições do processo de fabricação nas propriedades mecânicas do laminado. É comum utilizar ensaios mecânicos para determinar as propriedades do produto final a fim de otimizar e adicionar confiabilidade ao projeto e o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar uma das fontes de variação das características em compósitos estruturais, que é o processo de cura. Embora pela regra das misturas se considere que a relação ponderada entre os elementos de matriz e reforço resulte na propriedade final do laminado, é necessário entender que existe influência do processo de fabricação para a obtenção deste potencial. O processo de cura é uma das etapas mais importantes na fabricação de componentes em polímeros reforçados e consiste na utilização de certo nível de energia que propicia a polimerização da matriz e formação da estrutura monolítica do material compósito. Para a simulação desta variação, através de ensaios laboratoriais são definidas condições de cura que reflitam uma diferença razoável de temperatura de transição vítrea. Com a definição dos parâmetros de cura, laminados bi diagonais são fabricados por processo de moldagem por transferência de resina assistida por vácuo e as características mecânicas destes laminados são mensuradas em ensaios que seguem padrões normalizados pela ISO em condições de tração, compressão e flexão. Os resultados destes ensaios são comparados entre si, a fim de direcionar o projetista em compósitos para a relevância e impacto do processo produtivo na vida do componente. / This work introduces manufacturing concepts for composites parts targeting to evaluate the influence of manufacturing process conditions in the final mechanical properties of the laminates. It is usual to utilize mechanical tests to define and predict properties of the actual component aiming to optimize and add reliability to the design. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate one of the main sources of variation that becomes form the curing process. Although from the mixture rules is possible to consider the final product property as the weighted relation between matrix and reinforcement properties, its needed to understand that the manufacturing process affects the achievement of this potential. Curing is one of the most important steps on the composites manufacturing and consists in the use of some source of energy to start matrix polymerization and formation of a monolithic structure with at least two phases from when becomes the composites concept. To simulate this variation through laboratorial tests, firstly the curing condition was defined to reflect a reasonable difference of glass transition temperature between the samples. After the definition of the curing condition bi diagonal laminate panels were prepared through vacuum assisted resin transfer molding and their mechanical characteristics evaluated by laboratory tests following international ISO standards in tensile, compression and flexural trials. Results of the tests are compared for the purpose of guiding composites designers for the relevance of manufacturing process and its impact on the component life.

Customer relationship management (CRM) systems are widely used for effective business relations management. CRM is not software, it is business strategy, experience, knowledge. It also could be successfully applied to health care sphere. Patient relationship management system could substantialy increase effectivenes of health care process. Methods for evaluation of Patient – doctor relationships were investigated in aim to reveal most suitable ones to be used for optimization of healing process. Continious functions reflecting direct proportionality to impact factors and contrar propotionality to patients profile should be used for mathematical description of patient – doctor relationship. Optimal control of the healing process could be achieved through individualization of actions to be taken in case of every single patient. MySQL 4.1.8-nt could be used as suitable database platform for health care CRM systems. It showed high performace in tests with CRM system prototype. The prototype patient – doctor relationship management system was elaborated for usage in all possible areas of health care service.

Goal and Scope of this thesisThe curing process of epoxy resin directly affects the properties of the final polymer, so it is of great interest to develop analytical methods that allows knowing the pathway of the curing processes. There have been numerous research studies about the evolution of the curing and on the quantification of the corresponding kinetic parameters using several techniques such as: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Differential Scanning Calorimetry with Temperature Modulation (MTDSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Infrared spectroscopy Fourier Transform (FTIR) and Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Usually, those studies are done in model reactions due to the fact that is very difficult, and sometimes even impossible, to isolate the intermediate products that are involved in the curing process. In that sense, the goal of the present thesis is to explore the possibilities of the multidimensional correlation spectroscopy for the quantitative monitorization of curing processes by means of infrared spectroscopy and curve resolution methods. The thesis is focused in a complex reaction in which several and side reactions might take place, most or all of them almost at the same time. This main goal is structured in the following items: 1. Analysis of Generalized two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and Perturbation-correlation mowing-windows two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy as a tool to obtain information about the reaction pathway.2. Analysis of sample-sample two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy as a tool to obtain concentration profiles of the chemical species involved in the curing process.3. Quantitative resolution of the curing process by means of multivariate curve resolution methods - alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) taking into account the information coming from multidimensional correlation spectroscopy analysis. StructureThe thesis is structured in different chapters each one containing the following information.Chapter 1: This chapter presents the background of the thesis, so it is highlighted the interest of the study of resins epoxy. A brief review of the theory of the multidimensional spectroscopy and the chemometrics tools (multivariate curve resolution methods) used is presented focusing on the novelties introduced in the thesis and offering the proper references for the basic concepts already known.Chapter 2: This chapter concerns the experimental work done. It has been included a brief description of the instrumental analytical techniques used to monitor the curing process. Two main curing reactions are described: experimental conditions and scheme of the reaction between the phenylglycidylether (PGE) and -butyrolactone monitored by NIR and of the copolymerization between the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and -valerolactone by FTIR/ATR. Also the conditions of the DGEBA homopolymerization are presented. And finally, the 1H and 13C NMR experimental condition to obtain the spectrum of the final product in the first reaction between PGE and -butyrolactone is described.Chapter 3: This chapter is addressed to the results obtained as a consequence of the studies done. It is articulated in five published works and each one is introduced by a brief description of the main goal and the content of it. The five articles are presented in a sequential order according the main goal of the thesis.Chapter 4: Finally, the thesis ends with a conclusion chapter in which the achieved goals are outlined.As each paper presented in chapter 3, contains its specific conclusion section, in this chapter there are emphasized the thesis conclusions according to the goals formulated in the scope. In that sense the first and general conclusion is that Multidimensional correlation spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution method are useful spectroscopic and chemometric methods to quantitative monitoring a curing process using infrared spectroscopy.Concretely it can be also stated that: - Generalized and perturbation-correlation moving-windows two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, are valuable methods to obtain information about the reaction pathway in the case studied which is representative of a curing process.- Sample-sample two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy is very useful method to obtain concentration profiles of the chemical species involved in the curing process.- And finally, MCR-ALS is a very useful method for the quantitative resolution of the curing process. / El proceso de curado la resina epoxi afecta directamente las propiedades finales del polímero, por lo que es de gran interés para el desarrollo de métodos de análisis que permite conocer la vía de los procesos de polimerización. Por lo general, esos estudios se hacen en reacciones modelo, debido al hecho, que es muy difícil, a veces o incluso imposible, aislar los productos intermedios que intervienen en el proceso de curado. En ese sentido, el objetivo de la tesis es explorar las posibilidades de la espectroscopia de correlación multidimensional para la monitorización cuantitativa de los procesos de curado por medio de espectroscopia infrarrojo y métodos de resolución de la curva. La tesis se centra en una reacción compleja en la que varias reacciones secundarias y puede tener lugar, la mayoría o la totalidad de ellos casi al mismo tiempo.Las conclusiones de la tesis de acuerdo a los objetivos son formulados en el ámbito de aplicación, métodos espectroscópicos y quimiométricos. En ese sentido, la primera conclusión general y es que la espectroscopia de correlación multidimensional y método de resolución de curva multivariante son útiles para el seguimiento de un proceso de curado mediante espectroscopía de infrarrojo.Concretamente, puede ser también señaló que: - La espectroscopia generalizada de correlación bidimensional y espectroscopia de correlación de la perturbación por ventana móvil, son métodos valiosos para obtener información sobre el camino de reacción en el caso estudiado, que es representativa de un proceso de curado.- La espectroscopia de correlación bidimensional muestra-muestra es un metodo útil para obtener perfiles de concentración de las especies químicas involucradas en el proceso de curado.- Por último, MCR-ALS es un método muy útil para la resolución cuantitativa del proceso de curado.

The thesis deals with the influence of the curing process on varnish quality of paint powder coating. The thesis includes a literary study focused on the issue of powder coating. In the experimental part of the work will be done curing of two different materials in three technically different kilns and compare the effect of firing.

Im Konstruktiven Glasbau ist es keine Besonderheit mehr, Glasträger für Dachkonstruktionen und Glasschwerter in Fassaden einzusetzen, um leichte, transparente und in den Hintergrund tretende Tragkonstruktionen umzusetzen. Für die Fügung dieser tragenden Bauteile werden bisher Verbindungsmittel aus Edelstahl eingesetzt, die optisch beeinträchtigen, Bohrungen im Glas erfordern und ungünstige Spannungsspitzen im Glas hervorrufen. Demgegenüber ist das Kleben für den spröden Werkstoff Glas ein materialgerechteres Fügeverfahren. Die Untersuchung einer flächigen Klebverbindung zum Lastabtrag zwischen tragenden Glas-Bauteilen im Primärtragwerk ist Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit. Bei einer relativ großen Schichtdicke bildet die transparente Ausführung eine ganz wesentliche Prämisse. Ein weiterer Anspruch liegt in der Alterungsbeständigkeit und der Tragfähigkeit. An einer Auswahl von 14 potentiell geeigneten, transparenten Acrylat-, Epoxidharz- und Polyurethanklebstoffen werden mit Hilfe thermomechanischer und mechanischer Prüfverfahren temperaturabhängige Materialeigenschaften ermittelt. Ergänzend wird die Langzeitbeständigkeit der Klebstoffe durch eine künstliche Alterung im Verbund überprüft. Im Anschluss erfolgt die Ermittlung der lichttechnischen Eigenschaften sowie die visuelle Beurteilung der Sichtproben. Im Resultat wird ein UV- und lichthärtender Acrylatklebstoff als besonders geeignet identifiziert. Für diesen Klebstoff werden Haftfestigkeitsuntersuchungen im Druckscherversuch unter Temperatur- und Alterungseinflüssen sowie Zeitstandversuche an Substanzproben und kleinen Prüfkörpern durchgeführt. Für den Einsatz in einer flächigen Klebung wird ein geeignetes Dosier- und Aushärteverfahren entwickelt. Der Tragfähigkeitsnachweis der geklebten Verbindung erfolgt an großformatigen Bauteilmustern. Bei diesen Versuchen wird jeweils die Belastbarkeitsgrenze des Glases erreicht, während die Klebung intakt bleibt. Ein Zeitstandversuch dient zur Aufzeichnung des Kriechverhaltens an Bauteilmustern bei erhöhter Temperatur. Begleitend zum Entstehen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden mehrere Bauvorhaben mit Ganzglaskonstruktionen umgesetzt. Der Verzicht auf jegliche metallische Verbindungsmittel stellt bei diesen Objekten in Deutschland ein bauaufsichtliches und bautechnisches Novum dar. Die Fügung von Glasstütze und Glasträger innerhalb des gläsernen Primärtragwerks erfolgt ausschließlich und erstmals über eine transparente Acrylatklebung, deren Ausführung auf Erkenntnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit basiert. Die umschließende Verglasung wird mit einem zugelassenen Silikonklebstoff an der Tragkonstruktion befestigt. Zwei der beschriebenen Bauvorhaben werden seit der Erstellung in einem umfangreichen Monitoring beobachtet, um weitergehende Aussagen zum Langzeitverhalten der Klebungen zu erhalten. Die weitgehenden Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit wie auch des laufenden Monitorings sollen Bedeutung und Zuverlässigkeit der transparenten, lastabtragenden Klebungen im Konstruktiven Glasbau belegen helfen. / The use of glass beams in transparent roofs and glass fins as part of the facade is already state-of-the-art construction to achieve a transparent and lightweight appearance. Until now, mechanical fasteners made from stainless steel are used to join these structural components. Those fasteners visually interfere, require holes in the glass and cause unfavorable stress peaks in the glass. In contrast, adhesive bonding is much more appropriate to join the brittle material glass. The subject of this dissertation is the study of a planar adhesive joint which transfers the load between the load-bearing glass components into the primary structure. With a relatively large layer thickness, the manufacturing of the transparent joint represents a major challenge. Furthermore, the aging resistance and the load-bearing capacity must be proven. A selection of 14 potentially suitable, transparent adhesives of acrylate, epoxy resin and polyurethane are tested for temperature-depending material properties. These tests are based on thermo-mechanical and mechanical test methods. In addition, the long-term durability of the adhesives is verified by artificial aging test on bonded specimens. Subsequently, the photometric characteristics and the visual quality of the samples are assessed. As the result an UV- and light-curing acrylate adhesive is identified as particularly suitable. Compression shear tests under temperature and aging influences as well as creep tests are performed on substance samples and small-scale specimens to determine the adhesive strength of this adhesive. A suitable application and curing process is developed for use in planar bonded joints. Tests on specimen components were carried out to determine the load-bearing capacity of the bonded glass frame corners. In these experiments, the glass fails while the adhesive joint remains intact. Creep test are used to record the creep deformation of component specimen at increased temperature. Accompanying the study, several building projects are realized to use adhesive bonding technology in all-glass constructions. Without any visible forms of connection, the glass construction represents a significant innovation in Germany in terms of both building legislation and building technology. It´s the first time, glass fins and glass beams are joint to a glass primary structural system via transparent acrylate adhesive. The connection method is based on the findings of the present study. The glass panels of the envelope are joined to the primary glass structure with an approved silicone adhesive. Two of the described construction projects are monitored to obtain further knowledge about the long-term behaviour of the bonded joints. The comprehensive studies of this thesis as well as the ongoing monitoring have proven the significance and the reliability of transparent, load-bearing bonded joints in the field of glass construction.

Im Konstruktiven Glasbau ist es keine Besonderheit mehr, Glasträger für Dachkonstruktionen und Glasschwerter in Fassaden einzusetzen, um leichte, transparente und in den Hintergrund tretende Tragkonstruktionen umzusetzen. Für die Fügung dieser tragenden Bauteile werden bisher Verbindungsmittel aus Edelstahl eingesetzt, die optisch beeinträchtigen, Bohrungen im Glas erfordern und ungünstige Spannungsspitzen im Glas hervorrufen. Demgegenüber ist das Kleben für den spröden Werkstoff Glas ein materialgerechteres Fügeverfahren. Die Untersuchung einer flächigen Klebverbindung zum Lastabtrag zwischen tragenden Glas-Bauteilen im Primärtragwerk ist Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit. Bei einer relativ großen Schichtdicke bildet die transparente Ausführung eine ganz wesentliche Prämisse. Ein weiterer Anspruch liegt in der Alterungsbeständigkeit und der Tragfähigkeit. An einer Auswahl von 14 potentiell geeigneten, transparenten Acrylat-, Epoxidharz- und Polyurethanklebstoffen werden mit Hilfe thermomechanischer und mechanischer Prüfverfahren temperaturabhängige Materialeigenschaften ermittelt. Ergänzend wird die Langzeitbeständigkeit der Klebstoffe durch eine künstliche Alterung im Verbund überprüft. Im Anschluss erfolgt die Ermittlung der lichttechnischen Eigenschaften sowie die visuelle Beurteilung der Sichtproben. Im Resultat wird ein UV- und lichthärtender Acrylatklebstoff als besonders geeignet identifiziert. Für diesen Klebstoff werden Haftfestigkeitsuntersuchungen im Druckscherversuch unter Temperatur- und Alterungseinflüssen sowie Zeitstandversuche an Substanzproben und kleinen Prüfkörpern durchgeführt. Für den Einsatz in einer flächigen Klebung wird ein geeignetes Dosier- und Aushärteverfahren entwickelt. Der Tragfähigkeitsnachweis der geklebten Verbindung erfolgt an großformatigen Bauteilmustern. Bei diesen Versuchen wird jeweils die Belastbarkeitsgrenze des Glases erreicht, während die Klebung intakt bleibt. Ein Zeitstandversuch dient zur Aufzeichnung des Kriechverhaltens an Bauteilmustern bei erhöhter Temperatur. Begleitend zum Entstehen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden mehrere Bauvorhaben mit Ganzglaskonstruktionen umgesetzt. Der Verzicht auf jegliche metallische Verbindungsmittel stellt bei diesen Objekten in Deutschland ein bauaufsichtliches und bautechnisches Novum dar. Die Fügung von Glasstütze und Glasträger innerhalb des gläsernen Primärtragwerks erfolgt ausschließlich und erstmals über eine transparente Acrylatklebung, deren Ausführung auf Erkenntnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit basiert. Die umschließende Verglasung wird mit einem zugelassenen Silikonklebstoff an der Tragkonstruktion befestigt. Zwei der beschriebenen Bauvorhaben werden seit der Erstellung in einem umfangreichen Monitoring beobachtet, um weitergehende Aussagen zum Langzeitverhalten der Klebungen zu erhalten. Die weitgehenden Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit wie auch des laufenden Monitorings sollen Bedeutung und Zuverlässigkeit der transparenten, lastabtragenden Klebungen im Konstruktiven Glasbau belegen helfen. / The use of glass beams in transparent roofs and glass fins as part of the facade is already state-of-the-art construction to achieve a transparent and lightweight appearance. Until now, mechanical fasteners made from stainless steel are used to join these structural components. Those fasteners visually interfere, require holes in the glass and cause unfavorable stress peaks in the glass. In contrast, adhesive bonding is much more appropriate to join the brittle material glass. The subject of this dissertation is the study of a planar adhesive joint which transfers the load between the load-bearing glass components into the primary structure. With a relatively large layer thickness, the manufacturing of the transparent joint represents a major challenge. Furthermore, the aging resistance and the load-bearing capacity must be proven. A selection of 14 potentially suitable, transparent adhesives of acrylate, epoxy resin and polyurethane are tested for temperature-depending material properties. These tests are based on thermo-mechanical and mechanical test methods. In addition, the long-term durability of the adhesives is verified by artificial aging test on bonded specimens. Subsequently, the photometric characteristics and the visual quality of the samples are assessed. As the result an UV- and light-curing acrylate adhesive is identified as particularly suitable. Compression shear tests under temperature and aging influences as well as creep tests are performed on substance samples and small-scale specimens to determine the adhesive strength of this adhesive. A suitable application and curing process is developed for use in planar bonded joints. Tests on specimen components were carried out to determine the load-bearing capacity of the bonded glass frame corners. In these experiments, the glass fails while the adhesive joint remains intact. Creep test are used to record the creep deformation of component specimen at increased temperature. Accompanying the study, several building projects are realized to use adhesive bonding technology in all-glass constructions. Without any visible forms of connection, the glass construction represents a significant innovation in Germany in terms of both building legislation and building technology. It´s the first time, glass fins and glass beams are joint to a glass primary structural system via transparent acrylate adhesive. The connection method is based on the findings of the present study. The glass panels of the envelope are joined to the primary glass structure with an approved silicone adhesive. Two of the described construction projects are monitored to obtain further knowledge about the long-term behaviour of the bonded joints. The comprehensive studies of this thesis as well as the ongoing monitoring have proven the significance and the reliability of transparent, load-bearing bonded joints in the field of glass construction.