Hysteresis current control has been widely used in power electronics with the advantages of fast dynamic response under parameter, line and load variation and ensured stability. However, a main disadvantage of hysteresis current control is the uncertain and varying switching frequency which makes it difficult to form an average-value model. The changing switching frequency and unspecified switching duty cycle make conventional average-value models based on PWM control difficult to apply directly to converters that are controlled by hysteresis current control. In this work, a new method for average-value modeling of hysteresis current control in boost converters, three-phase inverters, and brushless dc motor drives is proposed. It incorporates a slew-rate limitation on the inductor current that occurs naturally in the circuit during large system transients. This new method is compared with existing methods in terms of simulation run time and rms error. The performance is evaluated based on a variety of scenarios, and the simulation results are compared with the results of detailed models. The simulation results show that the proposed model represents the detailed model well and is faster and more accurate than existing methods. The slew-rate limitation model of hysteresis current control accurately captures the salient detail of converter performance while maintaining the computational efficiency of average-value models. Validations in hardware are also presented.

Dans un contexte de réduction des émissions de CO2 dans les systèmes industriels et d’amélioration de leur efficacité énergétique, les chauffages par induction répondent à ces critères. Le procédé consiste à plonger un corps conducteur d’électricité dans un champ magnétique variable, induisant ainsi des courants au sein de la pièce qui se met alors à chauffer par effet Joule. Cette technologie présente l’avantage d’atteindre des températures élevées de manière précise et rapide, sans contact avec la source d’énergie. Si aujourd’hui le contrôle de tels procédés passe par la structure mécanique du chauffage, de nombreuses études ont montré que l’association de plusieurs bobines alimentées par des systèmes d’électronique de puissance fournit une souplesse dans le contrôle des profils de température et une flexibilité vis-à-vis des pièces traitées. Ce travail présente deux systèmes de chauffage par induction. Le premier est un prototype réalisé par EDF considérant trois inducteurs alimentés par trois onduleurs à résonance. Nous nous y intéresserons plus particulièrement par la suite. Le second, en cours de réalisation, met en jeu six inducteurs pour du chauffage au défilé. Leurs caractéristiques, leurs alimentations et leurs fonctionnements sont abordés pour ensuite mettre en place deux modélisations des phénomènes électriques, l’une sous forme de fonctions de transfert, la seconde dans l’espace d’état. L’objectif final est le développement d’une alimentation auto-adaptative capable de contrôler en temps réel le profil de puissance injecté dans les pièces à chauffer afin d’atteindre un profil de température requis avec le minimum d’énergie consommée. L’étude se poursuit avec un inventaire des solutions existantes en termes de commande en boucle ouverte et en boucle fermée des systèmes mono-inducteurs, ainsi que des travaux, plus rares, pour les chauffages multi-inducteurs. De plus, des études ont montré que le contrôle de la température à la surface d’une pièce à chauffer passait par le contrôle des courants dans les inducteurs, en amplitude mais également en phase. C’est pourquoi nous proposons des lois de commande pour asservir les courants dans les inducteurs. Une routine d’optimisation fournit les amplitudes et les phases des courants dans les trois inducteurs permettant d’obtenir le profil de température le plus proche d’un profil de référence. Nous l’avons modifiée de façon à tenir compte de solutions énergétiquement optimisées en intégrant les pertes dans les interrupteurs et les inducteurs. Deux lois de commande originales sont proposées. La première étudie une commande robuste dans l’espace d’état par placement de vecteurs propres. La seconde met en jeu des correcteurs résonants qui confèrent à la boucle du système un module de gain infiniment grand à la fréquence de résonance de sorte qu’ils effacent les effets des perturbations agissant à cette même fréquence. Les méthodes de synthèse de ces correcteurs sont échantillonnées avec un très faible rapport fréquence d’échantillonnage/fréquence de résonance ; les performances sont détaillées et analysées pour le prototype à trois inducteurs. Pour tester plus facilement et valider en partie les lois mises en place, un simulateur analogique a été conçu, sorte d’émulateur reproduisant le comportement des courants dans les inducteurs et des tensions à leurs bornes. Il se base sur la modélisation sous forme de fonctions de transfert et ne comprend donc pas d’onduleur. Par l’intermédiaire d’une carte dSPACE intégrant un DSP, nous avons implanté et validé les deux lois de commande robustes sur le simulateur analogique. Par la suite, pour se rapprocher du système réel, nous avons mis en place une commande rapprochée transformant les trois signaux de commande en sortie des correcteurs vers les rapports cycliques des douze interrupteurs des convertisseurs alimentant les inducteurs. Cette étape a été validée par des essais expérimentaux réalisés en parallèle de nos études. / In the context of reducing carbon dioxide emissions in industrial systems and improving their energy efficiency, induction heaters meet these criteria. The method consists in immersing an electrically conductive body in a variable magnetic field, inducing currents within the piece which then begins to heat by Joule effect. This technology has the advantage of reaching high temperatures accurately and quickly, without contact with the power source. Today the control of such works with mechanical structures. But many studies have shown that the combination of several coils supplied by electronic power systems provides flexibility in controlling temperature profiles and flexibility towards the treated parts. This paper presents two systems of induction heating. The first is a prototype made by EDF considering three inductors supplied by three resonant inverters. We will focus more specifically later on this prototype. The second one, in progress, involves six inductors for scrolling heating. Their characteristics, their power supplies and their functions are discussed and then set up two models of electric phenomena, one form of transfer functions and one form in the state space. The final objective is the development of a self-adaptive power able to control real-time power profile injected into parts of heating to achieve a temperature profile required with minimum energy consumption. The study goes on with a list of existing solutions in terms of open-loop control and closed-loop control for single inductor system, as well as few rarer works for multi-inductors heaters. In addition, studies have shown that control of the surface temperature of the piece to be heated passes by the control of currents in the inductors, in magnitude but also in phase. That is why we propose control laws for controlling inductor currents. An optimization routine provides the magnitudes and phases of the currents in the three inductors to obtain the temperature profile closer to a reference profile. We modified it to take into account energy optimized solutions by integrating the losses in the switches and inductors. Two original control laws are proposed. The first one studies a robust control in the state space by placing eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The second one involves resonant markers that give the system loop gain module infinitely large at the resonant frequency so that they erase the effects of disturbances acting at the same frequency. The methods of synthesis of these markers are sampled with a very low sampling frequency / resonant frequency ratio; performance are detailed and analyzed for the prototype with three inductors. So as to test and validate easily some of the studied laws, an analog simulator was designed, a kind of an emulator, which reproduces the behaviour of the currents in the coils and the voltages at their terminals. It is based on the transfer function model and therefore does not include inverters. Through a dSPACE card integrating a DSP, we have implemented and validated the two robust control laws on the analog simulator. Thereafter, in order to be closer to the real system, we have established a close control which turns the three control signals toward the duty cycles of the twelve switches of the converters supplying the inductors. This step was validated by experimental tests carried out in parallel with our studies.

The possibility to save energy in synchronous machines operation by dismissing d-axis damping bars and surrogating them with active excitation current control in sectored field winding is proved. In particular a way to recover the energy of rotor oscillations during power regulation is shown by means of a studycase generator whereas a self-starting machine is analytically and numerically designed in view of its next construction and test. Principal design requirements and limits for both applications are presented and discussed.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O Motor de RelutÃncia VariÃvel (MRV) vem cada vez mais chamando a atenÃÃo da indÃstria e da comunidade acadÃmica. Isso se deve ao crescente desenvolvimento da eletrÃnica de potÃncia e na Ãrea de microprocessadores nos Ãltimos anos, o que permitiu o avanÃo de outros sistemas de acionamentos tais como com MRV. A competitividade do MRV se justifica por seu baixo custo de produÃÃo e manutenÃÃo, uma elevada densidade de potÃncia, robustez e resistÃncia a faltas. O presente trabalho propÃe um esquema de controle robusto baseado em um Controlador Preditivo Generalizado (GPC) pertencente a famÃlia de Controladores Preditivos Baseados em Modelo (MPC) aplicados a malha de corrente e velocidade de um sistema de acionamento com MRV. O controlador proposto, assim como controladores tradicionais aplicados neste tipo de sistema tais como o controlador por Histerese e o controlador PID sÃo tambÃm aplicados com o objetivo de proporcionar meios de comparaÃÃo dos resultados experimentais obtidos. A estrutura do controlador à baseada no projeto de um filtro de modo a permitir uma resposta rÃpida, rejeiÃÃo a distÃrbios, atenuaÃÃo de ruÃdos e robustez com um baixo custo computacional. O controlador proposto foi implementado e os resultados comparados com controladores tradicionais e analisados quantitativamente por meio de Ãndices de desempenho. Para execuÃÃo das rotinas de controle foi utilizado um DSP das Texas Instruments (TMS320F28335), sendo suas caracterÃsticas principais apontadas. O algoritmo do software de controle à esquematizado. O trabalho fez uso da bancada de pesquisa em MRV do laboratÃrio do Grupo de Pesquisa em AutomaÃÃo e RobÃtica (GPAR) da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC).

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e desenvolvimento de um sistema eletrÃnico de aproveitamento de energia eÃlica a partir de um gerador sÃncrono de Ãmà permanente conectado a uma turbina de vento. O sistema opera com velocidade variÃvel, permitindo o mÃximo aproveitamento da energia cinÃtica incidente na turbina de vento. Essa energia cinÃtica à convertida em energia elÃtrica pelo gerador sÃncrono de Ãmà permanente e depois de totalmente condicionada, injetada na rede elÃtrica convencional. Esse condicionamento à feito por um sistema eletrÃnico objeto de estudo e desenvolvimento deste trabalho, o qual consiste em um retificador trifÃsico interligado a um inversor monofÃsico em ponte completa com saÃda em corrente. SÃo apresentadas a revisÃo bibliogrÃfica de sistemas de aproveitamento de energia eÃlica para geraÃÃo de energia elÃtrica pertinentes ao escopo do trabalho, a anÃlise do estÃgio retificador (potÃncia e controle), a anÃlise do estÃgio inversor (potÃncia e controle), uma comparaÃÃo teÃrica de rendimento entre o retificador trifÃsico proposto neste trabalho (bridgeless trifÃsico) e o retificador trifÃsico dois nÃveis, e os resultados experimentais de um protÃtipo de validaÃÃo de 5kW do sistema proposto. / This work presents the study and development of an electronic system for wind energy exploitation from a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected to a wind turbine. The system operates with variable speed, allowing maximum use of the kinetic energy incident on the wind turbine. This kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy by the permanent magnet synchronous generator and, after being fully conditioned, injected into the conventional power grid. This conditioning is done by an electronic system object of study and development of this work, which consists of a rectifier connected to a single-phase full-bridge inverter with current output. Are presented the literature review of the relevant wind energy conversion systems to the scope of work, the analysis of the rectifier stage (power and control), the analysis of the inverter stage (power and control), a efficiency theoretical comparison between the proposed rectifier (three-phase bridgeless) and the three-phase fullbridge rectifier, and the experimental results of an 5kW validation prototype of the proposed system.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A necessidade de obter uma matriz energÃtica menos poluente e em harmonia com o meio ambiente à um tÃpico muito importante no sÃculo XXI. Este trabalho apresenta um conversor cc-ca de dois estÃgios para injetar a energia de um arranjo de painÃis fotovoltaicos à rede elÃtrica. O primeiro estÃgio à um conversor elevador, isolado, baseado na CÃlula de ComutaÃÃo de TrÃs Estados (CCTE), responsÃvel por elevar a tensÃo dos painÃis fotovoltaicos de 48 Vcc para 400 Vcc e de extrair a mÃxima potÃncia disponÃvel deles. O segundo estÃgio consiste em um conversor monofÃsico cc-ca, ponte completa, responsÃvel por injetar a energia na rede elÃtrica de baixa tensÃo (220 Vca, 60 Hz). SÃo apresentados estudos teÃricos e exemplos de projeto dos circuitos de potÃncia e controle para ambos os estÃgios e, com o objetivo de validar a anÃlise, sÃo apresentados resultados de simulaÃÃo computacional, complementados com resultados experimentais, correspondentes a um protÃtipo de laboratÃrio de 850 W. O rendimento global obtido experimentalmente à aproximadamente 86,5% enquanto que a distorÃÃo harmÃnica total da corrente entregue à rede elÃtrica obtida via simulaÃÃo computacional à 3,8% a plena carga. / In the 21st century, the need of a more clean and environment friendly power matrix has become a very important issue. Therefore this work presents a two stage cc-ac converter for connecting a photovoltaic array to the electrical grid. The 1st stage itâs an isolated boost converter, based in the Three Stage Switching Cell (TSSC), in charge of boosting the photovoltaic array voltage from 48 Vcc to 400 Vcc and to track its maximum power point. The 2nd stage is a single-phase cc-ac Full-Bridge converter responsible of injecting the photovoltaic power into the low voltage power grid (220 Vac, 60 Hz). Both, theoretical analysis and designs examples of power and control circuits are presented for the two stages and, in order to validate the analysis, simulation results complemented with experimental results from an 850 W laboratory prototype are presented. The overall efficiency obtained from the prototype was 86.5% while the total harmonic distortion of the current obtained via simulation was 3.8% at full load.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_MARCEL SOARES LIMA.pdf: 17818100 bytes, checksum: 95b36384b873fd5da81040a537b53ec1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / With advancement of power electronics and the wide range of applications involving single-phase inverter voltage, current controllers has gained great prominence, because they control the flow of energy supplied to the grid or to a load and compensate some quality energy problems. For this, various techniques for controlling power has been studied in order to meet the robustness characteristics, accuracy and speed of response. In addition, another important characteristic, which has been adopted for accurately determining the choice of the current driver is the possibility of eliminating disturbances in specific frequency, such as those caused by harmonicas of the fundamental signal. This paper presents the study, analysis and resonant controller design. Since this controller is equivalent to adding two PI controllers synchronously, a positive sequence and negative sequence other, implemented in the stationary frame of reference, we will investigate the possible resonance structures of controlling synchronous equivalent to PI controllers, and vector classic and the advantages and disadvantages of each. The analyses of resonant controllers are held in the continuous domain and then the drivers are implemented in discrete domain, taking into account the computational delay. It is also performed the analysis and design of strategies for controlling resonant with and without a delay compensator. Finally, experimental tests will be performed to confirm the analyzes in this paper. / Com o avanço da eletrônica de potência e a vasta gama de aplicações que envolvem os inversores monofásicos de tensão, os controladores de corrente têm ganhado grande destaque, pois controlam o fluxo de energia fornecida à rede elétrica ou a uma carga e compensam alguns problemas de qualidade de energia. Para isso, diversas técnicas de controladores de corrente têm sido estudadas com o intuito de atender as características de robustez, precisão e rapidez na resposta. Além disso, outra característica importante, e que tem sido rigorosamente adotada para determinar a escolha dos controladores de corrente, é a possibilidade de eliminar distúrbios em frequências específicas, como por exemplo, aqueles causados por harmônicas do sinal fundamental. Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo, análise e projeto do controlador ressonante. Uma vez que este controlador é equivalente à adição de dois controladores PI síncronos, um de sequência positiva e outro de sequência negativa, implementados no referencial estacionário, serão investigados as possíveis estruturas dos controladores ressonantes equivalentes aos controladores PI síncronos, clássico e vetorial, bem como as vantagens e desvantagens de cada um. As análises dos controladores ressonantes são realizadas no dominio contínuo e, posteriormente, os controladores são implementados no dominio discreto, levando em consideração o atraso computacional. Também é realizada a análise e projeto das estratégias de controladores ressonantes com e sem um compensador de atraso. Por fim, serão realizados ensaios experimentais para confirmar as análises realizadas no decorrer deste trabalho.

This Thesis addressed the challenge of ensuring balanced currents in the phases of a multi-kW, interleaved dc-dc converter by means of closed-loop digital control. The Thesis examines uniformly-sampled, valley-current, peak-current and average-current control for a dual interleaved boost converter with inter-phase transformer which might form part of the power train of an electric vehicle. Also, an enhancement of the average-current control is investigated in which the transistor duty-ratio is updated more rapidly, which allows an improvement of approximately ten times in the response speed of the system. Based on the theoretical analysis, the average-current control methodology was determined to be the most suitable technique for this type of converter as it ensures well-balanced phase currents over a wide range. To provide a basis for control system analysis and design for interleaved converters, a modelling methodology is developed based on a combination of multi-rate data-sampled theory and a small-signal averaged converter model. The model is shown to represent accurately the interaction between the interleaved phases, revealing a reduced stability range compared with a non-interleaved converter. The modelling and control methods are validated using switched and average value simulations obtained with the SABER software and by experimental results from a 25 kW, 30 kHz converter prototype. The control techniques were implemented on a Texas Instruments TMS320F28335 digital signal controller.

The increasing penetration of wind power into the power system dominated by variable-speed wind turbines among the installed wind turbines will require further development of control methods. Power electronic converters are widely used to improve power quality in conjunction with the integration of variable speed wind turbines into the grid. In this thesis, a detailed model of the Predictive Current Control (PCC) method will be descripts for the purpose of control of the grid-connected converter. The injected active and reactive power to the grid will be controlled to track their reference value. The PCC model predicts the future grid current by using a discrete-time model of the system for all possible voltage vectors generated by the inverter. The voltage vector that minimizes the current error at the next sampling time will be selected and the corresponding switching state will be the optimal one. The PCC is implemented in Matlab/Simulink and simulation results are presented.

This diplom thesis theoretically deals about principle of pulse welding current source. Work explains operation principle of the single acting transmit converter used in realized construction and mention the others examples of converters types. Goal of the work is design individual parts of source : input filter, pulse transformer, output inductor and power semiconductors components. Thesis also contains description of the regulation circuitry of the converter, auxiliary power supply and pre-driver for power transistors. If everything will be all right prototype of the source will be assembled and measured. Results will be compared with theoretical assumptions.