A system of ordinary differential equations (ODE) is constructed for an air cushion vehicle (ACV). The system is simplified to an equation for the balance of the vertical forces and the equation for the adiabatic compression of the air in the cushion. Air pressure is constantly supplied into the system, but can leak out from underneath the edges of the cushion. A series of regular waves encounters the air cushion, causing a change in volume. Additionally, a computational analysis of the seakeeping of a Surface Effect Ship (SES) is performed using the commercial software WAMIT, which uses low-order, linear potential panel method. The model of the T-Craft consists of catamaran hulls, rigid end skirts, and the interface between the air cushion and the water surface. Beyond the six rigid body degrees of freedom of the T-Craft, additional modes are added for the motion of the interface panels. To verify the method used, the model is benchmarked using computational data for a small-scale barge model and experimental data for a T-Craft model. A comparison is performed for the T-Craft with and without its cushion. The solution for the nonlinear time-domain system is found numerically, and the stability of the system is studied by observing bifurcations with the incoming wave amplitude as the bifurcation parameter. The system experiences a period-doubling bifurcation, from a periodic orbit, to a subharmonic orbit, to a solution with multiple periods. Further increasing the wave amplitude increases the period doubling, eventually leading to chaotic behavior. As a result of the linear-potential simulations, significant differences are found in the seakeeping of the T-Craft when on and off the cushion. These differences are caused by the direct and indirect effects of the cushion (added aerodynamics and a decreased draft). The RAO's of the craft experience changes in amplitude and phase, which will affect the multi-body relative motions. The time-domain model shows very chaotic behaviour that is presented visually in a bifurcation diagram. These linear potential and time-domain methods illustrate the complexity and importance of modelling air-cushion effects.

Vibration in the vehicle environment has long been investigated considering the driver&#039 / s exposure. However not only drivers but also the front seat car passengers are exposed to considerable amount of vibration. In order to investigate the phenomenon, this research consisted of three stages. In the first stage of the study, model analysis has been carried out. Based on the results it has been suggested that increased damping in the lumbar area in contact with the backrest can decrease the vibration transmission. The second stage comprised of the laboratory studies. Based on the results attained from the model, waist belts filled with different fluids having different coefficients of viscosity were prepared and tested. The inclination of the backrest angle was chosen as the second parameter. The cushions having ready-made gel mediums were seen to be effective in reducing low frequency vibrations where the angle of inclination affected the response of the cushions. In the third part of the thesis, field measurements were carried out in order to confirm the results attained in the laboratory. It was observed that the inclination of backrest angle played a major role in the exposure of the passenger in fore and aft direction. The cushions proved to be effective at certain frequencies in the field, differing due to the design and the medium.

A coleta de sêmen da cauda do epidídimo é a última oportunidade de obter espermatozoides de garanhões valiosos, sendo que durante a criopreservação, a etapa de centrifugação é considerada um ponto crítico. A principal hipótese é que a centrifugação com coloides pode melhorar a qualidade dos espermatozoides coletados da cauda do epidídimo de garanhões. Para avaliação da hipótese foram realizados dois experimentos. O experimento um teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da centrifugação com cushion e com coloide em camada única (SLC) na motilidade de sêmen do epidídimo de garanhões após a etapa de centrifugação. O experimento dois teve o objetivo de determinar o efeito da SLC prévio ao congelamento e após o descongelamento. Experimento 1) Oito garanhões foram submetidos à orquiectomia bilateral e o sêmen foi coletado da cauda dos epidídimos (n=16). Após a coleta, as amostras foram submetidas a três protocolos de centrifugação: Convencional (20 minutos a 600xg), cushioned (20 minutos a 900xg) e SLC (20 minutos a 300xg). Os pellets foram ressuspendidos e as amostras foram submetidas à avaliação laboratorial de motilidade e morfologia espermática. Experimento 2) Dez garanhões foram submetidos a orquiectomia bilateral e o sêmen foi coletado da cauda dos epidídimos (n=20). Para criopreservação, as amostras foram submetidas a: centrifugação convencional (20 minutos a 600xg), SLC prévio a criopreservação (SLC-Pre) (20 minutos a 300xg) e SLC após a criopreservação (SLC+) (20 minutos a 600xg seguidos de uma segunda centrifugação descrita após descongelamento). Os pellets foram ressuspendidos em diluente de congelamento, submetidos ao processo de congelamento em nitrogênio líquido e descongelamento. Os grupos de 6 centrifugação convencional e SLC-Pre foram avaliados imediatamente após descongelamento. O grupo SLC+ foi descongelado e submetido à SLC (20 minutos a 300xg) e ressupendido em diluente de congelamento (SLC+F) ou resfriamento (SLC+C). A motilidade total e a motilidade progressiva das amostras foram avaliadas com análise computadorizada do movimento espermático. A morfologia foi avaliada com auxílio de microscópio com contraste de fase. Funcionalidade de mitocôndria, integridade de membrana e DNA foram avaliados com auxílio de microscópio de fluorescência. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, simple one-way ANOVA e Teste de Tukey. Experimento 1) a motilidade de espermatozoide submetidos à SLC (p<0,05) e cushion (p>0,05) foi superior do que os submetidos a centrifugação convencional. Experimento 2) SLC-Pre e SLC+F apresentaram maior motilidade total, enquanto SLC+F apresentou maior motilidade progressiva. O percentual de espermatozoides com morfologia normal foi maior em SLC-Pre e SLC+F. A funcionalidade de mitocôndria foi maior em todos grupos com SLC, enquanto a integridade de membrana foi maior em SLC-Pre. A centrifugação com coloides melhorou a qualidade de espermatozoides coletados da cauda do epidídimo de garanhões, tanto no momento prévio ao congelamento como após o descongelamento. / Epididymis cauda sperm recovery and cryopreservation are last opportunity to obtain spermatozoa from a valuable animal, even though during cryopreservation centrifugation step is considered as a critical point. It is hypothesized that colloidal centrifugation could enhance epididymal stallion sperm parameters. To evaluate this hypothesis two experiments were performed. In experiment one, the objective was to evaluate the effect of cushioned and Single Layer Centrifugation (SLC) on epididymal stallion sperm motility postcentrifugation. In experiment two, the objective was to determine the effect of SLC on epididymal stallion sperm quality pre-freezing and post-thawing. Experiment 1) Eight stallions were submitted to bilateral orchiectomy and the resulting epididymal cauda (n = 16) were flushed with semen extender. After harvesting, samples were submitted to three centrifugation protocols: conventional (20 minutes at 600xg), cushioned (20 minutes at 900xg), and SLC (20 minutes at 300xg). Pellets were resuspended, motility and morphology were evaluated. Experiment 2) Ten stallions were submitted to bilateral orchiectomy and epididymal cauda (n=20) were harvested. For cryopreservation, epididymal sperm were submitted to: conventional centrifugation (20 minutes at 600xg), Single Layer Centrifugation prior cryopreservation (SLC-Pre) (20 minutes at 300xg) and Single Layer Centrifugation after cryopreservation (SLC+) (20 minutes at 600xg followed by a second centrifugation described after thawing). Pellets were resuspended in freezing extender, submitted to cryopreservation process in liquid nitrogen and thawed. Conventional and SLC-Pre were evaluated immediately after thawing. SLC+ samples were thawed, submitted to SLC (20 minutes at 300xg) and the pellets were resuspended with freezing (SLC+F) and cooling extender (SLC+C). Total motility (TM) and progressive 8 motility (PM) were evaluated with computer-assisted semen analyses. Sperm morphology was evaluated under a phase-contrast microscope. Mitochondrial functionality, membrane e DNA integrity were evaluated with an epifluorescence microscope. Data was evaluated by descriptive statistics, simple one-way ANOVA and comparison between means by Tukey test. Significance was assigned to all values p<0.05. Experiment 1) Motility of spermatozoa recovered by SLC (p<0.05) and cushioned centrifugation (p>0.05) were higher than those recovered by conventional centrifugation. Experiment 2) SLC-Pre and SLC+F yielded the highest TM, while SLC+F yielded the highest PM. Higher morphological normal sperm was observed in SLC-Pre and SLC+F. Mitochondrial functionality was significantly higher in all treatments with SLC, while membrane integrity was higher in SLC-Pre. Colloidal centrifugation improved epididymal sperm quality before freezing and after thawing.

A coleta de sêmen da cauda do epidídimo é a última oportunidade de obter espermatozoides de garanhões valiosos, sendo que durante a criopreservação, a etapa de centrifugação é considerada um ponto crítico. A principal hipótese é que a centrifugação com coloides pode melhorar a qualidade dos espermatozoides coletados da cauda do epidídimo de garanhões. Para avaliação da hipótese foram realizados dois experimentos. O experimento um teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da centrifugação com cushion e com coloide em camada única (SLC) na motilidade de sêmen do epidídimo de garanhões após a etapa de centrifugação. O experimento dois teve o objetivo de determinar o efeito da SLC prévio ao congelamento e após o descongelamento. Experimento 1) Oito garanhões foram submetidos à orquiectomia bilateral e o sêmen foi coletado da cauda dos epidídimos (n=16). Após a coleta, as amostras foram submetidas a três protocolos de centrifugação: Convencional (20 minutos a 600xg), cushioned (20 minutos a 900xg) e SLC (20 minutos a 300xg). Os pellets foram ressuspendidos e as amostras foram submetidas à avaliação laboratorial de motilidade e morfologia espermática. Experimento 2) Dez garanhões foram submetidos a orquiectomia bilateral e o sêmen foi coletado da cauda dos epidídimos (n=20). Para criopreservação, as amostras foram submetidas a: centrifugação convencional (20 minutos a 600xg), SLC prévio a criopreservação (SLC-Pre) (20 minutos a 300xg) e SLC após a criopreservação (SLC+) (20 minutos a 600xg seguidos de uma segunda centrifugação descrita após descongelamento). Os pellets foram ressuspendidos em diluente de congelamento, submetidos ao processo de congelamento em nitrogênio líquido e descongelamento. Os grupos de 6 centrifugação convencional e SLC-Pre foram avaliados imediatamente após descongelamento. O grupo SLC+ foi descongelado e submetido à SLC (20 minutos a 300xg) e ressupendido em diluente de congelamento (SLC+F) ou resfriamento (SLC+C). A motilidade total e a motilidade progressiva das amostras foram avaliadas com análise computadorizada do movimento espermático. A morfologia foi avaliada com auxílio de microscópio com contraste de fase. Funcionalidade de mitocôndria, integridade de membrana e DNA foram avaliados com auxílio de microscópio de fluorescência. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, simple one-way ANOVA e Teste de Tukey. Experimento 1) a motilidade de espermatozoide submetidos à SLC (p<0,05) e cushion (p>0,05) foi superior do que os submetidos a centrifugação convencional. Experimento 2) SLC-Pre e SLC+F apresentaram maior motilidade total, enquanto SLC+F apresentou maior motilidade progressiva. O percentual de espermatozoides com morfologia normal foi maior em SLC-Pre e SLC+F. A funcionalidade de mitocôndria foi maior em todos grupos com SLC, enquanto a integridade de membrana foi maior em SLC-Pre. A centrifugação com coloides melhorou a qualidade de espermatozoides coletados da cauda do epidídimo de garanhões, tanto no momento prévio ao congelamento como após o descongelamento. / Epididymis cauda sperm recovery and cryopreservation are last opportunity to obtain spermatozoa from a valuable animal, even though during cryopreservation centrifugation step is considered as a critical point. It is hypothesized that colloidal centrifugation could enhance epididymal stallion sperm parameters. To evaluate this hypothesis two experiments were performed. In experiment one, the objective was to evaluate the effect of cushioned and Single Layer Centrifugation (SLC) on epididymal stallion sperm motility postcentrifugation. In experiment two, the objective was to determine the effect of SLC on epididymal stallion sperm quality pre-freezing and post-thawing. Experiment 1) Eight stallions were submitted to bilateral orchiectomy and the resulting epididymal cauda (n = 16) were flushed with semen extender. After harvesting, samples were submitted to three centrifugation protocols: conventional (20 minutes at 600xg), cushioned (20 minutes at 900xg), and SLC (20 minutes at 300xg). Pellets were resuspended, motility and morphology were evaluated. Experiment 2) Ten stallions were submitted to bilateral orchiectomy and epididymal cauda (n=20) were harvested. For cryopreservation, epididymal sperm were submitted to: conventional centrifugation (20 minutes at 600xg), Single Layer Centrifugation prior cryopreservation (SLC-Pre) (20 minutes at 300xg) and Single Layer Centrifugation after cryopreservation (SLC+) (20 minutes at 600xg followed by a second centrifugation described after thawing). Pellets were resuspended in freezing extender, submitted to cryopreservation process in liquid nitrogen and thawed. Conventional and SLC-Pre were evaluated immediately after thawing. SLC+ samples were thawed, submitted to SLC (20 minutes at 300xg) and the pellets were resuspended with freezing (SLC+F) and cooling extender (SLC+C). Total motility (TM) and progressive 8 motility (PM) were evaluated with computer-assisted semen analyses. Sperm morphology was evaluated under a phase-contrast microscope. Mitochondrial functionality, membrane e DNA integrity were evaluated with an epifluorescence microscope. Data was evaluated by descriptive statistics, simple one-way ANOVA and comparison between means by Tukey test. Significance was assigned to all values p<0.05. Experiment 1) Motility of spermatozoa recovered by SLC (p<0.05) and cushioned centrifugation (p>0.05) were higher than those recovered by conventional centrifugation. Experiment 2) SLC-Pre and SLC+F yielded the highest TM, while SLC+F yielded the highest PM. Higher morphological normal sperm was observed in SLC-Pre and SLC+F. Mitochondrial functionality was significantly higher in all treatments with SLC, while membrane integrity was higher in SLC-Pre. Colloidal centrifugation improved epididymal sperm quality before freezing and after thawing.

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In this study, a new engineering model is presented which treats the motions of a rigid body to ground shock. A rigid body is defined as one whose deformations are small compared to the deformations of the surrounding media. The new model treats non-planar normal loads on the structure, tensile cut-off constraints at the upstream and downstream faces of the structure, and shear forces on the lateral surfaces of the structure. It assumes linear elastic material properties for all materials, and collinearity between reflected and transmitted particle velocities and stresses. An important feature of the model is that it incorporates the effects of wave diffraction around the rigid body through simple bounding arguments on the conditions which prevail in the shadow zone of the structure at early-times, intermediate-times, and late-times after the wave has engulfed the rigid body. The resulting expressions are uncomplicated, and provide bounds on the structure’s motion. The model was tested against a series of linear elastic finite element calculations and was found to be accurate, and able to explain the velocity overshoot which, while not widely known, accompanies the motions of rigid bodies under certain circumstances. The model was also tested against the results of a high-explosive test in sand, and a high explosive test in a competent shale, by treating the ground motion instrument canisters on the tests as rigid bodies. Again the model was found to be accurate, and accounted for the differences observed between finite difference predictions of the flow fields and the measured canisters’ responses. The model is expected to find application in aiding in the interpretation of ground motion measurements from explosion tests, in the design of ground motion transducers, and as an aid in the vulnerability analysis of underground Structures to the effects from large explosions. / Ph. D.

This thesis presents the results from the computational fluid dynamics simulations of surface effect ship model tests. The model tests being simulated are of a generic T-Craft model running in calm seas through a range of Froude numbers and in two head seas cases with regular waves. Simulations were created using CD-adapco's STAR-CCM+ and feature incompressible water, compressible air, pitch and heave degrees of freedom, and the volume of fluid interface-capturing scheme. The seals are represented with rigid approximations and the air cushion fans are modeled using constant momentum sources. Drag data, cushion pressure data, and free surface elevation contours are presented for the calm seas cases while drag, pressure, heave, and roll data are presented for the head seas cases. The calm seas cases are modeled both with no viscosity and with viscosity and turbulence. All simulations returned rather accurate estimations of the free surface response, ship motions, and body forces. The largest source of error is believed to be due to the rigid seal approximations. While the wake's amplitude is smaller when viscosity is neglected, both viscous and inviscid simulations' estimations of the free surface qualitatively match video footage from the model tests. It was found that shear drag accounts for about a quarter of the total drag in the model test simulations with viscosity, which is a large source of error in inviscid simulations. Adding the shear drag calculated using the ITTC-1957 friction coefficient line to the total drag from the inviscid simulation gives the total drag from the viscous simulations within a 6% difference. / Master of Science

Air cushion vehicle flexible seals operate in a complex and chaotic environment dominated by fluid-structure interaction. An efficient means to explore interdependencies between various governing parameters that affect performance is through high fidelity numerical simulation. As previous numerical efforts have employed separate iterative partitioned solvers, or have implemented simplified physics, the approaches have been complex, computationally expensive, or of limited utility. This research effort performs numerical simulations to verify and validate the commercial multi-physics tool STAR-CCM+ as a stand-alone partitioned approach for fluid-structure interaction problems with or without a free surface. A dimensional analysis is first conducted to identify potential non-dimensional forms of parameters related to seal resistance. Then, an implicit, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes finite volume fluid solver is coupled to an implicit, nonlinear finite element structural solver to successfully replicate benchmark results for an elastic beam in unsteady laminar flow. To validate the implementation as a seal parameter exploratory tool, a planer bow seal model is developed and results are obtained for various cushion pressures and inflow speeds. Previous numerical and experimental results for deflection and resistance are compared, showing good agreement. An uncertainty analysis for inflow velocity reveals an inversely proportional resistance dependency. Using Abaqus/Explicit, methodologies are also developed for a two-way, loosely coupled explicit approach to large deformation fluid-structure interaction problems, with and without a free surface. Following numerous verification and validation problems, Abaqus is ultimately abandoned due to the inability to converge the fluid pressure field and achieve steady state. This work is a stepping stone for future researchers having interests in ACV seal design and other large deformation, fluid-structure interaction problems. By modeling all necessary physics within a verified and validated stand-alone approach, a designer's ability to comprehensively investigate seal geometries and interactions has never been more promising. / Ph. D. / Air cushion vehicles are specialized marine craft that utilize flexible seals to enable improved performance and fully amphibious operation. An efficient means to explore interdependencies between various seal design parameters that affect performance is through computer modeling of the fluid-structure interaction between the seal and the sea. This research effort performs numerical simulations to verify and validate the commercial multi-physics tool STAR-CCM+ as a single computer program for fluid-structure interaction problems occurring on the water surface. A dimensional analysis is first conducted to identify parameters related to seal resistance. Then, a fluid model is coupled to a structural model to successfully replicate benchmark results for a flexible beam in an oscillating fluid flow. To validate the implementation as a seal parameter exploratory tool, a model of an ACV bow seal is developed and results are obtained for various operational conditions and inflow speeds. Previous numerical and experimental results for seal deflection and seal resistance are compared, showing good agreement. This work is a stepping stone for future researchers having interests in ACV seal design and other large deformation, fluid-structure interaction problems. By modeling all necessary physics within a verified and validated stand-alone computer program, a designer’s ability to comprehensively investigate seal geometries and interactions has never been more promising.

During the last couple of years several studies have been conducted to investigate how children move and position during car rides. This in order to map when, and for how long children sit in positions that are not safe as well as to identify the reason for these movements. One of the conclusions is that children do not always sit comfortable in today’s belt-positioning boosters and thereby they chose positions that are unwanted for safety reasons. The aim for the master thesis has thereby been to improve seating comfort for children while traveling safely in the rear seat of a car. The target group has been children in ages 5-11 years old with body height 110-145 cm, a Swedish population 50 percentile has been used for the extreme dimensions. The master thesis process is divided in three phases; Discovery, Development and Testing and Evaluation. In the Discovery phase information in the areas child safety, child methodology and comfort was gathered through literature study, interviews with experts, benchmarking and a focus group with parents. As a final step customer needs were formulated. In the Development phase a workshop with children was initially performed to complement the customer needs with inputs from the users. The customer needs were afterwards reformulated into a specification of requirements and five comfort hypotheses. Finally a prototype was developed, designed from the requirements with the purpose to validate the comfort hypotheses, using an anthropometric design method (Osvalder, et al., 2010). In the final phase, Testing and Evaluation, the prototype and reference belt-positioning boosters were evaluated by children in two user studies; one static study and one on road study, to evaluate comfort features and try out different seating comfort evaluation methods. The result is divided into child seating comfort characteristics and child seating comfort methodology guidelines. To assist future development of belt-positioning boosters, seven comfort features are defined to help children ride comfortable in a safe position in the car. Furthermore, 13 child methodology guidelines are formulated to help further seating comfort evaluation with children. Conclusively to make children sit comfortable and safe positioned in the car they should be seated in a belt-positioning booster with headrest, backrest, seat cushion and foot support, the supporting parts need to be perceived as soft around head, back and under the buttock and all parts need to be dimensioned for all children in the target group. The size of the belt-positioning booster and the combination of foam thickness, foam hardness and shape are the main factors for affecting the perceived seating comfort. Furthermore, children shall be included as both design partners and testers during the development of belt-positioning boosters. During the prototype development static comfort evaluation with children should be done repeatedly to verify measurements, shape and foam hardness. To evaluate comfort both static evaluation and on road evaluation should be performed since comfort varies over time. Data should be collected subjectively from children through quantitative methods, such as rating scales, and qualitative methods, such as general questions regarding comfort/discomfort experience. Video observations can identify children’s position during car rides. Different positions can be timed and together with subjective data reasons for repositioning can be identified.