Dredge cutting forces produced by the movement of the cutterhead through the sediment have been measured with the laboratory dredge carriage located at the Haynes Coastal Engineering Laboratory. The sediment bed that was used for the dredging test was considered to be relatively smooth and the sediment used was sand with a d50=0.27 mm. Forces on the dredge carriage were measured using five 13.3 kN (3000 lb) one directional load cells placed on the dredge ladder in various places so the transmitted cutting forces could be obtained. The objectives for this study are to determine the vertical, horizontal, and axial forces that are produced by the cutterhead while testing. So, to find these cutter forces, a static analysis was performed on the carriage by applying static loads to the cutterhead in the vertical, horizontal, and axial directions, and for each load that was applied, readings were recorded for all five of the load cells. Then, static equilibrium equations were developed for the dredge carriage ladder to determine loads in the five load cells. Also, equilibrium equations can be applied to a dredging test to find the cutterhead forces by taking the measured data from the five load cells and applying the known forces to the equations, and the cutterhead forces can be determined. These static equilibrium equations have been confirmed by using a program called SolidWorks, which is modeling software that can be used to do static finite element analysis of structural systems to determine stresses, displacement, and pin and bolt forces. Data that were gathered from the experimental procedure and the theoretical calculations show that the force on the dredge cutterhead can be determined. However, the results from the static equilibrium calculations and the results from the SolidWorks program were compared to the experiment procedure results, and from the comparison the procedure results show irregularities when a force of approximately 0.889 kN (200 lb) or above is applied to the cutterhead in a north, south, west, or east orientation. The SolidWorks program was used to determine the results for displacements of the dredge carriage ladder system, which showed that large displacements were occurring at the location of the cutterhead, and when the cutterhead displaces it means that the carriage ladder is also moving, which causes false readings in the five load cells. From this analysis it was determined that a sixth force transducer was needed to produce more resistance on the ladder; and the cell #1 location needed to be redesigned to make the ladder system as rigid as possible and able to produce good testing results. The SolidWorks program was used to determine the best location where the sixth force transducer would give the best results, and this location was determined to be on the lower south-west corner oriented in the direction east to west. The static equilibrium equations were rewritten to include the new redesigned cell #1 location and the new location of the sixth load cell. From the new system of equations, forces on the cutterhead can be determined for future dredging studies conducted with the dredge carriage. Finally, the forces on the laboratory cuttersuction dredge model cutterhead were scaled up to the prototype 61 cm (24 in) cuttersuction dredge. These scaled up cutting forces on the dredge cutterhead can be utilized in the design of the swing winches, swing cable size, ladder supports, and ladder.

In tropical forest systems, attine ants are the dominant herbivores. They construct large nest structures that include foraging trails that extend to multiple plant sources throughout the forest. These foraging areas vary from nest to nest and they are highly dynamic over time and season changes. It was expected that characteristics of both the nest structure and the surrounding environment would affect the size of nest foraging areas. In this study, COMPASS survey software and ArcGIS were used to map the foraging trails and calculate the foraging areas of 12 attine ant nests located on the Firestone Reserve, over the course of 6 weeks. Data collected at the ant nest sites on nest area, flow rate, trail number and neighboring nest proximity were combined with data collected from previous studies on soil pH and light fractions in order to test correlation hypotheses between these factors and foraging area. The mean foraging areas differed significantly from each other and significant correlations were found between foraging area and trail number, flow rate, neighbor distance and soil pH. Understanding foraging behavior of attine ants is important in the field of restoration ecology because these ants are important in determining overall structure and nutrient distribution in tropical forests.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 1983. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 320-328).

Resumo: Atualmente, com o alto consumo da cana de açúcar, indústrias buscam melhorias na gestão ambiental do processo produtivo do setor sucroalcooleiro, passando assim, inevitavelmente, pela melhor produção da cana, seus produtos e subprodutos, consequentemente uma melhor maneira de conduzir a colheira da planta. Com isso começam a surgir programas como o estudado neste trabalho "O Cana Limpa", que se espalha pelas usinas do país. A sustentabilidade de um Programa de tal natureza não depende apenas de quem o patrocina ou do empresário, mas também, primordialmente daqueles que são afetados diretamente por este. Esta premissa e a dúvida sobre a adequação do programa dos trabalhadores motivaram esta proposta. Certamente o programa deve ter sido concebido para contemplar não só a produtividade para a empresa, mas também, melhores condições de vida no trabalho para os cortadores. Mas que opinião tem os mesmos? Assim, na busca de resposta a esta questão o objetivo desse trabalho é o de avaliar o Programa Cana Limpa, desde o ponto de vista do cortador verificando seus pontos fortes, fracos e melhorias necessárias ao Programa. Embora a participação do homem se dê em várias das fases dos processos produtivos do setor sucro-alcooleiro, a presente proposta enfoca apenas o trabalho durante a colheita de cana de açúcar. Esta pesquisa quanto ao método tem duas fases. A primeira é qualitativa e exploratória. Nesta fase busca levantar as variáveis para avaliar o programa. Após a identificação das variáveis tem-se uma segunda fase, quantitativa descritiva, onde se avalia o grau de existência das variáveis encontradas, ou seja, estas variáveis da primeira fase não utilizadas na elaboração de questões do instrumento de coleta de dados. Nesta fase é construído um instrumento de coleta de dados com questões fechadas utilizando escala ordinal... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Due to the high consumption of sugar cane, industries have been searching to improve environmental management in the sugar and alcohol production processes, thus resulting in improved production of sugar cane and its by products as well as improved harvesting techniques. The "Cana Limpa" ("clean sugar cane") is one of the programs that arose as a result of this search for improvement in sugar cane production and harvesting. To say that a program is sustainable depends not only on the sponsor or the entrepreneur, but also on the people that are directly affected by such a program. This and the question whether or not the program will be adequate to the workers, motivated our proposal. It is certainly true that the program was conceived to embrace not only productivity, but also better working conditions to the harvesters. But what do they think about it? The objective of this study is to evaluate the "Cana Limpa" Program from the point of view of the harvester, and analyze its strengths and weaknesses as well as the need for improvements. Even though man participates in various stages of the sugar and alcohol production process, this study focus only on the harvest of sugar cane. The method used in this research is twofold: the first part is qualitative and exploratory. We aimed at obtaining variables to evaluate the program; the second part is quantitative and descriptive, that is, we measurehow many times the variables occur. During this part of the research, we built an instrument to collect data, with closed questions and ordinal scale. The questionnaires were distributed to the harvesters in their place of work. Evaluating the "Cana Limpa" program with an ordinal scale, as we did during the second part of this study, with three discrete levels (better than, equal to, worse than) allowed us, by means of descriptive statistics, to obtain the distribution of each one of these... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Rosani de Castro / Coorientador: Alcides Padilha / Banca: Charbel José Chiappetta Jabbour / Banca: Valdeir Rejanildo Vidrik / Mestre

This dissertation treats of the influence of PVD coats to a change of tool lifetime. The theoretical part of the dissertation describes the adjustment of tools before the process of coating. Following part describes the specific properties of deposited layers of the coating and its measuring. There is also the enumeration and specification of selected ways of depositing PVD coats and brief description of its advantages and disadvantages. Second part of the dissertation is focused on an experiment with measuring of the tool force loading and its change depending to the tool wear. There are compared four short four-edged milling cutters with a coat and as well without it. Those tools were made of high speed steel by the conventional way and also by the powder metallurgy. Milling operation was done by down and up milling technique. The evaluation of the experimental results for powder metallurgy tools confirmed that these tools are advantageous compared to the standard high speed steel tools.

This thesis seeks to explore the architectural transformation of residential space for changes and adjustments as we find our lifestyles altering. With the understanding that change is often unpredictable, we must be prepared for adaptations to new and revised living environments. Change appears in many ways: marriage or cohabitation, having children, empty nesting, aging, caring for elder family members, illness, and death. Too often we design our homes for the present, with little thought of future needs. Universal and adjustable design must become an everyday part of an architectʼs repertoire when embarking on new projects with their clients. Even architects, working on “cookie cutter” projects, must bring a more sustainable approach to their designs. Taking a closer look on said "cookie cutter” projects, adjustable design must start from a broader spectrum, beyond the site, focusing on the development as a whole and its connection with its infrastructure. Within a community, camaraderie and conversation are major factors in the success of a residential development. The central focus of this paper will be the architectural adjustability of the home.

In this research, the integration of the servomechanism control and process control for machining processes has been studied. As enabling strategies for next generation quality control, process monitoring and open architecture machine tools will be implemented on production floor. This trend brings a new method to implement control algorithm in machining processes. Instead of using separate modules for servomechanism control and process control individually, the integrated controller is proposed in this research to simultaneously achieve goals in servomechanism level and the process level. This research is motivated by the benefits brought by the integration of servomechanism control and process control. Firstly, the integration simplifies the control system design. Secondly, the integration promotes the adoption of process control on production floor. Thirdly, the integration facilitates portability between machine tools. Finally, the integration provides convenience for both the servomechanism and process simulation in virtual machine tool environment. The servomechanism control proposed in this research is based on error space approach. This approach is suitable for motion control for complex contour. When implement the integration of servomechanism control and process control, two kinds of processes may be encountered. One is the process whose model parameters can be aggregated with the servomechanism states and the tool path does not need real time offset. The other is the process which does not have direct relationship with the servomechanism states and tool path may need to be modified real time during machining. The integration strategies applied in error space are proposed for each case. Different integration strategies would propagate the process control goal into the motion control scheme such that the integrated control can simultaneously achieve goals of both the servomechanism and the process levels. Integrated force-contour-position control in turning is used as one example in which the process parameters can be aggregated with the servomechanism states. In this case, the process level aims to minimize cutting force variation while the servomechanism level is to achieve zero contour error. Both force variation and contour error can be represented by the servomechanism states. Then, the integrated control design is formulated as a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem in error space. Force variation and contour error are treated as part of performance index to be minimized in the LQR problem. On the other hand, the controller designed by LQR in error space can guarantee the asymptotic tracking stability of the servomechanism for complex contour. Therefore, the integrated controller can implement the process control and the servomechanism control simultaneously. Cutter deflection compensation for helical end milling processes is used as one example in which the process cannot be directly associated with the servomechanism states. Cutter deflection compensation requires real-time tool path offset to reduce the surface error due to cutter deflection. Therefore, real time interpolation is required to provide reference trajectory for the servomechanism controller. With the real time information about surface error, the servomechanism controller can not only implement motion control for contour requirement, but also compensation for the dimensional error caused by cutter deflection. In other words, the real time interpolator along with the servomechanism controller can achieve the goals of both the servomechanism and process level. In this study, the cutter deflection in helical end milling processes is analyzed first to illustrate the indirect relationship between cutter deflection and surface accuracy. Cutter deflection is examined for three kinds of surfaces including straight surface, circular surface, and curved surface. The simulation-based deflection analysis will be used to emulate measurement from sensors and update the real-time interpolator to offset tool path. The controller designed through pole placement in error space can guarantee the robust tracking performance of the updated reference trajectory combining both contour and tool path offset required for deflection compensation. A variety of cutting conditions are simulated to demonstrate the compensation results. In summary, the process control is integrated with the servomechanism control through either direct servomechanism controller design without tool path modification or servomechanism control with real time interpolation responding to process variation. Therefore, the process control can be implemented as a module within machine tools. Such integration will enhance the penetration of process control on production floor to increase machining productivity and product quality.

No description available.

Housing shortages have plagued many large North American cities and urban areas over the last several decades. In many such regions, less affluent areas are rapidly redeveloped and densified to keep up with housing demand. This frenetic development displaces lower income residents and tears apart community networks. Meanwhile, affluent areas resist development, maintaining low densities despite their relative proximities to jobs, schools, transportation networks, and other resources. Consequently, patterns of inequality which have persisted in American Cities for decades, if not centuries, remain in-tact. Furthermore, these low-density areas contribute to sprawl, car culture, habitat destruction, and other harmful social and environmental phenomena. Additionally, many of the low density urban and suburban residential neighborhoods which were developed en masse over the last century–so-called 'cookie-cutter' neighborhoods–fail to readily accommodate the diverse and ever-changing needs and circumstances of the people who currently inhabit them, having been built with outdated and inflexible notions of the 20th century ideal family in mind. This thesis explores the redevelopment of a single family residential neighborhood in Washington, D.C. By exploring the densification of the neighborhood and the addition of new programs to the suburban landscape, the thesis seeks to identify strategies by which we might one day convert massive and sprawling cookie-cutter suburbs into denser, more sustainable, and more diverse neighborhoods which serve a wider array of residents better while contributing additional housing and other resources to the broader population. / Master of Architecture / The American obsession with single-family homeownership in the name of the 'American Dream' has led to the development of an unsustainable landscape characterized by the extreme stratification of land uses, widespread overdependence on the personal vehicle, and the continued issue of equal access to community assets and services, among many other issues. Furthermore, many extant suburban landscapes were designed with outdated and inflexible notions of the ideal family in mind, and thus they fail to meet the needs of families and individuals who don't conform to the typical family model of the 20th century. The thesis takes the stance that the 'American Dream' is an outdated ideal, and that the American suburb is, by extension, an outdated model of living in the 21st century. The thesis investigates the reprogramming of an affluent single family residential neighborhood in Washington, D.C, proposing the densification of the housing stock and exploring new urban forms which aim to build density, diversity, sustainability, and community in an existing suburban-type neighborhood.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martinho_no_me_mar.pdf: 1256103 bytes, checksum: ec727dea999479c693a7b4a679d03349 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A Catalogação de Assunto (Subject Cataloging) é um dos processos de representação temática da informação e foi desenvolvida nos Estados Unidos a partir da consolidação da Biblioteconomia estadunidense e dos processos biblioteconômicos que evidenciaram a necessidade de maior desenvolvimento dos catálogos, pois estes se afirmaram como instrumento indispensável às bibliotecas e suas comunidades usuárias. No entanto, a despeito de o Brasil ter sido fortemente influenciado pela Biblioteconomia estadunidense, há pouca literatura nacional a seu respeito e assim, pouca discussão dos aspectos históricos, conceituais e metodológicos da Catalogação de Assunto. Assim, abordamos esses aspectos por meio de estudo teórico e também da obra de Charles A. Cutter, nome fundamental para a evolução da Catalogação, e dos princípios propostos em sua obra Rules for a Dictionary Catalog. Dessa maneira, tivemos por objetivo auxiliar na compreensão desses fundamentos acerca da Catalogação de Assunto e conceder subsídios teóricos que pudessem contribuir para a diminuição da carência desse tema em língua portuguesa. A partir disso, realizamos o percurso histórico da Catalogação de Assunto partindo de seu contexto mais amplo, que é a Catalogação como um todo, e o desenvolvimento da própria biblioteconomia estadunidense. Em seguida, discutimos o conceito de “assunto”, dada a sua importância e constante presença no vocabulário da área e na própria expressão Catalogação de Assunto. Utilizamos o método do Protocolo Verbal em Grupo, para buscar a visão de acadêmicos e profissionais acerca das discussões aqui levantadas e dessa forma, obter dados sobre o conhecimento dessas questões nessas duas esferas de atuação, a partir do que confirmamos que embora tais tópicos tenham tido pouco espaço entre a literatura brasileira, e assim, é necessário que esta abordagem seja... / The Subject Cataloging is a process of thematic representation of the information and was developed in the United States from the consolidation of the american librarianship and of the librarian processes that evidenced the need for further development of catalogs, as they asserted themselves as an instrument indispensable to libraries and their user communities. However, despite Brazil having been heavily influenced by American Library, there is little national literature about and so little discussion of historical, conceptual and methodological aspects of Subject Cataloging. Thus, we addressed these aspects through theoretical study and also the work of Charles A. Cutter, fundamental name to the evolution of Cataloging, and the principles proposed in his Rules for a Dictionary Catalog. Thus, we had by objective was to assist in understanding these fundamentals about Subject Cataloging and provide theoretical support that could contribute to reducing the lack of this theme in Portuguese. From this, we outline the history of the Subject Cataloging departing from its broader context, which is Cataloging as a whole, and the development of American librarianship. Next, we discuss the concept of subject, given its importance and constant presence in the vocabulary of area and in the expression Subject Cataloging. We used the method of Think-aloud protocol, to seek the view of academics and professionals about the discussions raised here and thereby obtain data on the knowledge of these issues in these two spheres of activity, from which we confirm that although these topics have been little space between the Brazilian literature, and so, it is necessary that this approach is carried out to seek of the understanding of this conceptual universe. We conclude so far that actually there is a dearth of literature in Portuguese, to guide the epistemological foundation pillars for the Subject...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)