O declínio de anfíbios no mundo está cada vez maior e a perda de riqueza muitas vezes está associada a áreas agrícolas. O uso de agrotóxicos, em especial aqueles a base de glifosato é cada vez maior e novas formulações estão sendo desenvolvidas. O presente trabalho avaliou a toxicidade aguda do formulado comercial Roundup Original® e os efeitos comportamentais e morfológicos em girinos de Physalaemus cuvieri e Rhinella icterica. Foram utilizadas cinco diferentes concentrações além do teste Controle nos tempos amostrais de 48 horas e 96 horas. Para P. cuvieri as concentrações utilizadas foram 0 (controle), 3,19 mg/L, 6,36 mg/L, 9,51 mg/L, 12,64 mg/L e 15,75 mg/L de solução mãe de 1000 mg/L de glifosato e as concentrações utilizadas para Rhinella icterica foram 0 (controle), 4,97 mg/L, 9,90 mg/L, 14,78 mg/L, 19,61 mg/L e 24,39 mg/L de solução mãe de 1000 mg/L de glifosato. Para Physalaemus cuvieri a LC5048h foi de 6,66 mg/L enquanto a LC5096h foi de 7,17 mg/L, e para Rhinella icterica a LC5048h foi de 15,01 mg/L e a LC5096h foi de 11,25 mg/L. P. cuvieri se mostrou mais sensível em relação ao Roundup Original® do que R. icterica As análises comportamentais foram realizadas nos indivíduos sobreviventes aos tratamentos do teste de toxicidade aguda, observando a forma do nado, se estava normal ou alterado. Não houve diferenças significativas em relação às alterações comportamentais e o aumento das concentrações de Roundup Original® tanto em P. cuvieri quanto em R. icterica As análises morfológicas foram avaliadas através da malformação da cavidade oral, inserção caudal, posição intestinal (apenas em P. cuvieri), peso e comprimento. O presente trabalho sugere que Roundup Original® foi responsável pelas alterações morfológicas em Peso e Comprimento dos girinos de P. cuvieri e R. icterica. Sugere-se também que em elevado tempo de exposição, pode afetar a cavidade oral de girinos de Physalaemus cuvieri. / The decline of amphibians in the world is increasing and the loss richness is often associated with agricultural areas. The use of pesticides, especially those based on glyphosate is increasing and new formulations are being developed. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of commercial formulated Roundup Original® and behavioral and morphological effects on Physalaemus cuvieri and Rhinella icterica tadpoles. Were used five different concentrations sample and the control test, at time of 48 hours and 96 hours. To P. cuvieri the concentrations used was 0 (control), 3,19 mg/L, 6,36 mg/L, 9,51 mg/L, 12,64 mg/L and 15,75 mg/L solution of 1000 mg/L of glyphosate, and the concentrations used to R. icterica was 0 (control), 4,97 mg/L, 9,90 mg/L, 14,78 mg/L, 19,61 mg/L and 24,39 mg/L solution of 1000 mg/L of glyphosate. To Physalaemus cuvieri the LC5048h was 6,66 mg/L while LC5096h was 7,17 mg/L and to Rhinella icterica the LC5048h was 15,01mg/L and LC5096h was 11,25 mg/L. P. cuvieri proved to be more sensitive to Roundup Original® than R. icterica. Behavioral analyzes was did in survivors of the acute toxicity test and analyzed the swimming, being normal or abnormal. There weren't significant differences in relation to behavioral changes and increased concentrations of Roundup Original® both P. cuvieri as in R. icterica. Morphological analyzes were assessed by malformation of the oral cavity, body, intestinal position (in P. cuvieri only), weight and length. The present work suggests that Roundup Original® was responsible for morphological changes in weight and length of tadpoles of P. cuvieri and R. icterica. It is also suggested that at high exposure time can affect the oral cavity of tadpoles of Physalaemus cuvieri. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:54:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VALESKA GOUVEA NOVAIS.pdf: 3041977 bytes, checksum: bfe3a73f21767a315c5d175cd0df7a7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-10 / Brazil have the greatest diversity of amphibians in the world, because it has the richest phytogeographic areas of the planet. In this study, the point was the Cerrado s anuran, specifically the northern region in the lower Tocantins River (Tocantins - Maranhão). During the work were did comments about the composition and diversity of amphibians from this area, discussing them in a biogeographical context by the influence of impacts caused by the construction of Hydroelectric power plants. Was used pitfall traps, sweeps and occasional records for the sampling of the species. In the three sampling areas, was registered 49 species, distributed in six families. The dominant species was the Physalaemus cuvieri, with 32.56% of representativeness. The most species are associated with the Cerrado environments, with many species distributed in Brazil and South America. This way, studies about the Cerrado s biodiversity are strong instruments for the creation of biological indicator s conservation policies of degraded environments, although there gaps concerning information on the geographical distribution, natural history and ecology of most known species, regional studies are relevant, since they induce the selection of priority areas for conservation of wildlife, as well as providing the discovery of new species.tools for creating amphibian s conservation policies. And if still there is no information about the geographical distribution, natural history and ecology of the most already known species, regional studies are extremely relevant, because they induce the selection of priority areas for the conservation of this fauna, and facilitate the discovery of new species. / O Brasil é considerado um hotspot em diversidade de anfíbios, em virtude de possuir os domínios fitogeográficos mais ricos do planeta. Nesse estudo, levantou-se a anurofauna do Cerrado, especificamente da região norte, no baixo rio Tocantins (Tocantins Maranhão). Ao longo do trabalho foram feitas observações sobre a composição e a diversidade dos anfíbios identificados nessa região, discutindo-as em um contexto biogeográfico sob influência dos impactos causados pela construção de UHEs. Utilizou-se armadilhas de queda, varreduras e registros ocasionais para a amostragem dos indivíduos. Nas três áreas amostrais, foram registradas 49 espécies, distribuídas em seis famílias. A espécie dominante foi o Physalaemus cuvieri, com 32,56% de representatividade. A maior parte das espécies são associadas a ambientes do Cerrado, havendo muitas com ampla distribuição no Brasil e América do Sul. Assim, estudos a respeito da diversidade biológica do Cerrado são fortes instrumentos para a criação de políticas de conservação de bioindicadores de ambientes degradados, ainda que exista lacunas acerca de informações sobre a distribuição geográfica, história natural e ecologia da grande maioria das espécies já conhecidas, os estudos regionais são relevantes, uma vez que induzem a seleção de áreas prioritárias para a conservação da fauna, além de propiciar a descoberta de novas espécies.

The Amazon rainforest harbors the planet's highest biodiversity among terrestrial ecosystems; however, the biology and ecology of most of its species are unknown. Niche partitioning is considered a key factor allowing species co-existence, especially for morphological similar species such as spiny rats of the genus Proechimys. I examined the extent to which habitat differentiation, species body mass, and diet could explain the community composition of small mammals at a site in the southeastern Amazon. Moreover, I radio-tagged sympatric species of Proechimys spp. and Mesomys stimulax (an arboreal spiny rat) to obtain detailed autoecology information, including habitat use and use of space. I found support for niche partitioning among species and associated small mammal species with distinct successional phases of gap dynamics. I also observed among Proechimys spp. a typical polygynous organization: females appeared to be territorial against females of any species of their genus; but male territories overlapped with those of several females. Mesomys stimulax showed evidence of monogamy and possible sociality, although sample sizes were small. To identify the importance of small mammals as seed disperser of Brazil nut seeds, I conduct experiments using a combination of fluorescent powder, seed exclosures, and track plates in forests with and without Brazil nut groves, and in forests with and without Brazil nut harvesting. Among small mammals, only Proechimys spp. removed, dispersed, and preyed upon Brazil nut seeds. Proechimys spp. sometimes scatterhoarded these seeds, and hence have the potential to play a significant role in recruiting new Brazil nut trees. I also trapped small mammals and measured forest structures on the same sites used for the seed dispersal experiment, to determine the ecological effects of Brazil nut harvest on small mammal communities; however, my results showed little evidence of changes associated with the seed exploitation. My results highlight the importance of habitat heterogeneity in structuring small mammal communities, and indicate that forest management practices that alter habitats, such as partial logging, also can be expected to alter small mammal composition and diversity. Proechimys spp. have the potential to play an important role in the ecological restoration of intensive exploited Brazil nut groves.

The Amazon rainforest harbors the planet's highest biodiversity among terrestrial ecosystems; however, the biology and ecology of most of its species are unknown. Niche partitioning is considered a key factor allowing species co-existence, especially for morphological similar species such as spiny rats of the genus Proechimys. I examined the extent to which habitat differentiation, species body mass, and diet could explain the community composition of small mammals at a site in the southeastern Amazon. Moreover, I radio-tagged sympatric species of Proechimys spp. and Mesomys stimulax (an arboreal spiny rat) to obtain detailed autoecology information, including habitat use and use of space. I found support for niche partitioning among species and associated small mammal species with distinct successional phases of gap dynamics. I also observed among Proechimys spp. a typical polygynous organization: females appeared to be territorial against females of any species of their genus; but male territories overlapped with those of several females. Mesomys stimulax showed evidence of monogamy and possible sociality, although sample sizes were small. To identify the importance of small mammals as seed disperser of Brazil nut seeds, I conduct experiments using a combination of fluorescent powder, seed exclosures, and track plates in forests with and without Brazil nut groves, and in forests with and without Brazil nut harvesting. Among small mammals, only Proechimys spp. removed, dispersed, and preyed upon Brazil nut seeds. Proechimys spp. sometimes scatterhoarded these seeds, and hence have the potential to play a significant role in recruiting new Brazil nut trees. I also trapped small mammals and measured forest structures on the same sites used for the seed dispersal experiment, to determine the ecological effects of Brazil nut harvest on small mammal communities; however, my results showed little evidence of changes associated with the seed exploitation. My results highlight the importance of habitat heterogeneity in structuring small mammal communities, and indicate that forest management practices that alter habitats, such as partial logging, also can be expected to alter small mammal composition and diversity. Proechimys spp. have the potential to play an important role in the ecological restoration of intensive exploited Brazil nut groves.