Spelling suggestions: "subject:"cytokines story"" "subject:"cytokines store""
1 |
The Non-structural Protein NSs of SFTSV Causes an NF-κB dependent cytokine storm / 重症熱性血小板減少症候群ウイルス(SFTSV)の非構造タンパク質NSsはNF-κB依存性サイトカインストームを引き起すKHALIL, JUMANA, A.T. 26 July 2021 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第23440号 / 生博第461号 / 新制||生||61(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 野田 岳志, 教授 朝長 啓造, 教授 千坂 修 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM
|
2 |
Graft versus host disease: a cytokine meta-analysisGarrett, Margrett V. 09 February 2022 (has links)
Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) is a major inflammatory complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Such transplantations are lifesaving in treating certain conditions, such as acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia, and thalassemia. However, the subsequent presentation of GVHD can pose a lethal threat, placing the patient’s life at risk, once again. The inflammatory response of the graft’s adaptive immunity towards the host’s native cells in GVHD is said to trigger a cytokine storm. Despite its widespread use both colloquially and in the medical field, criteria for “cytokine storms” do not exist. For this reason, a meta-analysis is being conducted that examines various cytokine levels of several different disease conditions, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, Crohn’s disease, SARS CoV-2, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and graft versus host disease. The purpose of this study is to analyze a subset of data within this larger meta-analysis, specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in GVHD. Herein, I discuss the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of GVHD, examine the levels of IL-6 in varying stages of GVHD, and propose future directions for using IL-6 inhibition as a treatment for GVHD.
|
3 |
Distinct Inflammatory Biomarker Patterns in COVID-19 associated MIS-C suggest Overlap between Kawasaki Disease and Macrophage Activation SyndromeRodriguez-Smith, Jackeline J. 29 September 2021 (has links)
No description available.
|
4 |
Characterization of Influenza:Streptococcus pneumoniae synergistic disease and potential for disease alleviation via sphingolipid therapyGasser, Amanda Lynn 06 September 2013 (has links)
Influenza A virus (IAV) is generally associated with the seasonal malady that causes brief respiratory illness during the winter months, known simply as "the flu." Most otherwise healthy individuals will suffer from mild fever, congestion, headaches and myalgia that are resolved within 5-7 days of onset. However, there are nearly 500,000 influenza-related deaths that occur world-wide every year. Many of these casualties and patients hospitalized with influenza also test positive for bacterial pneumonia, the most common agent being Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although all individuals are subject to this viral:bacterial synergistic disease, the young, elderly, and immunocompromised are the most susceptible. Previous studies have shown that viral infection creates a prolonged hyper-responsive pro-inflammatory state in the lungs, which increases susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection. Lethality is due to detrimental pulmonary damage from a dysregulated host inflammatory response, known as the "cytokine storm." However, the nature of dual infection has not been well-studied in the elderly demographic. Therefore, we aim to better define this disease synergy in an aged mouse model and explore potential therapeutic alternatives that could be beneficial for the aged and other vulnerable populations.
Sphingolipid modulation has emerged as a potential target to ameliorate the excessive inflammation (cytokine storm) elicited by highly pathogenic influenza. There is particular emphasis on sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling, as well as control of intracellular S1P levels via sphingosine kinases (SK). Sphingolipids are involved in a multitude of cellular processes, and are tightly regulated by their metabolizing enzymes. We hypothesize that manipulation of sphingolipid signaling and alteration of the internal sphingolipid milieu will diminish the inflammatory response elicited by IAV infection. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), real-time PCR and cytometric bead array (CBA) analysis, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of systemic sphingosine analog treatment within the lung microenvironment under homeostatic and influenza-infected conditions. FTY720 treatment caused transient, but significant lymphopenia, influx of neutrophils and efflux of macrophages in the lungs, which was enhanced during a mild influenza infectionGene expression in the lungs was generally unaltered, but protein levels showed increases in specific influenza-induced cytokines, suggesting these treatments may have post-transcriptional effects on cytokine expression. To evaluate sphingolipid modulation in specific pulmonary cell types, we next observed the effects of these compounds and sphingosine kinase (SK) inhibitors in epithelial and alveolar macrophage-like cell lines. SK inhibitors and Enigmol demonstrated anti-viral effects in A549 cells, decreasing viral loads by up to 1.5 logs. Real-time PCR and CBA analysis further demonstrated that these effects were associated with alterations in key cytokine expression, including CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, IL-6, and IL-8. Collectively, these findings indicate that therapeutic sphingolipid modulation has the potential for creating a protective microenvironment in the lungs that could alleviate or even prevent viral:bacterial synergistic disease. / Master of Science
|
5 |
Treatment of acute Graft-versus-Host Disease using inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticlesKaiser, Tina Katarina 27 November 2019 (has links)
No description available.
|
6 |
Klinische Charakteristik und Outcomes von Sepsis-Patient*innen mit und ohne COViD-1ßHattenhauer, Sara 13 July 2023 (has links)
Sepsis, definiert als eine überschießende Immunantwort auf eine Infektion ist eine schwerwiegende Erkrankung, die mit einer hohen Letalität assoziiert ist. Neueste Daten aus Deutschland beziffern die Letalität auf 39,9% bei Sepsis bzw. 56,2% bei septischem Schock (Fleischmann-Struzek et al., 2022). COVID-19 tauchte erstmals im Dezember 2019 auf, als eine Gruppe von Patienten mit Lungenentzündung unbekannter Ursache in Wuhan, China, erkannt wurde (Zhu et al., 2020). Bis zum 1. Juli 2020 waren mehr als 200 Länder von SARS-CoV-2 betroffen, was zu mehr als 10 Millionen identifizierten Fällen und 508 000 bestätigten Todesfällen führte (Wiersinga et al., 2020). Obwohl COVID-19 einige einzigartige Merkmale aufweist, sind viele Symptome bei schwerer COVID-19 Erkrankung identisch mit denen von Sepsis. Dazu gehören im Wesentlichen (Koçak Tufan et al., 2021): multisystemische Beeinträchtigung bzw. Multi-Organversagen, dysregulierte Immunantwort: Hyperinflammation, Zytokinsturm, vaskuläre Beteiligung verbunden mit Hyperkoagulation, (pulmonale Sepsis: ARDS), Doch nicht alle an COVID-19 Erkrankte*n entwickeln eine Sepsis. Bezüglich der Risikoprädiktoren für einen schweren Krankheitsverlauf (inkl. Sepsis) wurde in den letzten zwei Jahren weitreichend international publiziert. Weniger ist jedoch darüber bekannt, ob sich klinische und demografische Merkmale von Sepsispatient*innen mit und ohne COVID-19 bedingten Fokus unterscheiden. Auch ein Vergleich der Letalität von COVID-19 bedingter Sepsis und bakteriell verursachter Sepsis lag bislang nicht vor. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Beschreibung und der Vergleich klinischer Merkmale und das Outcome bei septischen Patient*innen mit und ohne COVID-19. Folgende Hypothesen sollten im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchung geprüft werden:
Hypothese 1: Eine durch eine Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2 hervorgerufene Sepsis bzw. septischer Schock ist mit einer höheren Krankenhausletalität assoziiert, als eine Sepsis bzw. septischem Schock bakterieller Genese.
Hypothese 2: Anhand von demografischen und klinischen Merkmalen (sekundäre Endpunkte) können unabhängige Risikoprädiktoren für den primären klinischen Endpunkt (Letalität) identifiziert werden. Der primäre Endpunkt ist Letalität. Die sekundären Endpunkte umfassen Klinische Merkmale (Notwendigkeit der Beatmung, Notwendigkeit der Nierenersatztherapie, Notwendigkeit der Extrakorporalen Membranoxygenierung, Auftreten von arteriellen und venösen Thromboembolien, Krankenhausverweildauer, SOFA-Score bei Aufnahme, Verteilungsspektrum von Inflammationsparametern (CRP, PCT), Verteilungsspektrum von Thrombozyten-, Leukozyten-und Lactat – Maximalwerten, Keimspektrum) sowie demografische Merkmale (Alters-, BMI- und Geschlechtsverteilung, Komorbiditäten). Bei dieser Arbeit handelt es sich um eine retrospektive Auswertung einer Kohortenstudie. Es wurden Patient*innendaten von folgenden Intensivstationen des Universitätsklinikums Carl Gustav Carus Dresden erhoben: Intensivstation der Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (ANE ITS), Zentralchirurgische Intensivstation (ZCH ITS), Zentrum für Innere Medizin (MK ITS 1 und 2). Von Februar 2020 bis März 2021 wurden alle Intentivstationären Patient*innen täglich entsprechend der aktuell geltenden Sepsis-3-Definition (International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Singer et al., 2016)) gescreent. Zusätzlich wurden alle Patient*innen auf eine SARS-CoV2-Infektion untersucht. Von der Sepsisdiagnose bis zur Entlassung aus dem Krankenhaus wurden alle Sepsispatient*innen im Rahmen eines standardisierten klinischen Pfades behandelt, welcher auf der deutschen Leitlinie für Sepsis und septischen Schock basiert. Die Erfassung der Patientendaten erfolgte während des Krankenhausaufenthalts am Universitätsklinikum Dresden im Rahmen der Standardversorgung durch ein elektronisches Patientendatenmanagementsystem. Die Pseudonymisierung erfolgte durch Zuordnung einer Patientennummer. Die Patienteneigenschaften und Outcomes wurden mittels deskriptiver Statistik dargestellt. Die Signifikanzanalysen in den Gruppenvergleichen erfolgten mittels Fisher’s exaktem Test bei kategorischen Variablen sowie mit dem Mann-Whitney-U-Test bei stetigen Variablen.
Das Überleben wurde anhand von Kaplan-Meier Schätzer untersucht. Der Zusammenhang wischen der Sterblichkeit und den Risikofaktoren wurde mit Hilfe einer robusten Poisson-Regression (Zou, 2004) modelliert, die die Ableitung bereinigter relativer Risiken ermöglicht. Die Genauigkeit der Schätzungen des relativen Risikos (RR) wurde mit Hilfe von 95%- Konfidenzintervallen (CIs) quantifiziert. Das Signifikanzniveau wurde auf 0,05 festgelegt.Für alle statistischen Auswertungen wurde das Programm SPSS Statistics 27 (IBM, Inc, Armonk, NY, U.S.) und R version 3.2.4. angewendet. Daten von 368 Sepsispatient*innen wurden ausgewertet. Bei 177 Sepsispatient*innen lag eine COVID-19 Infektion vor. Diese wurden mit 191 septischen Sepsispatient*innen ohne COVID-19 verglichen. Die Gruppen unterschieden sich hinsichtlich der demographischen Daten nicht signifikant. COVID-19-Patient*innen wiesen einen höheren BMI auf (29 vs. 27, p<0,05). Nicht-COVID-Sepsis-Patient*innen hatten einen höheren Charlson Comorbidity Index (4 vs. 3 Punkten, p<0,05). Der SOFA-Score war bei der Aufnahme auf die Intensivstation bei septischen COVID-19-Patient*innen signifikant höher (9 vs. 12). In beiden Gruppen wurde häufig eine Nierenersatztherapie (RRT) eingesetzt (38 % und 29 %). Alle COVID-19-Patient*innen wurden invasiv beatmet, bei den nicht-COVID-Patient*innen waren es 56 % (p<0,05). Außerdem benötigten die COVID-Patient*innen eine kürzere invasive Beatmung (8 vs. 12 Tage, p<0,05). Patient*innen mit Sepsis ohne COVID-19 wiesen eine höhere systemische Entzündung auf, gemessen an den Maximalwerten der Leukozyten (23 vs. 19 GPt/L, p<0,05) und der PCT (13 vs. 3 ng/ml, p<0,05). Bei den COVID-19-Patient*innen war die Sepsis in allen Fällen auf einen pulmonalen Fokus zurückzuführen. Bei den nicht-COVID-Patient*innen wurden am häufigsten abdominale (35 %), pulmonale (20 %) und urogenitale (12 %) Foci diagnostiziert. Die ITS-Verweildauern der COVID und nicht-COVID Sepsispatient*innen waren ähnlich lang (12 vs. 15 Tage). 43% der nicht-COVID- Patient*innen wurden aus der Intensivstation auf eine Normalstation verlegt, demgegenüber stehen nur 5 % der COVID Patient*innen. Die mittlere Verweildauer im Krankenhaus betrug 17 Tage bei COVID-19-Patient*innen und 28 Tage bei nicht-COVID-Patient*innen (p<0,05). Die Gesamtletalität im Krankenhaus lag bei 44 %. Die Letalität war bei COVID-19-Patient*innen signifikant höher als bei nicht-COVID-Patient*innen (59 % vs. 29%). Die
statistische Analyse ergab ein bereinigtes relatives Risiko für die Krankenhausletalität von 1,74 (95%-CI=1,35-2-24) bei Vorliegen von COVID-19 im Vergleich zu anderen septischen Patienten. Alter (RR pro Lebensjahr=1,02), Procalcitonin-Maximalwert über 2 ng/ml (RR=1,64), Notwendigkeit einer Nierenersatztherapie (RR=1,49), Notwendigkeit einer invasiven Beatmung (RR=2,38) und septischer Schock (RR=1,43) wurden als zusätzliche Risikofaktoren für die Krankenhausletalität ermittelt. Das Geschlecht, der BMI und Komorbiditäten standen in keinem Zusammenhang mit einem erhöhten Sterberisiko. COVID-19 wurde als unabhängiger Risikoprädiktor für eine höhere Krankenhausletalität bei Sepsispatient*innen identifiziert. Invasive Beatmung, Nierenersatzverfahren, septischer Schock und erhöhtes PCT können einen Prädiktor für Hochrisiko-Patient*innen darstellen. Es muss bei der hier untersuchten Kohorte jedoch beachtet werden, dass möglicherweise ein Selektionsbias vorliegt, da speziell schwerstkranke COVID-19-Patient*innen an das Universitätsklinikum Dresden als tertiäres Referenzzentrum für differenzierte Lungenunterstützung und ECMO-Therapie überwiesen wurden. In der Subgruppe non-COVID-19 Sepsis befanden sich häufig Patient*innen, die an das UniversitätsCrebsCentrum als nationales Referenzzentrum für Tumorerkrankungen, insbesondere zu Stammzell- oder neuartigen Immuntherapien verwiesen wurden.
|
7 |
Iminosugars as dengue virus therapeutics : molecular mechanisms of action of a drug entering clinical trialsSayce, Andrew Cameron January 2014 (has links)
Iminosugars are a class of small molecules defined by substitution of a sugar’s ring oxygen with nitrogen. Various chemical modifications of these basic structures (e.g. alkyl chain addition off of the ring nitrogen) have been developed during the last several decades. These molecules have been considered as therapeutics for a number of pathologies including viral infection, congenital disorders of glycosylation (of both glycoproteins and glycolipids), and diabetes. This thesis focuses on the application of a small subset of iminosugars, known as deoxynojirimycin derivatives, as therapeutics against dengue virus induced pathology. Dengue virus infection predominates in tropical climates, but autochthonous infection has recently emerged in areas of both southern Europe and the southern United States. With 390 million people infected annually, dengue is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral infection worldwide, and the possibility of severe pathology including haemorrhage, shock, and/or death, necessitates development of effective antiviral therapies. Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for progression to severe dengue disease are not completely understood, there is considerable evidence for the role of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses in development of life-threatening complications. Excessive activation of the innate immune response, a phenomenon known as cytokine storm, has been hypothesised to explain development of symptoms related to vascular permeability, whereas the adaptive immune response has been implicated in severe disease through two hypotheses – the antibody dependent enhancement and original antigenic sin hypotheses. The evidence regarding each of these potential mechanisms of severe pathology is discussed throughout this thesis principally with respect to how iminosugar treatment could alter any detrimental effects of the immune response to dengue virus infection. The principal aim of this thesis is to consider the potential of deoxynojirimycin iminosugars as antiviral therapeutics in dengue infection with a focus on how these molecules exert their antiviral effects in primary human cells. I first consider the contributions of glycoprotein inhibition and glycolipid inhibition on production of infectious dengue virus. These experiments suggest that inhibition of glycoprotein folding is responsible for inhibition of infectious dengue virus production. I next consider the impact of treatment of a promising clinical candidate iminosugar, N9-methoxynonyl-deoxynojirimycin (MON-DNJ), on the primary human macrophage transcriptome. In uninfected macrophages as well as macrophages infected with dengue virus or treated with lipopolysaccharide to model bacterial sepsis, iminosugar treatment results in activation of the unfolded protein response and inhibition of several elements of the inflammatory response including signalling by the cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, and the inflammatory cascade mediated by NF-κB. Activation of the unfolded protein response as a result of treatment with MON-DNJ can be confirmed by analysis of phosphorylated (activated) NFE2L2, a transcription factor that functions principally to control oxidative stress in response to ER stress signals. Modulation of the inflammatory response of macrophages to dengue infection and bacterial sepsis is confirmed by analysis of secreted cytokines. As predicted by my transcriptomic experiments, levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ produced in response to dengue or lipopolysaccharide are reduced by treatment with MON-DNJ. Finally, I attempted to extend these observations to an animal model of dengue infection with a particular focus on TNF receptor and ligand superfamily members. Unfortunately, heterogeneity of cells types from tissue samples as well as limitations of the animal model complicate interpretation of these findings. Nevertheless, this thesis demonstrates that MON-DNJ is an effective dengue antiviral therapeutic and that this therapeutic activity may be related to both reduction of infectious virus as a consequence of inhibition of glycoprotein processing and as a result of changes to the host’s response to the pathogen. These results have been used in part to justify recently initiated clinical trials of MON-DNJ as a dengue antiviral therapy.
|
8 |
Single, ultra-high dose aminoglycoside therapy in a rat model of E. coli induced septic shockPisipati, Amarnath 02 September 2015 (has links)
Bacterial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both the
community and nosocomial settings, particularly among the elderly and chronically ill. Sepsis is the body’s response to antigens and toxins released by the invasive pathogenic organisms that cause infection. When infection is not effectively controlled, sepsis may develop and progress to severe sepsis and septic shock. Early diagnosis and treatment is pivotal for survival in severe sepsis and particularly, septic shock. Our research focuses on developing a novel treatment strategy for septic shock by using single, ultra-high doses of aminoglycosides. In this project, the effect of a single, ultra-high dose of gentamicin in clearing bacteria from the blood and reducing the bacterial burden in vital organs was evaluated in a rat model of E. coli (Bort strain) induced peritonitis with severe sepsis/septic shock. Serum cytokine levels and serum lactate levels were serially measured. Further, the potential adverse effects of ultra-high dosing of aminoglycoside antibiotics in a short-term (9 h) invasive study and long term (180 days) non-invasive study were assessed. Neuromuscular paralyses due to ultra-high doses of aminoglycosides were assessed. In addition, renal injury markers such as serum
creatinine and urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) were assayed.
The auditory and vestibular function was also assessed after ultra-high dosing of
aminoglycoside in the long-term study. We conclude that animals can tolerate ultra-high doses of aminoglycosides with appropriate support. Animals were under neuromuscular paralysis for 28 – 50 minutes and were on ventilator support after single ultra-high doses (80 and 160 mg/kg) of aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin and tobramycin). There was no significant acute or delayed renal or ototoxicity associated with the single, ultra-high dose aminoglycoside therapy. Histology studies of the kidneys and the cochlea of single, ultra-high aminoglycoside dosed animals and untreated control animals were performed after 180 days (6 months). Results indicated that there were no morphological differences between the treated and untreated control animals. Terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay of kidney tissue indicated that there was no apoptosis of endothelial cells in the tubular and glomerular regions with single, ultra- high dose of aminoglycosides consistent with an absence of ultrahigh dose induced nephrotoxicity. In the septic shock model, the E. coli Bort was below the
limit of detection from the blood of the animals within minutes after single, ultra-high dose
aminoglycoside administration. After necropsy, bacterial load was determined from all the
vital organs and peritoneal fluid (site of infection). The bacterial levels were below the
detection limit from the kidneys and there was a significant reduction in bacterial counts from all the remaining organs compared to the infected control animals. A decrease in serum cytokine and serum lactate levels compared to baseline was observed after ultra-high doses of aminoglycosides in the septic shock animals. Our studies have indicated that the ultra-high dose gentamicin is well tolerated by rats. It is highly effective in clearing E. coli Bort from the blood and reducing the bacterial burden in the organs in an experimental model of bacterial peritonitis/septic shock. Further studies in larger animals such as rabbits, sheep, pigs or dogs are required to confirm these results. If these findings are replicated in larger animals, this therapy may be developed further from
‘lab to bedside’ to treat septic shock patients in intensive care units (ICUs). / October 2015
|
9 |
Utvärdering av kortisol och TNF-α i saliv hos individer tidigare diagnostiserade med Covid-19 / Evaluation of cortisol and TNF-α in the saliva of individuals previously diagnosed with Covid- 19Poolsri, Louise January 2021 (has links)
I december 2019 rapporterades fall av oidentifierad lunginflammation, senare känd som Covid-19. Antalet fall ökar fortfarande snabbt i världen och därmed utgör Covid-19 ett extraordinärt hot mot folkhälsan. Studier har visat en ökad mängd proinflammatoriska cytokiner TNF-α, associerade med andningssvårigheter samt en ökad kortisolproduktion. Utsöndring av kortisol och TNF-α är associerade med fysiska- och psykiska hälsoeffekter, sjukdomsgrad samt dödsfall av Covid-19. Syftet med studien var att undersöka utsöndringen av biomarkörerna kortisol och TNF-α i saliv hos individer tidigare diagnostiserade med Covid-19 samt hos individer utan diagnostiserad Covid-19 (kontrollgrupp). Det för att undersöka huruvida kvarvarande symtom kunde associeras till biomarkörerna. Studien inkluderade 40 individer, varav 20 individer tidigare diagnostiserade med Covid-19 samt 20 individer utan diagnostiserad Covid-19. Saliv och ett frågeformulär om deras allmänna hälsotillstånd och symtom kopplade till Covid-19 infektion samlades in och analyserades. Salivprover tagna på morgon analyserades med ELISA och resultatet jämfördes mellan grupperna. Inga signifikanta skillnader visade mellan grupperna gällande biomarkörer. Resultaten visade dessutom inga korrelation mellan symtom och biomarkörer samt att inga förhöjda nivåer av analyserade biomarkörer kan associeras med kvarvarande symtom efter en Covid-19 infektion. / A cluster of unidentified pneumonia cases, later known as Covid-19, were reported in December 2019. The number of Covid-19 cases is still rapidly increasing and poses an extraordinary threat to our public health. Studies have shown an increased level of the cytokine TNF-α, associated with severe respiratory symptoms as well as an increased cortisol production. Together associated with physical and mental health effects, disease severity and increased mortality of Covid-19. This study aimed to evaluate the secretion of cortisol and TNF-α in the saliva of individuals previously diagnosed with Covid-19 and individuals not diagnosed with Covid-19 (control group). This to examine whether the residual symptoms can be associated with the analyzed biomarkers. The study included 40 participants, 20 individuals diagnosed with Covid-19 and 20 individuals not diagnosed with Covid -19. Saliva and a questionnaire concerning their overall health and possible symptoms associated with Covid-19 infection were collected and analyzed. Saliva morning samples were analyzed with ELISA and results were compared between the groups. No significant differences were shown between the groups regarding the biomarkers. Also, the results showed no correlations between symptoms and biomarkers, nor elevated levels of analyzed biomarkers could be associated with residual symptoms after a Covid-19 infection.
|
Page generated in 0.066 seconds