Cette thèse cherche à étudier les rapports entre le pouvoir et les soufis en Syrie et en Égypte à l'époque de Nûr al-Dîn (1154-1174) et de son successeur Saladin (1174-1193). En cette seconde moitié du XIIe siècle, les croisades et la lutte contre les Fatimides et leur idéologie firent de la présence des soufis et des mystiques sur ces territoires une opportunité pour les gouvernants en quête de légitimité. Différents groupes de soufis originaires d'Iran, du Caucase, de Jazîra, du Maghreb et d'al-Andalus convergèrent alors vers ces territoires centraux du dâr al-Islam pour participer à la vie religieuse et soutenir la politique religieuse de ces princes. Les contacts entre le pouvoir et les shaykh; soufis furent alors nombreux et ces derniers se virent confier un certain nombre de missions, notamment diplomatiques, les impliquant directement dans la vie politique. Une politique de construction de lieux d'accueil (ribât et khânqâh) pour les soufis financés par des waqf mobilisa les souverains ainsi que les hommes et les femmes de leur entourage. L’histoire de ces fondations soutenues par le pouvoir est au centre de cette thèse qui cherche aussi à comprendre le mode de vie de ces populations et à étudier les conséquences qu’eut cette ingérence du pouvoir sur la vie matérielle des mystiques au sein de leur structure d'accueil. / This thesis seeks to study the relationship between the authorities and the Sufis in Syria and Egypt in the time of Nûr al-Dîn (1154-1174) and his successor Saladin (1174-1193). In the second half of the twelfth century, the Crusades and the conflict against the Fatimids and their ideology made of the presence of the Sufis and Mystics on these territories an opportunity for rulers in search of legitimacy. Different groups of Sufis from Iran, the Caucasus, the Jazîra, the Maghreb and al-Andalus converged to these central territories of the dâr al-Islâm to take part in religious life and support the religious policy of these princes. Contacts between the authorities and the Sufi shaykh were numerous and the latter were entrusted with a number of missions, including diplomatic missions, directly involving them in political life. A building policy of hosting structures (ribât and khânqâh) for the Sufis, supported by the waqf, mobilized the rulers as well as the men and women of their entourage. The history of these foundations supported by the authorities is at the center of this thesis which also seeks to understand the way of life of these populations and to study the consequences that the interference of the authorities had on the material life of the mystics within their hosting structures.

This thesis will examine Mulla Sadra's theory of substantive motion. Mulla Sadra (1571-1640) challenged those philosophers who restricted motion to accidents and held that the substance of nature is unmovable, otherwise insurmountable problems arise. In order to solve the dilemmas, Mulla Sadra sought various ways to prove that motion is identical with nature and that no stable entity exists in the corporeal world. Here, time is one of the most important elements in the proofs for the theory of substantive motion, where, for the first time in intellectual history, Mulla Sadra introduced time as the fourth dimension of corporeal being. This implies mobility of nature, including its substances. This evolutionary motion in the case of body extends from the material realm to the emergence of soul, which is immaterial. / By solving problems like the one concerning the eternity or temporality of the world debated between theologians and philosophers, this theory played a significant role in Islamic philosophy.

The problem of causality and its relation to the unity of existence is one of the peculiar themes of Mulla Sadra (1571-1640). Although the treatment of and solutions to the problem of "causality" and the problem of "unity of existence" were considered by previous Islamic philosophers, no one considered these two problems could complement each other. Sadra, through the law of causality, proves the unity of existence. The applications of Sadra's principles (of the fundamental reality of existence and the analogical gradation of existence) which are the central principles of his entire thought, provide his unique theory of "unity of existence." By this theory he attempted to convince mystics that although there is in the world one reality, that reality manifests itself in various degrees of classifications and intensity of existence.

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Pour les historiens de la Perse, le XIIIe siècle est celui des invasions mongoles et des bouleversements considérables qu’elles entrainèrent sur tout le plateau iranien. Pour l’histoire de la littérature, cependant, ces temps de grande violence définissent un épisode unique et fondateur : la naissance de la théorie littéraire en Iran. De fait, rien ne laissait présager l’éclosion, à quelques années de distance, aux marges opposées de la Perse (Shiraz, Alamut), de deux artes poetica à part entière, intégralement conçus et rédigés pour la première fois en persan. Avec son Livre de la somme, sur les étalons des poésies des Persans (Ketāb al-mo‘jam, fī ma‘āyīr aš‘ār al-‘ajam), Šams-e Qeys-e Rāzī (circ. 1175-1240) livrait sans conteste l’ouvrage le plus complet de la tradition. L’Étalon des poésies, de la science de la métrique et des rimes (Me‘yār al-aš‘ār, dar ‘elm-e ‘aruḍ va qavāfī) du grand savant et polygraphe Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī (1201-1274), proposait quant à lui une analyse ambitieuse de l’essence de la poésie. À eux deux, ils signent le testament inaugural de la tradition poétologique persane. Ils déterminèrent en outre les deux grandes orientations de la tradition artigraphique ultérieure : l’approche esthético-littéraire, et l’approche philosophique. En proposant une lecture croisée de ces ouvrages, le présent travail espère contribuer à éclairer cet événement considérable que constitue l’avènement, en Iran, d’une véritable pensée du fait poétique. / From the point of view of Persian historiography, the 13th century identifies with the considerable changes brought about by the Mongol invasions throughout the Iranian plateau. For the history of literature, however, this sour era dates a single founding episode: the advent of literary theory in Iran. In fact, the emergence of two full-fledged artes poetica, entirely conceived and composed in the Persian language, just a few years apart, at opposite ends of the Persian lands (Shiraz, Alamut), could not easily be predicted. With his Compendium on the Standards of the Poetry of the Persians (Ketāb al-mo‘jam, fī ma‘āyīr aš‘ār al-‘ajam), Šams-e Qeys-e Rāzī (circ. 1175-1240) delivered the indisputable classic of the genre. As for The Standard of Poetry, on Metrics and Rhyme (Me‘yār al-aš‘ār, dar ‘elm-e ‘aruḍ va qavāfī) by the great scholar and polymath Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī (1201-1274), it offered a far-reaching discussion of the essence of poetry. Together, these two works embody the inaugural legacy of Persian literary theory. They further defined the two major trends followed by later authors: the estheticliterary and the philosophical approach to poetry. With this cross-reading of the texts, we hope to shed some light on an event of no little importance: the emergence, in Iran, of a genuine endeavor to account for poetry as such.

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