Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-09T18:16:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Gomes Kotinik Peixoto - 2016.pdf: 1584467 bytes, checksum: 813af22e548d839e91b5b94c5797d1b2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-12T14:17:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Gomes Kotinik Peixoto - 2016.pdf: 1584467 bytes, checksum: 813af22e548d839e91b5b94c5797d1b2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T14:17:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Gomes Kotinik Peixoto - 2016.pdf: 1584467 bytes, checksum: 813af22e548d839e91b5b94c5797d1b2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research had been developed to verify the level of social capital in the dairy agribusiness production chain in Ipameri – Goias, and to establish a linkage between that level and the sustainability of the production chain in the city. In this proposal, it was adopted the qualitative methodology of research with exploratory purpose. The following methodologies were used during this exploration: the social capital index, the municipal sustainable development index and the diagnostic analyses of the production chain. Moreover, this research aimed on contributing with the study of social capital in production chains, as it has not been verified a large number of studies in that area. The results showed that the agroindustrial production chain of milk in Ipameri has a low level of capital accumulation and that the environmental dimension should be better explored. In conclusion, the dairy production chain does not contribute to a sustainable development in the municipality / Essa pesquisa pretendeu verificar o nível de capital social na cadeia de produção agroindustrial do leite em Ipameri – GO, e estabelecer uma conexão entre esse nível e a sustentabilidade da cadeia produtiva no município. Nesta proposta, adotou-se a metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa com finalidade exploratória. Para alcance do objetivo foram utilizadas as metodologias de mensuração do índice de capital social (ICS), do índice de desenvolvimento sustentável municipal (IDSM) e de análise diagnóstica de cadeia produtiva. Pretendeu-se contribuir para o estudo do capital social em cadeias produtivas, uma vez que não é verificado um grande número de produções nessa temática. Os resultados demonstraram que a cadeia de produção agroindustrial do leite no município apresentou um baixo nível de acumulação de capital social e que a dimensão ambiental deve ser melhor trabalhada no local, e levou à conclusão sobre a não contribuição da cadeia produtiva para o desenvolvimento local sustentável em Ipameri - GO.

In this study, rural households livelihood strategies in communities around Fort Hare and Middle Drift dairy projects in the Nkonkobe Municipality are explored from a household perspective. Rural communities around Fort Hare and Middle Drift dairy projects in Eastern Cape, South Africa are found choosing a multiple of livelihood portfolios that are linked to dairy project activities to increase food, generate income, and safeguard against risks and shocks. The dairy projects in rural areas can reduced the problem of shrinking livelihood options in rural areas were most of the households are relying on government grants which has characterised the rural areas with long queues during month ends. The main objectives of this study are, to assess whether the rural dairy projects set goals are being achieved; to identify dominant livelihood strategies of households living around dairy projects in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and to identify determinant factors influencing rural households around dairy projects to choose certain livelihood strategies that improve their welfare. The study analysed socio-economic survey data that had been collected from households in six rural villages in Nkonkobe Municipality surrounding the Fort Hare and Middle drift dairy projects. The stratified and random sampling method was used. The descriptive analysis comparing the livelihood portfolios’ in the six rural villages around Fort hare and Middle Drift dairy projects has revealed that there is an increasingly important role of the non-farm economy in the area (income from activities not linked to farming) as compared to farming, non-labour (income from remittances and government grants) and non-farm activities that are combined with farming (non-farm and farming activities). The multinomial logistic regression model revealed, with respect to the household variables, social-economic and institutional related variables as some of the barriers faced by poor households in rural areas sharing boundaries with rural dairy projects to enter into various livelihood strategies. Results from this study outlined that rural communities around dairy projects do not rely much on one livelihood pathway but they link multiple strategies together to improve their standard of living. The study, therefore, conclude that rural dairy projects with activities that are complementing with rural livelihood pathways available can be trusted as a reliable and sustainable livelihood source to reduce poverty in communities which share boundaries with rural dairy projects.

The North West Province (NWP) identified dairy farming as a priority as it has the potential, not only for job creation, but also as a sustainable source of high quality protein for rural communities. With the correct type of management systems, small-scale dairy farms have the potential to be economically feasible. For the purposes of this study, a small-scale dairy farm was defined as a farm which produced less than 500 litres of milk a day irrespective of the number of cows or size of the farm. The study area was Central North West Province and the study was a longitudinal observational study conducted with 15 small-scale dairy farmers from 2002-2006. Nutrition was found to be a major constraint to the production capacity of dairy cows studied. It was found that farmers were deficient in the knowledge, skills and experience required to develop an affordable and balanced feeding system based on locally available ingredients. Dairy rations were given to prevent malnutrition or starvation, rather than to increase production. It was also shown that feeding of the cattle on the farms investigated, was influenced more by availability and affordability of locally obtained feed ingredients than by planning nutrition to increase milk production. Available statistics show that there are approximately 257 000 dairy cattle in NWP, with the greatest numbers in the Central Region (175 235) and smaller numbers in the Western (59 852) and Eastern (21 873) Regions. These cattle produced approximately 230.4 million litres of milk annually (12.5% of national production) with an estimated value of R304.1 million at R1.32/l, excluding value-added products in the form of cheese, yoghurt, milk powder, and others in 2002. The method used was a longitudinal study conducted from 2002 to 2006 in three phases. In the first phase, situational analysis using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and observation was used to outline the extent of the constraints and start to design appropriate interventions. Feeds used by the farmers for feeding dairy cows – both supplements and roughage - were tested and evaluated. In the second phase, three different feeding systems were designed from the data obtained from PRA, in consultation with small-scale dairy farmers, established commercial dairy farmers, state veterinary and agriculture staff, feed manufacturers and distributors and the commodity organization (MPO) to optimize the nutrition of the dairy cows. The third phase was field testing of interventions and observations of the implementation by farmers. It was found during the PRA phase that the majority (n=9) of farmers had been in dairy farming for not more than five years, five farmers had six to ten years in dairy farming and only one farmer had 11 to 15 years in dairy farming. Dairy farming is a very highly skilled operation and farmers need to have experience and knowledge to succeed. Five years is insufficient. Therefore capacity building and training were instituted over the period 2002 to 2005. Also, 60% (n=9) of the farmers were not affiliated to any agricultural organisation, so membership of the Milk Producers Organisation was facilitated for all farmers in the study. It was also found that the cattle were not identified and neither production nor financial records were kept. Testing and evaluation of feed used showed that it was of poor quality, deficient in protein, energy and minerals and no effort was made to balance the ration. In the second phase, three feeding systems were developed form data obtained and observations during phase one. These were A: a semi-intensive farm based ration using available crops, pastures and crop residues with minimal rations purchased; B: an intensive, zero-grazing dairy system using a total mixed ration (TMR) for farmers with smallholdings of less than 5 hectares per cow and C: Traditional, extensive or dual purpose system where the calf drank from the cow until weaning and milking was done only once a day, for farmers with more than 5 ha grazing available per cow. The last was a low-input/low output system and was implemented by a majority (n=8) of the farmers. System B was chosen by two farmers and not adopted by any of the two farmers in the long run. System A was adopted by three farmers. Four farmers left dairy farming for various reasons during the study. By July 2006, the farmers had changed to commercially formulated rations or licks and the body condition score of the cows had improved. Milk production per cow did not increase, but this may have been due to the increased price of meat and the fact that a majority of the farmers were using a dual purpose system and selling calves at weaning for a very good price. It was concluded that extension officers should get extra training in dairy if there are dairy farmers in their areas as this is a very specialist type of extension. They should also work closely with veterinary services including veterinarians, animal health technicians and the health inspectors. Further research should be done to optimise the traditional model as this is relatively profitable, has a lower risk and is less labour intensive. It is probably a good way to increase food security, particularly in families when only one or two members have an income from a pension or part-time employment. The prices realised from informal sales of milk and calves can give a stable income. The “community farms” should be economically evaluated in terms of each beneficiary being able to get a “living wage” out of the projected profits of the farm. The MPO and other stakeholders should give very specific training to new dairy farmers, based on the models that were used in this study. It is essential that framers be taught to “look forward” and get a pro-active attitude. They must also understand that quality, balanced rations are the key to success – poor rations are expensive rations, because they result in unhealthy cows and poor production. Finally, ongoing and effective monitoring and evaluation of extension is an effective instrument for project sustainability – farmers must be involved and participate in their own evaluation - extension is not all about paper work it is about measuring performance and good service delivery. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

Dairy farming as one part of agriculture has thousands of year’s history. The increasingdemands of dairy products and the rapid development of technology bring dairyfarming tremendous changes. Started by first hand milking, dairy farming goes throughvacuum bucket milking, pipeline milking, and now parlors milking. The automatic andtechnical milking system provided farmer with high-efficiency milking, effective herdmanagement and above all booming income.DeLaval Automatic Milking Rotary (AMRTM) is the world’s leading automatic milkingrotary system. It presents an ultimate combination of technology and machinerywhich brings dairy farming with significant benefits. AMRTM technical milking capacityis 90 cows per hour. However, constrained by farm management, cow’s condition andsystem configuration, the actual capacity is lower than technical value. In this thesis, anoptimization system is designed to analyze and improve AMRTM performance. The researchis focusing on cow behavior and AMRTM robot timeout. Through applying knowledgediscover from database (KDD), building machine learning cow behavior predictionsystem and developing modeling methods for system simulation, the optimizing solutionsare proposed and validated. / Mjölkproduktion är en del av vårt jordbruks tusenåriga historia. Med ökande krav påmejeriprodukter tillsammans med den snabba utvecklingen utav tekniken för det enormaförändringar i mjölkproduktionen. Mjölkproduktion började inledningsvis med handmjölkningsedan har mjölkproduktionsmetoder utvecklats genom olika tekniker och gettoss t.ex. vakuum mjölkning, rörledning mjölkning, fram till dagens mjölkningskarusell.Nu har det automatiska och tekniska mjölkningssystem försedd bönder med högeffektivmjölkning, effektiv djurhållningen och framför allt blomstrande inkomster.DeLaval Automatic Milking Rotary (AMRTM) är världens ledande automatiska roterandemjölkningssystemet. Den presenterar en ultimat kombination av teknik och maskinersom ger mjölkproduktionen betydande fördelar. DeLaval Automatic Milking Rotarytekniska mjölknings kapacitet är 90 kor per timme. Den begränsas utav jordbruksdrift,tillståndet hos kor och hantering av systemet. Det gör att den faktiska kapaciteten blirlägre än den tekniska. I denna avhandling undersöks hur ett optimeringssystem kan analyseraoch förbättra DeLaval Automatic Milking Rotary prestanda genom fokusering påkors beteenden och robot timeout. Genom att tillämpa kunskap från databas (KDD), skapamaskininlärande system som förutsäger kors beteenden samt utveckla modelleringsmetoderför systemsimulering, ges lösningsförslag av optimering samt validering.

No description available.

A computer modeling experiment showed that grouping dairy cattle based on requirements of crude protein and net energy per kilogram expected dry matter intake (Grouper) had unique characteristics relative to other grouping systems. The objective of this study was to adapt the computerized Grouper system for practical use by implementing a field trial in commercial dairy herds to determine its managerial benefits and economic merit. Ten cooperating dairy herds participated in the one year trial. Herds were grouped monthly using test day information obtained from the Dairy Records Processing Center, Raleigh, NC and reports mailed to the cooperators. Feed consumption data and a record of cows not placed according to Grouper recommendations were collected during monthly herd visits or by mail. One set of analyses examined trends in Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) variables through trial duration while another set compared Grouper to a comparable milk production grouping program with all herd test day information grouped with both systems. No significant changes in DHI variables could be attributed to the Grouper system. Grouper retained younger, smaller cows and those with higher fat test in the high group longer and moved older, larger cows and cows with lower fat test into the low group sooner than grouping by milk production. Grouper produced higher intraclass correlations among cows in groups for percent Total Digestible Nutrients (0.59 versus 0.41) and percent crude protein (0.65 versus 0.57) than milk production grouping. Economically, Grouper was significantly more expensive when comparing systems based on average feed cost per cow per day. However, this did not consider increased income or decreased costs associated with the system or account for possible benefits such as better health and higher production resulting from feeding more precisely each individual's nutrient requirements. The Grouper program has been automated to be used through either a dairy records processing center or an individual microcomputer and can be considered a practical management tool to help the dairy manager group cows more efficiently and feed more accurately. / Master of Science

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of supplementing oat silage (OS) with lucerne (LH) and oat hay (OH) on the production performance of lactating Jersey cows, as well as comparing the ruminal degradability of LH, OH and OS III Holstein and Jersey cows receiving a high forage diet and a high concentrate diet. In the first trial, five diets containing different combinations of OS and LH together with concentrate mixtures providing 26, 23, 20, 17 and 14% crude protein (CP) were fed to lactating Jersey cows. Lucerne hay was fed at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kg DM/day while OS was fed ad libitum. Cows receiving only OS as a forage source had a lower (P<0.05) dry matter (DM) intake and produced less milk protein (P<0.05). Milk and fat yields as well as milk urea nitrogen (MUN) levels did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments. In the second trial, OS was fed with OH and a concentrate mixture containing 26% CP to lactating Jersey cows. Oat hay was fed at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kg DMiday while OS was fed ad libitum. Cows that received OS together with 4 and 6kg OH, respectively had higher (P<0.05) DM intakes. Milk, fat, and protein yields as well as MUN levels did not differ (P>O.05) between treatments. The ruminal degradability of LH, OH and OS in Holstein and Jersey cows receiving (i) a high forage and (ii) a high concentrate diet was determined. The two breeds were also compared in terms of rumen pH levels, volatile fatty acids (VF A) and rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations as affected by time after feeding. The ruminal degradability of freeze dried (FD), oven dried (OD) and fresh oat silage (FS) in Jersey cows receiving a high forage diet was also determined. The ruminal DM, CP and NDF degradability of LH was higher (P<O.05) than that of OH and OS in both Holstein and Jersey cows when they were fed either a high forage or a high concentrate diet. When cows were fed a high forage diet, the effective DM degradability of OS was higher (P<O.05) in Holsteins although the CP degradation rates of LH and OH were higher (P<O.05) in Jerseys. When they were fed a high concentrate diet, Jerseys had higher (P<O.05) effective DM and NDF degradabilities and higher (P<O.05) DM and NDF degradation rates in LH while Holsteins had higher (P<O.05) effective CP degradability levels than Jerseys in OS. After feeding a high forage diet, pH levels declined while VFA and NH3-N concentrations increased (P<O.05) in both breeds. Jerseys had higher rumen pH, lower (P<O.05) VFA and lower NH3-N concentrations than Holsteins throughout the study. When cows were fed a high concentrate diet, Jerseys had higher (P<O.05) pH than Holsteins. A post-feeding decline (P<O.05) in pH was observed in both breeds. Fresh oat silage had a lower (P<O.05) effective degradability and degradation rates for DM, CP and NDF in comparison to FD and OD oat silage. The DM, CP and NDF degradation rates, as well as effective NDF degradability were higher (P<O.05) for FD silage, but effective DM and CP degradabilities were higher (P<O.05) for OD oat silage. It was concluded that on an oat silage diet, lactating Jersey cows should receive a minimum of 2kg LH or 4 to 6kg oat hay together with ad libitum OS to improve DM intake. When cows were fed a high concentrate diet, the ruminal degradability appeared to be superior in Jerseys than Holsteins. Jerseys also had higher rumen pH levels lower VFA and NH3-N concentrations than Holsteins. Feeding interval affects the rumen environment, pH declines while VF A and NH3-N concentrations increased. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die effek van die aanvulling van hawerkuilvoer met lusemhooi (LH) en hawerhooi (HH) op die melkproduksie van Jerseykoeie te bepaal. Hiermee saam is die rumen degradeerbaarheid van hawerkuilvoer en lusemhooi ondersoek in Jersey en Holsteinkoeie wat 'n hoe-ruvoer en 'n hoe-kragvoer gebaseerde dieet ontvang het. In die eerste proef is vyf diete met verskillende peile van hawerkuilvoer en lusernhooi saam met kragvoere van verskillende ruproteienpeile (26, 23, 20, 17 en 14% RP) aan 10 lakterende Jerseykoeie gevoer. Hawerkuilvoer is ad libitum voorsien en lusemhooi is teen vlakke van 0, 2, 4,6 en Skg droemateriaal (DM) per dag gevoer. Die DM-inname en melkproteienproduksie van koeie wat hawerkuilvoer as die enigste ruvoerbron ontvang het, was laer (P<0.05) as ander ruvoerkombinasies. Die melk- en vetproduksie, asook melk-ureumstikstofpeile het nie tussen behandelings verskil nie (P>0.05). In die tweede proef is hawerkuilvoer saam met hawerhooi (soortgelyk as Proef 1) gevoer. Die kragvoerkomponent van al die ruvoerkombinasies het 26% RP bevat. Die koeie wat hawerkuilvoer en 4 of 6kg hawerhooi as ruvoere ontvang het, het hoer (P<O.05) droemateriaalinnames gehad. Melk, vet en proteienproduksie asook melk-ureumstikstofpeile het nie tussen ruvoerkombinasies verskil nie (P>O.05). Die rumendegradeerbaarheid van lusemhooi, hawerhooi en hawerkuilvoer is bepaal in Holstein en Jerseykoeie wat (i) 'n hoe ruvoer- en (ii) 'n hoe kragvoerdieet ontvang het. Die rumen pH, vlugtige vetsuur en rumen-ammoniakkonsentrasies, soos beinvloed deur tyd na voeding, is ook tussen rasse vergelyk. Die rumendegradeerbaarheid van vars, oondgedroogde en vriesgedroogde hawerkuilvoer is ook bepaal. Die rumen DM, RP en NDF degradeerbaarhede van lusemhooi was hoer (P<O.05) as by hawerhooi en hawerkuilvoer in beide Holstein en Jerseykoeie wat (i) 'n hoe ruvoer- en (ii) 'n hoe kragvoerdieet ontvang het. Op 'n hoe ruvoerdieet, was effektiewe DM degradeerbaarheid van hawerkuilvoer by Holsteins hoer (P<O.05) as by Jerseys. Jerseykoeie het egter 'n hoer (P<O.05) RP degradeerbaarheidstempo van lusemhooi en hawerhooi gehad. Jerseykoeie op 'n hoe kragvoerdieet, het hoer (P<O.05) effektiewe DM en NDF degradeerbaarhede getoon. Hulle het egter 'n laer (P<O.05) effektiewe ruprotein (RP) degradeerbaarheid by hawerkuilvoer as Friese gehad. Jerseykoeie op lusemhooi het ook 'n hoer (P<O.05) DM en NDF degradeerbaarheidstempo getoon. Jerseykoeie wat 'n hoe ruvoerdieet ontvang het, het 'n hoer (P<O.05) rumen- pH en laer (P<O.05) vlugtige vetsuur- en rumen-ammoniak konsentrasies as Holsteinkoeie gehad. Jerseykoeie wat 'n hoe kragvoerdieet ontvang het, het ook 'n hoer (P<O.05) rumen- pH as Holsteinkoeie gehad. By al die koeie is gevind dat rumen- pH na voeding afgeneem het (P<O.05). Vlugtige vetsuur- en rumen-ammoniakkonsentrasies was laag voor voeding en het daama toegeneem (P<O.05). Vars hawerkuilvoer het laer (P<O.05) effektiewe DM, RP en NDF degradeerbaarhede en degradeerbaarheidstempo's as oond- en vriesgedroogde hawerkuilvoer gehad. Die vriesgedroogde kuilvoer het hoer (P<O.05) DM, RP en NDF degradeerbaarheidstempo's sowel as effektiewe NDF degradeerbaarhede gehad. Oondgedroogde kuilvoer het daarinteen hoer (P<O.05) effektiewe DM en RP degradeerbaarhede gehad. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat lakterende Jerseykoeie ten minste 2kg lusemhooi of 4- 6kg hawerhooi per dag moet ontvang wanneer hulle hawerkuilvoer as ruvoerbron ontvang. Op 'n hoe kragvoerdieet, het dit gebleik dat die rumendegradeerbaarheid van vesel by Jerseys beter is as by Holsteins. Die rumen- pH is hoog voor voeding, maar dit neem af nadat die koeie gevreet het. Die rumen- pH van Jerseys was hoer as by Holsteins. Die vlugtige vetsure en rumen-ammoniakkonsentrasies blyk laag te wees voor voeding en neem daama toe. Konsentrasies was hoer by Holstein as by Jerseys.

<p>Urea kao deo neproteinske frakcije azota mleka, predstavlja krajnji produkt metabolizma proteina u predželucima preživara. Portalnim krvotokom toksični amonijak, nastao mikrobiolo&scaron;kom razgradnjom proteina u rumenu dolazi do jetre gde se transformi&scaron;e u ureu, koja kasnije krvotokom dospeva u mleko. Ishrana, odnosno sadržaj sirovih proteina u obroku ima najveći uticaj na sadržaj uree u mleku. Sadržaj uree sve vi&scaron;e se koristi kao parametar pomoću kojeg je moguće pratiti unos sirovih proteina i energije obrokom kod mlečnih krava. Pored ishrane na sadržaj uree u mleku utiču i drugi faktori, kao &scaron;to su sezona, prinos mleka, stadijum laktacije, paritet i dr.<br />Plodnost krava je veoma važna osobina mlečnih goveda na koju utiče veliki broj faktora. Dosada&scaron;nja istraživanja u ovoj oblasti ukazuju na moguću vezu između plodnosti krava i sadržaja uree u mleku.<br />Određivanje sadržaja uree u mleku primenom infracrvene spektrofotometrije u analizi mleka prilikom redovne mesečne kontrole mlečnosti krava pružilo je nove mogućnosti u praćenju kvaliteta mleka.<br />Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi:<br />1. variranje sadržaja uree u mleku unutar stada,<br />2. uticaj paragenetskih faktora (farma, sistem proizvodnje, sistem držanja, sezona, redni broj laktacije i stadijum laktacije) na sadržaj uree u mleku,<br />3. korelacija sadržaja uree sa parametrima mlečnosti krava i brojem somatskih ćelija i<br />4. korelacija između sadržaja uree u mleku i dužine servis perioda.</p><p>U okviru ovog istraživanja analizirano je 46.315 uzoraka mleka, u okviru redovne kontrole mlečnosti, sa 11 farmi sa područija Vojvodine. Od kojih je jedna sa organskom, a 10 farmi sa konvencionalnom proizvodnjom. Određivanje sadržaja uree u mleku vr&scaron;eno je na aparatu MilcoScan.<br />Prosečan sadržaj uree u mleku (25,18 mg/dl) bio je u okviru optimalnih vrednosti sadržaja uree u mleku. Koeficijent varijacije za sadržaj uree (34,15%) bio je znatno veći od koeficijenta varijacije za ostale sastojke mleka.<br />Dobijeni rezultati u okviru ove doktorske disertacije ukazuju da najveći uticaj na sadržaj uree u mleku ima menadžment farme. Utvrđen je i statitički značajan uticaj ostalih ispitivanih paragenetskih faktora.<br />Sistem držanja statistički značajno utiče na sadržaj uree u mleku. Niži sadržaj uree u mleku bio je kod krava u slobodnom sistemu držanja.<br />Kao posledica specifičnosti organske proizvodnje konstatovane su statistički značajne razlike između organske i konvencionalne proizvodnje mleka. Razlike se ogledaju u smanjenom sadržaju uree u mleku i prinosu mleka, a povećanom sadržaju mlečne masti i proteina. Broj somatskih ćelija u mleku iz organske proizvodnje je znatno manji u odnosu na broj istih u mleku iz konvencionalne proizvodnje mleka, dok je servis period u posmatranom periodu bio duži kod krava u organskoj proizvodnji u odnosu na krave u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji mleka.<br />Posmatrano po sezonama kontrole najniži sadržaj uree u mleku bio je u jesenjem periodu (22,19 mg/dl), a najveći u letnjem period (27,11 mg/dl). Razlike u sadržaju uree po laktacijama su male, ali statistčki značajne.<br />Konstatovan je statistički značajan uticaj stadijuma laktacije na sadržaj uree u mleku. Najniži sadržaj bio je na početku laktacije (23,05 mg/dl), a maksimalan sadržaj uree u mleku od 26,40 mg/dl, bio je od 121 do 180 dana laktacije.<br />Utvrđene su pozitivne, statistički visoko značajne, korelacije između sadržaja uree i pojedinih sastojaka mleka, kao i između sadržaja uree i prinosa mleka. Korelacija između sadržaja uree i broja somatskih ćelija u mleku je negativna i visoko statistički značajna.<br />U okviru ovog istraživanja utvrđena je pozitivna i statistički visoko značajna korelacija između sadržaja uree u mleku i dužine servis perioda.<br />Dobijeni rezultati, tumačeni u kontekstu drugih istraživanja na ovu temu ukazuju na veliki značaj praćenja sadržaja uree u mleku, koji može doprineti pobolj&scaron;anju menadžmenta ishrane i reprodukcije na farmama mlečnih krava, a sve u cilju smanjenja tro&scaron;kova na farmama, kroz smanjenje tro&scaron;kova ishrane i tro&scaron;kova veterinarskih usluga.</p> / <p>Urea as a part of non-protein fraction of nitrogen in milk represents the final product of protein metabolism in the rumen of ruminants. By portal bloodstream toxic ammonia comes into liver where it is transformed into urea, which comes later into milk by bloodstream. Nutrition and contents of crude proteins in the diet have the greatest influence on the milk urea content. The content of milk urea has been increasingly used as a parameter by which it is possible to monitor balance of energy and crude proteins in the feed of dairy cows.<br />Apart from feeding, milk urea content can be influenced by some other factors as season, milk yield, stage of lactation, parity etc.<br />A great number of factors influence cow&rsquo;s fertility. Previous research in this field has indicated a possible relationship between the fertility of cows and urea content in milk.<br />Determination of urea content in milk, by infrared spectrophotometric, on monthly bases, for milk recording porpoises, offers new opportunities for milk quality monitor.<br />The aim of this study was to determine:<br />1. Variations of milk urea content within the herd,<br />2. The influence of paragenetic factors (a farm, production and housing system, season, parity and stage of lactation) on the milk urea content,<br />3. The correlation with milk urea content and parameters of milk yield as well as the somatic cells count,<br />4. The correlation between the milk urea content and the length of open days.<br />This research includes 46,315 samples of milk which were analysed as regular milk recording samples from 11 farms in Vojvodina. There are 10 farms with</p><p>conventional and only one farm with organic production.<br />Determination of the milk urea contents was carried out by MilkoScan FT+.<br />In the analyzed milk samples the average milk urea content (25.18 mg / dl) was within the optimum values. The coefficient of variation for the milk urea content (34.15%) was significantly higher than the coefficient of variation for the other ingredients in milk.<br />The obtained results in this PhD thesis indicate that the management of a farm has the greatest influence on the content of milk urea. Statistically some significant influence of other examined paragenetic factors was found.<br />According to statistics the housing system significantly influences the milk urea content. Lower milk urea content was found in cow&#39;s milk in free-stall system.<br />As the result of specific organic production some statistically significant differences between organic and conventional milk production were found. The differences shows lower milk urea content and milk yield, as well as higher milk fat and protein content. The somatic cells count in organic milk production is significantly lower than their number in milk from conventional milk production. The open days during observation period were longer in cows from an organic dairy farm then the cows from conventional dairy farms.<br />According to season and stage of lactation an important influence on milk urea was found. The seasonal observation shows the lowest milk urea content in autumn period (22.19 mg / dl) and the highest in summer period (27.11 mg / dl). The lowest content was at the beginning of lactation (23.05 mg / dl) and the maximum milk urea content (26.40 mg /dl) was from 121 to 180 days of lactation. Differences in the milk urea content between lactation were small, but statistically significant.<br />There are positive and statistically significant, correlations between the milk urea content and some ingredients of milk, as well as between milk urea content and milk yield. The correlation between the milk urea content and somatic cells count in milk is negative and high statistically significant.<br />It is shown in this research that high milk urea content has negative impact on the length of open days.<br />Obtained results, interpreted in the context of other studies on the same subject indicate the great importance of the observation of the milk urea content. It can contribute to improving the feeding and reproduction on dairy farms, and lead to reduction of both feeding and veterinary costs.</p>

Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions within New Zealand account for 48 percent of all national greenhouse gas emissions. With the introduction of the emissions trading scheme farmers will soon be liable for their emissions, introducing additional physical constraints and financial costs. Farmers that still operate within the sector will have two options to meet emissions targets; to purchase carbon credits from the open market, or mitigate farm level emissions at added costs to the farmer. This study examines the latter case of assessing farm level options for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and quantifying the physical and financial costs associated with mitigation strategies. Results show that, based on the assumptions in the study, there are available options for dairy farmers to profitably meet Kyoto protocol emissions targets. Sheep and beef farmers can increase profit, but cannot meet Kyoto protocol emissions targets, through examined scenarios.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-17T13:59:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Soraia de Souza Silva.pdf: 1059497 bytes, checksum: 877a12f3b8ef607de7873134517316e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T13:59:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soraia de Souza Silva.pdf: 1059497 bytes, checksum: 877a12f3b8ef607de7873134517316e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study was characterize and evaluate technological, husbandry and socio-economic profiles; identify and quantify benchmarks in dairy cattle production systems on family farms from Agreste Pernambucano. To identify and quantify the benchmark indicators was evaluated a database of the Academic Unit of Garanhuns/UFRPE, collected monthly and updated by the Foundation of the General Price Index Getúlio Vargas (IGP-FGV). The benchmark indicators correlated and their values in the four scenarios were: average milk production/lactating cow, average milk production; lactating cows/total herd; milk production/labor; milk production/area; average milk price; effective operational cost/milk price; total operational cost/milk price; total cost/milk price; labour spend/gross milk income; concentrate spend/ gross milk income; capital stock with land; capital invested per liter of milk and profitability. Economic indicators: average milk production, milk production by lactating cows, milk production by labour, milk production by area and milk price were positively correlated with the rate of return on capital invested in the dairy business. The indicators: effective operational cost, total operational cost and total cost/milk price, labour spend and concentrated spend/gross milk income, capital stock with land and capital invested per liter of milk were correlated negatively with rate of return on capital invested in the dairy business. For the analyzed familiar farms can become competitive and therefore profitable, it is required to identify and quantify benchmark indicators most correlated to profitability, aiming to diagnose the weaknesses of dairy farming in this region and increase animal production and land. / Objetivou-se caracterizar e avaliar os perfis tecnológicos, zootécnicos e socioeconômicos; identificar e quantificar indicadores-referência (benchmark), em sistemas de produção de bovinos de leite da agricultura familiar no Agreste Pernambucano. Para identificar e quantificar os indicadores-referência foram avaliados os dados contidos em um banco de dados pertencentes a Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns/UFRPE, coletados mensalmente e atualizados pelo Índice Geral de Preços da Fundação Getúlio Vargas (IGP-FGV). Os indicadores-referência correlacionados e seus respectivos valores nos quatro cenários de 4, 6, 8 e 10% ao ano foram: produção média de leite/vaca em lactação, produção média de leite; vacas em lactação/rebanho total; produção de leite/mão de obra; produção de leite/área; preço médio do leite; custo operacional efetivo/preço do leite; custo operacional total/preço do leite; custo total/preço do leite; gasto com mão de obra/renda bruta do leite; gasto com concentrado/renda bruta do leite; estoque de capital com a terra; capital investido por litro de leite e lucratividade. Os indicadores econômicos: produção média de leite, produção de leite por vacas em lactação, produção de leite por mão de obra, produção de leite por área e preço do leite foram correlacionados positivamente com a taxa de remuneração do capital investido na atividade leiteira. Os indicadores: custo operacional efetivo, custo operacional total e custo total pelo preço do leite, gasto com mão de obra e com concentrado pela renda bruta do leite, estoque do capital com a terra e capital investido por litro de leite correlacionaram-se negativamente com a taxa de remuneração do capital investido na atividade leiteira. Para que as propriedades familiares analisadas possam se tornar competitivas e consequentemente lucrativas são necessários a identificação e quantificação de indicadores-referência mais correlacionados com rentabilidade, com intuito de diagnosticar os pontos frágeis da pecuária leiteira nessa região e aumentar a produção dos fatores animal e terra.