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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Vinculando modelos de energia escura com idade de galáxias em altos redshifts / Constraint Dark Energy Models with High-Redshifts Galaxy Ages

Riis Rhavia Assis Bachega 20 August 2014 (has links)
Uma série de observações advindas da medida da distância de supernovas tipo IA, idade das estrelas mais antigas, anisotropias da radiação cósmica de fundo, entre outras, evidenciam que o universo está passando por uma fase de expansão acelerada. Essa expansão está sendo causada por uma componente misteriosa denominada energia escura, que representa cerca de $70\\%$ do conteúdo total do universo, e cuja natureza é desconhecida. Para descrever a energia escura vários modelos têm sido propostos, entre eles, podemos destacar a energia do vácuo (constante cosmológica) e um campo escalar dinâmico (quintessência). Também são considerados modelos em que a energia escura interage com outro componente misterioso, a matéria escura. Existem vários testes observacionais para vincular os parâmetros desses modelos. Nesta dissertação, exploraremos um método baseado na idade de galáxias em altos redshifts e na idade do universo, conhecido em inglês como lookback time. / A number of observations arising from the measurement of distance of type IA Supernovae, age of oldest stars, anisotropy of cosmic microwave background, among others, show that the universe is undergoing a phase of accelerated expansion. This expansion is being caused by a mysterious component called dark energy, which represents about $70\\%$ of the total content of the universe, and whose nature is unknown. To describe the various dark energy models have been proposed, among them we highlight the vacuum energy (cosmological constant), and a dynamic scalar field (quintessence). Are also considered models in which dark energy interacts with another mysterious component, the dark matter. There are several observational tests to constraint the parameters of these models. In this dissertation, we explore a method based on age of galaxies at high redshift and the age of the universe, known as lookback time.
82

Acreção de matéria exôtica por buracos negros / Accretion of exotic matter by black holes

Maurer, Manuela Gibim Rodrigues 14 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Alberto Vazquez Saa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:40:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maurer_ManuelaGibimRodrigues_D.pdf: 2170208 bytes, checksum: c6e199a21845849c79ef9b7ed5cd71da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, a interpretação do cenário cosmológico sofreu inúmeras modificações, devido às contribuições das pesquisas em SNe Ia e em núcleos galáticos. Estes estudos evidenciam a presença de componentes exóticos no universo, a matéria e energia escuras. Os modelos de quintessência descrevem esta energia escura como um campo escalar acoplado à gravidade, considerando todo o universo permeado por ele. Na vizinhança de um buraco negro, este campo deverá ser absorvido, modificando a sua distribuição de massa. Esta acreção de massa exótica vem sendo interligada ao caso de buracos negros primordiais, sugerindo um possível mecanismo para a formação de buracos negros supermassivos. Utilizando uma abordagem quasi-estacionária, consideramos a evolução da massa de um buraco negro de Schwarzschild na presença de um campo cosmológico escalar não minimamente acoplado. A equação da evolução da massa é resolvida analiticamente para um acoplamento genérico, revelando um comportamento qualitativamente diferente do caso de acoplamento mínimo. Em particular, para buraco negros com massas menores que um certo valor crítico, o acréscimo do campo escalar pode levar à diminuição da massa, mesmo se nenhuma energia de phantom for envolvida. A validade física da abordagem quasi-estacionária adotada e algumas implicações do nosso resultado para evolução dos buracos negros primordiais e astrofísicos são discutidas. Mais precisamente, nós discutimos que os dados observacionais de buracos negros poderiam ser usados para colocar restrições no conteúdo de energia não minimamente acoplado / Abstract: In the last years, the interpretation of the cosmological scenario suffered uncountable modifications because of contribution of research in SNe Ia and galactic core. These studies demonstrate the presence of exotics components in the universe, the dark matter and the dark energy. Quintessencial models describe this dark energy as a scalar field coupled to gravity, considering the entire universe permeated by it. In the vicinity of a black hole, this field should be absorbed, modifying its distributions of mass. This accretion of this exotic mass has been interconnected at the case of primordial black holes, suggesting a possible mechanism for the formation of supermassive black holes. By using a quasi-stationary approach, we consider the mass evolution of Schwarzschild black holes in the presence of a nonminimally coupled cosmological scalar field. The mass evolution equation is analytically solved for generic coupling, revealing a qualitatively distinct behavior from the minimal coupling case. In particular, for black hole masses smaller than a certain critical value, the accretion of the scalar field can lead to mass decreasing even if no phantom energy is involved. The physical validity of the adopted quasi-stationary approach and some implications of our result for the evolution of primordial and astrophysical black holes are discussed. More precisely, we argue that black hole observational data could be used to place constraints on the nonminimally coupled energy content of the universe / Doutorado / Física das Particulas Elementares e Campos / Doutora em Ciências
83

The dark universe = observables and degeneracies = O universo escuro : observáveis e degenerecências / O universo escuro : observáveis e degenerecências

Motta, Mariele Katherine Faria, 1983- 08 February 2013 (has links)
Orientador: Pedro Cunha de Holanda / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T06:10:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Motta_MarieleKatherineFaria_D.pdf: 1550492 bytes, checksum: f768e755d887ba2e47b72fc56b22c14f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Gostaríamos de explorar as consequências da ausência de conhecimento prévio sobre o modelo correto para energia escura que permita interpretar as observações cosmológicas. A magnitude das distorções no espaço de redshift e da lente gravitacional fraca é determinada pela métrica na quais galáxias e luzes se propagam. Mostramos que, com observações precisas o suficiente, é possível utilizar estes dados para reconstruir a métrica no nosso cone de luz passado e portanto, o stress-anisotrópico e os potenciais gravitacionais podem ser medidos independentemente de modelo. Exploramos a degenerescência escura, ou o fato de que matéria e energia escura são indistinguíveis pois afetam o setor visível apenas através dos potenciais gravitacionais que produzem. Esta degenerescência permanece a menos que se suponha um modelo para energia escura: o bias entre galáxias e perturbações de matéria escura não pode ser determinado; e apenas quando o princípio da equivalência é assegurado, pode-se identificar a velocidade da matéria escura com a das galáxias. Mesmo com estas limitações, é possível construir testes para classes de modelos de energia escura que se baseiam em medidas em diferentes escalas e redshifts e não dependem de parametrizações ou condições iniciais. Demonstramos como se pode descartar a classe mais geral de modelos escalares-tensoriais sem precisar supor a validade do regime quasi-estático. Finalmente, discutimos como a degenerência escura se manifesta em uma análise dependente de modelo / Abstract: We would like to explore the consequences of having no prior knowledge about the correct model for dark energy that would allow us to interpret observations. The magnitude of redshift-space distortions and weak gravitational lensing is determined by the metric on which galaxies and light propagate. With precise enough observations it is then possible to use this data to reconstruct the metric on our past lightcone, therefore anisotropic stress and gravitational potentials can be measured in a model-independent way. We explore the dark degeneracy, or the fact that dark matter and dark energy are indistinguishable, for they affect the visible sector only through the gravitational potential they produce. This degeneracy remains unless a dark energy model is provided: the bias between dark matter and galaxies cannot be determined; and only when the Equivalence Principle is valid, one can identify the velocities of dark matter with that of the galaxies. In spite of these limitations, it is possible to construct tests for classes of dark energy models that are based on measurements at different scales and redshifts and do not depend on parametrizations or initial conditions. We demonstrate how one can rule out the most general class of scalar-tensor models without having to assume quasi-staticity. Finally, we discuss how the dark degeneracy manifests itself in a model-dependent analysis / Doutorado / Física / Doutora em Ciências
84

Modificações vetoriais na relatividade geral : aplicações cosmológicas e no sistema solar / Vector modifications of general relativity : cosmological and solar system applications

Fróes, André Luís Delvas, 1985- 11 April 2008 (has links)
Orientadores: Alberto Vazquez Saa, Marcelo Moraes Guzzo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:44:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Froes_AndreLuisDelvas_D.pdf: 13866800 bytes, checksum: 096d2e613867ddb45ba06cca87c00dec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Na presente tese, após revisão do estado da arte da cosmologia observacional, dos modelos de blindagem cosmológica para campos escalares e de modelos vetoriais para energia escura, foi apresentada a pesquisa original do projeto. Ela consistiu na elaboração do primeiro modelo de blindagem cosmológico aplicável a campos vetoriais, por meio de uma modificação conforme na Relatividade Geral, dependente do módulo do campo. Nos meios onde a densidade é elevada, o campo vetorial oscila em torno de zero, enquanto em meios de baixa densidade ele possui um valor não nulo. Como resultado, o campo vetorial não afeta a evolução no Universo primordial nem gera uma quinta força ou modificações detectáveis na gravitação local. O mecanismo também pode ser utilizado para esconder violações de Lorentz em pequenas escalas. A evolução cosmológica do modelo é estudada em detalhes / Abstract: In this thesis, after a review on the state of the art on observational cosmology, screening mechanisms for scalar fields and vector field models for dark energy, the original research of this project is presented. It consisted in the creation of the first screening mechanism for vector fields, by means of a conformal modification of General Relativity, dependent on the norm of the field. In high density environments, the vector field oscillates around zero, while in low density environments it has a non-null value. As a result, the vector field doesn\'t affect the evolution in the early Universe, nor generates a fifth force or detectable modifications in local gravity. The mechanism can be used as well to hide Lorentz violations in small scales. The cosmological evolution is studied in detail / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências
85

A study of spherical solutions in chameleon scalar-tensor theories

Mohapi, Neo January 2014 (has links)
The equivalence principle has proven to be central to theories of gravity, with General Relativity being the simplest and most elegant theory to embody the principle. Most alternative theories of gravity struggle to satisfy the principle and still be distinct from GR. Extensions of cosmological and quantum theories question the irrefutably of the equivalence at every scale. The possibility of an equivalence principle violation at galactic scales would be an exciting prospect. In this thesis, we will carefully examine the equivalence principle through the study of chameleon scalar-tensor theories, this will include solutions for hypothetical stars known as boson stars. Such theories find varied application, especially in cosmology, where they model dark energy and inflation. The AWE hypothesis, is an instance of this. It is a nonuniversally coupled model in which violations of the equivalence principle on galactic scales may be apparent. We investigate spherically symmetric and static solutions within the framework of this theory. The constraints obtained from galactic rotation curves results in values of the couplings that show no significant violation of the equivalence principle or values consistent with a theory of dark energy
86

Generalized perturbations in modified gravity and dark energy

Pearson, Jonathan Andrew January 2012 (has links)
When recent observational data and the GR+FRW+CDM model are combined we obtain the result that the Universe is accelerating, where the acceleration is due to some not-yet-understood "dark sector". There has been a considerable number of theoretical models constructed in an attempt to provide a description of the dark sector: dark energy and modified gravity theories. The proliferation of modified gravity and dark energy models has brought to light the need to construct a "generic" way to parameterize perturbations in the dark sector. In this thesis we discuss our new way of approaching this problem. We write down an effective action for linearized perturbations to the gravitational field equations for a given field content and use it to compute generalized gravitational field equations for linearized perturbations. Our approach is inspired by that taken in particle physics, where the most general modifications to the standard model are written down for a given field content that is compatible with some assumed symmetry (which we take to be isotropy of the background spatial sections). After applying the formalism we obtain equations of state for dark sector perturbations, where the number of free parameters for wide classes of theories are identified.
87

L’énergie noire et la formation des grandes structures de l’Univers / Dark Energy and the formation of the large scale structures of the Universe

Gleyzes, Jérôme 05 June 2015 (has links)
Dans ma thèse, je vais présenter une méthode que j'ai développée pour traiter les perturbations cosmologiques à l’ordre linéaire, appelée théorie des champs effective de l’énergie noire. Elle a l’avantage de quantifier les déviations du modèle ΛCDM d’une façon compacte et indépendante d’un choix de modèle spécifique. Dans un second temps, je parlerai de nouvelles théories que j'ai découvertes, qui vont au delà des théories d’Horndeski, que l’on pensait être les plus générales pour un système gravité + champ scalaire qui soit stable. En effet, j’expliquerai que les conditions habituelles qui sont requises pour qu’une théorie soit stable, i.e. que ses équations du mouvement ne possèdent pas de termes avec plus de deux dérivées, sont trop restrictives. Ensuite j’exposerai des travaux que j’ai menés sur les ondes gravitationnelles primordiales. Plus spécifiquement, j’expliquerai que les prédictions pour les modes tensoriels venant de l’inflation sont très robustes, contrairement aux modes scalaires. Cela implique en particulier que mesurer le spectre de puissance des ondes gravitationnelles donnerait directement accès à l’échelle d’énergie durant l’inflation. Je terminerai par une description de mon étude des relations de cohérence. Ce sont des relations entre les fonctions de corrélations des champs de densité cosmiques à n + 1 points et à n points, quand un des champs varie beaucoup plus lentement que les autres dans l’espace. Leur intérêt vient du fait que pour les dériver, nous n’avons presque pas besoin d’informations sur les champs qui varient rapidement : seulement que leurs conditions initiales sont gaussiennes, et qu’ils respectent le Principe d’Equivalence. / In this thesis, I will present a method I developped to treat cosmological perturbations at linear order, called the Effective Field Theory for Dark Energy (EFT of DE). It has the advantage of quantifying deviations from the standard model ΛCDM in compact and model independent manner. Secondly, I will discuss new theories that I discovered, that extend Horndeski theories, which were thought to be the most general theories to describe a system gravity + scalar that is stable. Indeed, I will argue that the usual conditions that are required for a theory to be stable, namely that its equations of motion are second-order in derivatives, are too restrictive. Then, I will show the work I did on primordial gravitationnal waves. More precisely, I will explain how the standard predictions for tensor modes coming from inflation are very robust, contrarily to the scalar ones. This implies in particular that measuring the power spectrum from gravitationnal waves would give a direct access to the energy scale of inflation. Finally, I will end by a description of my studies on consistency relations. These are relations between the n+1 and n correlations functions of the cosmic density fields when one of the fields varies much less than the others. They are interesting since the derivation needs very little information on the rapidly varying fields: only that their initial conditions are Gaussian and that they obey the Equivalence Principle.
88

Reduzindo o setor escuro do Universo: uma nova cosmologia acelerada com criação de matéria escura fria / Reducing the Dark Sector of the Universe: A New Accelerating Cosmology with Cold Dark Matter Creation

Felipe Andrade Oliveira 03 May 2010 (has links)
Nesta dissertação nós propomos uma nova cosmologia relativística acelerada cujo conteúdo material é composto apenas por bárions e matéria escura fria. A não existência de uma componente de energia escura implica que nosso cenário é baseado numa redução do chamado setor escuro do universo. Neste modelo, o presente estágio acelerado é determinado pela pressão negativa descrevendo a produção de partículas de matéria escura fria induzida pelo campo gravitacional variável do universo. Para um universo espacialmente plano ($\\Omega _ + \\Omega _b = 1$), como previsto pela inflação, este tipo de cenário possui somente um parâmetro livre e a equação diferencial governando a evolução do fator de escala é exatamente a mesma do modelo $\\Lambda$CDM. Neste caso, encontramos que o parâmetro efetivo de densidade de matéria é $\\Omega_= 1 - \\alpha$, onde $\\alpha$ é um par\\^metro constante ligado à taxa de criação de matéria escura fria. Aplicando um teste estatístico $\\chi^2$ para os dados de Supernovas do tipo Ia (Union Sample 2008), limitamos os par\\^metros livres do modelo nos casos espacialmente plano e com curvatura. Em particular, encontramos que para o caso plano $\\alpha \\sim 0.71$, de forma que $\\Omega_ \\sim 0.29$, como tem sido inferido independentemente por lentes gravitacionais fracas, estrutura de grande escala, radiação cósmica de fundo e outras observações complementares. / In this dissertation we propose a new accelerating relativistic cosmology whose matter content is composed only by baryons and cold dark matter. The nonexistence of a dark energy component implies that our scenario is based on a reduction of the so-called dark sector of the Universe. The present accelerating stage in this model is powered by the negative pressure des\\-cribing the cold dark matter particle production induced by the variable gravitational field of the Universe. For a spatially flat universe ($\\Omega _ + \\Omega _b = 1$), as predicted by inflation, this kind of scenario has only one free parameter and the differential equation governing the evolution of the scale factor is exactly the same of the $\\Lambda$CDM model. In this case, we find that the effectively observed matter density parameter is $\\Omega_ = 1 - \\alpha$, where $\\alpha$ is a constant parameter related to the cold dark matter creation rate. By applying a $\\chi^2$ statistical test for Supernovae type Ia data (Union Sample 2008), we constrain the free parameters of the model for spatially flat and curved cases. In particular, to the flat case we find $\\alpha \\sim 0.71$, so that $\\Omega_ \\sim 0.29$, as independently inferred from weak gravitational lensing, large scale structure, cosmic background radiation, and other complementary observations.
89

Thawing, Scaling and Tracking QUintessence in a Phase Space Perspective : and comparisons to the ΛCDM model / Kvintessens i ett fasrumsperspektiv

Ryberg, Arvid January 2022 (has links)
This thesis aims to give an introduction to quintessence models as well ascomparing those models with the currently accepted ΛCDM model. We willconsider quintessence in a spatially flat and isotropic Universe and useregular dynamical systems on a bounded three dimensional phase spacewhere we perform numerical calculations. This enables a globalunderstanding of these models and makes it possible to give thoroughdescriptions of the dynamics. We will discuss the three different types ofquintessence: Thawing, Scaling and Tracking quintessence and comparethem with the ΛCDM model. This thesis is based on several scientific papersand contains new numerical calculations and associated analysis. / Denna kandidatuppsats syfte är att ge en första inblick i kvintessens samtatt jämföra sådana modeller med den nuvarande accepterade ΛCDMmodellen. Vi studerar kvintessens i ett rumshomogent, isotropt och plantUniversum och använder reguljära dynamiska system i ett begränsattredimensionellt fasrum där vi utför numeriska beräkningar. Detta tillåter englobal undersökning av dessa modeller och gör det möjligt att noggrantbeskriva dynamiken. Vi diskuterar de tre olika typerna av kvintessens:”Thawing”, ”Scaling” och ”Tracking” kvintessens och jämför dessa medΛCDM modellen. Uppsatsen är baserad på flertalet vetenskapliga artiklaroch innehåller nya numeriska beräkningar med tillhörande analys.
90

When Braneworlds Collide

Tuma Niemi, Toivo January 2021 (has links)
This project is an investigation of a cosmological model consisting of a five dimensional AdS-vacuum with a flux. By discharges in the flux, four dimensional bubbles can nucleate in the vacuum and collide with each other while expanding. Our observable universe is considered to be localized on the membrane of such a bubble. The main purpose of the model was to find a possible explanation for dark energy and inflation. We compute the Friedmann equation for an expanding bubble, as well as analytical expressions for the two slow roll parameters ε and η related to slow roll inflation. We also show that there exists a set of parameters of the model where both slow roll parameters are small enough in order for inflation to last for at least 60 Hubble times. However, our model doesn’t survive all consistency checks with today’s observations. We conclude that even if the resulting slow roll parameters look promising, one has to either look harder for a set of ”good” fundamental parameters of the model, or further develop it to have a chance of surviving all consistency checks. / Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Det här projektet undersöker en kosmologisk modell bestående av ett femdimensionellt vakuum med negativ rumtidkrökning. I vakuumet finns ett elektriskt fält, som i högre dimensioner än fyra kallas flux (flöde). Urladdningar i detta flux gör det möjligt för fyrdimensionella bubblor att uppstå i vakuumet. Dessa vakuumbubblor expanderar snabbt och kommer så småningom att kollidera med varandra. Tanken är att vårt fyrdimensionella observerbara universum utgör en del av membranet på en av dessa expanderande vakuumbubblor. De andra vakuumbubblorna kan - om man vill - betraktas som parallella universum. Målet med detta projekt har varit att hitta en möjlig model för kosmisk inflation - epoken i vårt universums ungdom då rummet expanderade enormt snabbt under en väldigt kort tidsperiod. Inflationen i vår modell äger rum när vakuumbubblan för vårt universum kolliderar med andra vakuumbubblor. Vi lyckades visa att den här modellen kan ge upphov till inflation som varar tillräckligt länge för att det ska stämma överens med dagens observationer av vårt observerbara universum. Dock förutspår modellen även andra saker som inte stämmer överens med observationerna. Vår slutsats är att modellen ser lovande ut, men att man antingen behöver undersöka den noggrannare eller utveckla den på något sätt, om den ska ha en chans att stämma överens med universumet vi observerar. / <p>Presentationen skedde över videolänk på grund av Covid-19.</p>

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