The primary objective of this research is to model and optimize wastewater treatment process in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). As the treatment process is complex, its operations pose challenges. Traditional physics-based and mathematical- models have limitations in predicting the behavior of the wastewater process and optimization of its operations. Automated control and information technology enables continuous collection of data. The collected data contains process information allowing to predict and optimize the process. Although the data offered by the WWTP is plentiful, it has not been fully used to extract meaningful information to improve performance of the plant. A data-driven approach is promising in identifying useful patterns and models using algorithms versed in statistics and computational intelligence. Successful data-mining applications have been reported in business, manufacturing, science, and engineering. The focus of this research is to model and optimize the wastewater treatment process and ultimately improve efficiency of WWTPs. To maintain the effluent quality, the influent flow rate, the influent pollutants including the total suspended solids (TSS) and CBOD, are predicted in short-term and long-term to provide information to efficiently operate the treatment process. To reduce energy consumption and improve energy efficiency, the process of biogas production, activated sludge process and pumping station are modeled and optimized with evolutionary computation algorithms. Modeling and optimization of wastewater treatment processes faces three major challenges. The first one is related to the data. As wastewater treatment includes physical, chemical, and biological processes, and instruments collecting large volumes of data. Many variables in the dataset are strongly coupled. The data is noisy, uncertain, and incomplete. Therefore, several preprocessing algorithms should be used to preprocess the data, reduce its dimensionality, and determine import variables. The second challenge is in the temporal nature of the process. Different data-mining algorithms are used to obtain accurate models. The last challenge is the optimization of the process models. As the models are usually highly nonlinear and dynamic, novel evolutionary computational algorithms are used. This research addresses these three challenges. The major contribution of this research is in modeling and optimizing the wastewater treatment process with a data-driven approach. The process model built is then optimized with evolutionary computational algorithms to find the optimal solutions for improving process efficiency and reducing energy consumption.

The test of homogeneity for intraclass correlation coefficients has been one of the active topics in statistical research. Several chi-square tests have been proposed to test the homogeneity of intraclass correlations in the past few decades. The big concern for them is that these methods are seriously biased when sample sizes are not large. In this thesis, data driven approaches are proposed to testing the homogeneity of intraclass correlation coefficients of several populations. Through simulation study, data driven methods have been proved to be less biased and accurate than some commonly used chi-square tests.

This project presents a Materials Informatics Workbench that resolves the challenges confronting materials scientists in the aspects of materials science data assimilation and dissemination. It adopts an approach that has ingeniously combined and extended the technologies of the Semantic Web, Web Service Business Process Execution Language (WSBPEL) and Open Archive Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE). These technologies enable the development of novel user interfaces and innovative algorithms and techniques behind the major components of the proposed workbench. In recent years, materials scientists have been struggling with the challenge of dealing with the ever-increasing amount of complex materials science data that are available from online sources and generated by the high-throughput laboratory instruments and data-intensive software tools, respectively. Meanwhile, the funding organizations have encouraged, and even mandated, the sponsored researchers across many domains to make the scientifically-valuable data, together with the traditional scholarly publications, available to the public. This open access requirement provides the opportunity for materials scientists who are able to exploit the available data to expedite the discovery of novel compound materials. However, it also poses challenges for them. The materials scientists raise concerns about the difficulties of precisely locating and processing diverse, but related, data from different data sources and of effectively managing laboratory information and data. In addition, they also lack the simple tools for data access and publication, and require measures for Intellectual Property protection and standards for data sharing, exchange and reuse. The following paragraphs describe how the major workbench components resolve these challenges. First, the materials science ontology, represented in the Web Ontology Language (OWL), enables, (1) the mapping between and the integration of the disparate materials science databases, (2) the modelling of experimental provenance information acquired in the physical and digital domains and, (3) the inferencing and extraction of new knowledge within the materials science domain. Next, the federated search interface based on the materials science ontology enables the materials scientists to search, retrieve, correlate and integrate diverse, but related, materials science data and information across disparate databases. Then, a workflow management system underpinning the WSBPEL engine is not only able to manage the scientific investigation process that incorporates multidisciplinary scientists distributed over a wide geographic region and self-contained computational services, but also systematically acquire the experimental data and information generated by the process. Finally, the provenance-aware scientific compound-object publishing system provides the scientists with a view of the highly complex scientific workflow at multiple-grained levels. Thus, they can easily comprehend the science of the workflow, access experimental information and keep the confidential information from unauthorised viewers. It also enables the scientists to quickly and easily author and publish a scientific compound object that, (1) incorporates not only the internal experimental data with the provenance information from the rendered view of a scientific experimental workflow, but also external digital objects with the metadata, for example, published scholarly papers discoverable via the World Wide Web (the Web), (2) is self- contained and explanatory with IP protection and, (3) is guaranteed to be disseminated widely on the Web. The prototype systems of the major workbench components have been developed. The quality of the material science ontology has been assessed, based on Gruber’s principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge–sharing, while its applicability has been evaluated through two of the workbench components, the ontology-based federated search interface and the provenance-aware scientific compound object publishing system. Those prototype systems have been deployed within a team of fuel cell scientists working within the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) at the University of Queensland. Following the user evaluation, the overall feedback to date has been very positive. First, the scientists were impressed with the convenience of the ontology-based federated search interface because of the easy and quick access to the integrated databases and analytical tools. Next, they felt the surge of the relief that the complex compound synthesis process could be managed by and monitored through the WSBPEL workflow management system. They were also excited because the system is able to systematically acquire huge amounts of complex experimental data produced by self-contained computational services that is no longer handled manually with paper-based laboratory notebooks. Finally, the scientific compound object publishing system inspired them to publish their data voluntarily, because it provides them with a scientific-friendly and intuitive interface that enables scientists to, (1) intuitively access experimental data and information, (2) author self-contained and explanatory scientific compound objects that incorporate experimental data and information about research outcomes, and published scholarly papers and peer-reviewed datasets to strengthen those outcomes, (3) enforce proper measures for IP protection, (4) comply those objects with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol – Object Exchange and Reuse (OAI-ORE) to maximize its dissemination over the Web and,(5) ingest those objects into a Fedora-based digital library.

This project presents a Materials Informatics Workbench that resolves the challenges confronting materials scientists in the aspects of materials science data assimilation and dissemination. It adopts an approach that has ingeniously combined and extended the technologies of the Semantic Web, Web Service Business Process Execution Language (WSBPEL) and Open Archive Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE). These technologies enable the development of novel user interfaces and innovative algorithms and techniques behind the major components of the proposed workbench. In recent years, materials scientists have been struggling with the challenge of dealing with the ever-increasing amount of complex materials science data that are available from online sources and generated by the high-throughput laboratory instruments and data-intensive software tools, respectively. Meanwhile, the funding organizations have encouraged, and even mandated, the sponsored researchers across many domains to make the scientifically-valuable data, together with the traditional scholarly publications, available to the public. This open access requirement provides the opportunity for materials scientists who are able to exploit the available data to expedite the discovery of novel compound materials. However, it also poses challenges for them. The materials scientists raise concerns about the difficulties of precisely locating and processing diverse, but related, data from different data sources and of effectively managing laboratory information and data. In addition, they also lack the simple tools for data access and publication, and require measures for Intellectual Property protection and standards for data sharing, exchange and reuse. The following paragraphs describe how the major workbench components resolve these challenges. First, the materials science ontology, represented in the Web Ontology Language (OWL), enables, (1) the mapping between and the integration of the disparate materials science databases, (2) the modelling of experimental provenance information acquired in the physical and digital domains and, (3) the inferencing and extraction of new knowledge within the materials science domain. Next, the federated search interface based on the materials science ontology enables the materials scientists to search, retrieve, correlate and integrate diverse, but related, materials science data and information across disparate databases. Then, a workflow management system underpinning the WSBPEL engine is not only able to manage the scientific investigation process that incorporates multidisciplinary scientists distributed over a wide geographic region and self-contained computational services, but also systematically acquire the experimental data and information generated by the process. Finally, the provenance-aware scientific compound-object publishing system provides the scientists with a view of the highly complex scientific workflow at multiple-grained levels. Thus, they can easily comprehend the science of the workflow, access experimental information and keep the confidential information from unauthorised viewers. It also enables the scientists to quickly and easily author and publish a scientific compound object that, (1) incorporates not only the internal experimental data with the provenance information from the rendered view of a scientific experimental workflow, but also external digital objects with the metadata, for example, published scholarly papers discoverable via the World Wide Web (the Web), (2) is self- contained and explanatory with IP protection and, (3) is guaranteed to be disseminated widely on the Web. The prototype systems of the major workbench components have been developed. The quality of the material science ontology has been assessed, based on Gruber’s principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge–sharing, while its applicability has been evaluated through two of the workbench components, the ontology-based federated search interface and the provenance-aware scientific compound object publishing system. Those prototype systems have been deployed within a team of fuel cell scientists working within the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) at the University of Queensland. Following the user evaluation, the overall feedback to date has been very positive. First, the scientists were impressed with the convenience of the ontology-based federated search interface because of the easy and quick access to the integrated databases and analytical tools. Next, they felt the surge of the relief that the complex compound synthesis process could be managed by and monitored through the WSBPEL workflow management system. They were also excited because the system is able to systematically acquire huge amounts of complex experimental data produced by self-contained computational services that is no longer handled manually with paper-based laboratory notebooks. Finally, the scientific compound object publishing system inspired them to publish their data voluntarily, because it provides them with a scientific-friendly and intuitive interface that enables scientists to, (1) intuitively access experimental data and information, (2) author self-contained and explanatory scientific compound objects that incorporate experimental data and information about research outcomes, and published scholarly papers and peer-reviewed datasets to strengthen those outcomes, (3) enforce proper measures for IP protection, (4) comply those objects with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol – Object Exchange and Reuse (OAI-ORE) to maximize its dissemination over the Web and,(5) ingest those objects into a Fedora-based digital library.

Vehicle activated signs (VAS) display a warning message when drivers exceed a particular threshold. VAS are often installed on local roads to display a warning message depending on the speed of the approaching vehicles. VAS are usually powered by electricity; however, battery and solar powered VAS are also commonplace. This thesis investigated devel-opment of an automatic trigger speed of vehicle activated signs in order to influence driver behaviour, the effect of which has been measured in terms of reduced mean speed and low standard deviation. A comprehen-sive understanding of the effectiveness of the trigger speed of the VAS on driver behaviour was established by systematically collecting data. Specif-ically, data on time of day, speed, length and direction of the vehicle have been collected for the purpose, using Doppler radar installed at the road. A data driven calibration method for the radar used in the experiment has also been developed and evaluated. Results indicate that trigger speed of the VAS had variable effect on driv-ers’ speed at different sites and at different times of the day. It is evident that the optimal trigger speed should be set near the 85th percentile speed, to be able to lower the standard deviation. In the case of battery and solar powered VAS, trigger speeds between the 50th and 85th per-centile offered the best compromise between safety and power consump-tion. Results also indicate that different classes of vehicles report differ-ences in mean speed and standard deviation; on a highway, the mean speed of cars differs slightly from the mean speed of trucks, whereas a significant difference was observed between the classes of vehicles on lo-cal roads. A differential trigger speed was therefore investigated for the sake of completion. A data driven approach using Random forest was found to be appropriate in predicting trigger speeds respective to types of vehicles and traffic conditions. The fact that the predicted trigger speed was found to be consistently around the 85th percentile speed justifies the choice of the automatic model.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22687号 / 医博第4631号 / 新制||医||1045(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 山下 潤, 教授 木村 剛, 教授 浅野 雅秀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

In the last 10 years, no significant increase in the peak electricity consumption of the region of Stockholm has been observed, despite new customers being connected to the grid. But, as urbanization continues and with electrification being a decisive step of decarbonization pathways, more growth is expected in the future. However, the Swedish Transmission System Operator (TSO), Svenska Kraftnat, can only supply a limited power to Stockholm region. Distribution System Operators (DSOs) such as Vattenfall Eldistribution, which operates two thirds Stockholm region's distribution grid, need to find solutions to satisfy an increasing demand with a limited power supply. In these times, forecasting the worst-case scenarios, i.e., the highest possible loads, becomes a critical question. In Sweden, peak loads are usually triggered by the coldest temperatures, but the recent winters have been mild: this brings uncertainty about a possible underlying temperature adjusted growth that would be masked by relatively warm winters. Answering the question 'What would be the highest loads in 2022 with -20°C in Stockholm region ?' could help Vattenfall Eldistribution estimating the flexibility needed nowadays and designing the future grid with the necessary grid reinforcements. This master thesis uses a data-driven approach based on eleven years of hourly data on the period 2010-2021 to investigate the temperature sensitivity of aggregated electricity load in Stockholm region. First, an exploratory analysis aims at quantifying how large the growth has been in the past ten years and at understanding how and when peak loads occur. The insights obtained help design two innovative regression techniques that investigate the evolution of the loads across years and provide first estimates of peak loads. Then, a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous regressors (SARIMAX) process is used to model a full winter of load as a function of temperatures. This third method provides new and more reliable estimates of peak loads in 2022 at e.g. -20°C. Eventually, the SARIMAX estimates are kept and a synthesis of the global outlooks of the three methods and possible extensions of the SARIMAX method is presented in a final section. The results conclude on a significant increase in the load levels in southern Stockholm ('Stockholm Sodra') between 2010 and 2015 and stable evolution onwards, while the electric consumption in Northern Stockholm remained stable during the period 2010-2021. During a very cold winter, the electricity demand is expected to exceed the subscription levels during about 300h in Stockholm Sodra and 200h in Stockholm Norra. However, this will be a rare occurrence, which suggests that short-term solutions could be privileged rather than costly grid extension work. Many questions arise, and the capability of local heat & power production and electricity prices signals to regulate today's demand are yet to investigate. Additional work exploring future demand scenarios at a smaller scale could also be contemplated. / Under den senaste årtionden har Stockholms toppkonsumtion av el inte ökat markant trots nya elkunder som ansluter till elnätet. Med en snabb urbanisering, är ökad elektrifiering en huvudlösning för att uppnå ett fossilfritt samhälle och denna trend förväntas fortsätta under kommande årtionden. Samtidigt börjar den svenska transmissionsnätoperatören (TSO) Svenska kraftnät få problem med att leverera elkraft till Stockholmsregionen, på grund av en begränsad överföringskapacitet. Därför måste lokala eldistributörer (DSO), liksom Vattenfall Eldistribution, som är Sveriges största DSO med systemansvar för distributionssystem, undersöka nya lösningar för att uppfylla den ökande efterfrågan på el. Det blir dessutom mycket viktigt att identifiera de värsta tänkbara scenario, som att göra prognos av högsta möjliga elförbrukning. Stockholm konsumerar exempelvis mest el när det är som kallast – men de senaste vintrarna har varit milda jämfört med till exempel vintrarna 2010 – 2011 eller 2012 – 2013 då temperaturer i Stockholmsregion mättes till under -20°C grader för flera dagar i sträck. Detta resulterar i en relevant frågeställning: ” Vad skulle Stockholms elkonsumtion vid -20°C bli 2021 eller 2022?”. Att kvantitativt kunna besvara denna fråga skulle hjälpa Vattenfall med att designa framtidens elnät samt se till att det finns rätt mängd flexibilitet i reserv i nuvarande Stockholm Flex elmarknad. Detta examensarbete utgår från att kvantitativt analysera denna frågeställning. Utgångsläget är ett datadrivet tillvägagångssätt baserat på tio års tidseriedata för att undersöka temperaturkänsligheten för det aggregerade elbehovet i Stockholmsregionen, och dra slutsatser om dess utveckling genom åren. I första hand, utförs en explorativ analys för att förstå när och hur toppbelastning kan hända. Då hjälper dessa insikter till att utforma två innovativa regressionsmetoder för att undersöka utvecklingen av elförbrukning under det senaste decenniet och uppskatta värdet på toppbelastningen. Därefter används ett säsongmässigt autoregressivt integrerat rörligt genomsnitt med exogena faktorer (SARIMAX) för att modellera en vinter som en funktion av temperaturerna. Denna tredje metod behandlar nya och mer tillförlitliga beräkningar av toppbelastning värden i 2022 på -20°C. Huvudslutsatser från examensarbetet är att elförbrukningen skulle öka i området Stockholm Södra speciellt mellan 2010 och 2015, medan elförbrukningen skulle vara stabil under hela perioden i området Stockholm Norra. Det finns en risk för att under ett antal timmar vid riktigt kall vinter, ha ett elbehov högre än Vattenfall Eldistributions summa av abonnemang. Dock är det väldigt låg sannolikhet att detta händer, vilket innebär att det förmodligen finns andra sätt att hantera denna efterfråga på el än att öka överföringskapaciteten i elnätet. Examensarbetet resulterar i flera frågor. Exempelvis att utreda möjligheter i att utnyttja lokala el och värmekraftverk och använda elprissignaler. Ytterligare arbete kan också undersöka scenarier av den framtida elförbrukning i en mindre skala.

The big data framework applied to smart meters offers an exception platform for data-driven forecasting and decision making to achieve sustainable energy efficiency. Buying-in consumer confidence through respecting occupants' energy consumption behavior and preferences towards improved participation in various energy programs is imperative but difficult to obtain. The key elements for understanding and predicting household energy consumption are activities occupants perform, appliances and the times that appliances are used, and inter-appliance dependencies. This information can be extracted from the context rich big data from smart meters, although this is challenging because: (1) it is not trivial to mine complex interdependencies between appliances from multiple concurrent data streams; (2) it is difficult to derive accurate relationships between interval based events, where multiple appliance usage persist; (3) continuous generation of the energy consumption data can trigger changes in appliance associations with time and appliances. To overcome these challenges, we propose an unsupervised progressive incremental data mining technique using frequent pattern mining (appliance-appliance associations) and cluster analysis (appliance-time associations) coupled with a Bayesian network based prediction model. The proposed technique addresses the need to analyze temporal energy consumption patterns at the appliance level, which directly reflect consumers' behaviors and provide a basis for generalizing household energy models. Extensive experiments were performed on the model with real-world datasets and strong associations were discovered. The accuracy of the proposed model for predicting multiple appliances usage outperformed support vector machine during every stage while attaining accuracy of 81.65\%, 85.90\%, 89.58\% for 25\%, 50\% and 75\% of the training dataset size respectively. Moreover, accuracy results of 81.89\%, 75.88\%, 79.23\%, 74.74\%, and 72.81\% were obtained for short-term (hours), and long-term (day, week, month, and season) energy consumption forecasts, respectively.

Contexte. Les premières années de vie apparaissent particulièrement propices au développement de la sensibilisation allergénique. Objectifs. Cette thèse vise à : i) décrire les profils de sensibilisation allergénique chez le nourrisson et l’enfant, ii) étudier l’association entre ces profils et la morbidité allergique et iii) identifier les facteurs de risque de cette sensibilisation. Méthodes. Dans le cadre du suivi de la cohorte prospective de naissances en population générale Pollution and Asthma Risk: an Infant Study (PARIS), la sensibilisation allergénique a été évaluée chez 1 860 nourrissons à 18 mois et 1 007 enfants à 8/9 ans par dosage des IgE spécifiques dirigées contre 16 et 19 allergènes, respectivement. Les informations concernant la santé et le cadre de vie des enfants ont été recueillies par questionnaires standardisés répétés. Des profils de sensibilisation et des profils de morbidité ont été identifiés par classification non supervisée et mis en relation par régression logistique multinomiale. Enfin, les facteurs associés à la sensibilisation allergénique chez le nourrisson ont été étudiés par régression logistique multivariée. Résultats. Dès 18 mois, 13,8% des enfants étaient sensibilisés et 6,2%, multi-sensibilisés. À 8/9 ans, ces prévalences étaient de 34,5% et 19,8%, respectivement. Les profils de sensibilisation identifiés chez le nourrisson (3) et dans l’enfance (5) différaient au regard de la morbidité allergique. L’analyse étiologique a permis de préciser le rôle des expositions précoces aux allergènes et aux microorganismes sur la sensibilisation allergénique. Conclusion. Cette thèse contribue à une meilleure compréhension de l’histoire naturelle de la sensibilisation allergénique, et ce, dès les premières années de vie. Cette connaissance est essentielle à la prévention des maladies allergiques qui en découlent. / Background. The first years of life appear to be critical for the development of allergic sensitization. Objectives. This thesis aims: i) to describe allergic sensitization profiles in infants and children, ii) to assess the link between these sensitization profiles and allergic morbidity, and iii) to identify risk factors for allergic sensitization. Methods. This work concerns children involved in the Pollution and Asthma Risk: an Infant Study (PARIS) population-based prospective birth cohort. Allergic sensitization was assessed in 1,860 18-month-old infants and 1,007 8/9-year-old children by specific IgE measurements towards 16 and 19 allergens, respectively. Lifelong health and living condition data were collected by repeated standardized questionnaires. Sensitization profiles and morbidity profiles were identified using unsupervised classification, and related to each other by multinomial logistic regression. Finally, risk factors for early allergic sensitization were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Results. As soon as 18 months of age, 13.8% of children were sensitized and 6.2%, multi-sensitized. When 8/9 years old, corresponding prevalence was 34.5% and 19.8%, respectively. Sensitization profiles identified in infancy (3) and in childhood (5) differed in terms of allergic morbidity. Risk factor analysis allowed to clarify the role of early exposure to allergens and microorganisms on allergic sensitization. Conclusion. This thesis improves the natural history of allergic sensitization understanding, as soon as the first years of life. This knowledge is essential for subsequent disease preventing.

Les travaux de cette thèse visent à apporter des éléments de solutions au problème de la durée de vie des systèmes pile à combustible (FCS – Fuel Cell System) de type à « membrane échangeuse de protons » (PEM – Proton Exchange Membrane) et se décline sur deux champs disciplinaires complémentaires :Une première approche vise à augmenter la durée de vie de celle-ci par la conception et la mise en œuvre d'une architecture de pronostic et de gestion de l'état de santé (PHM – Prognostics & Health Management). Les PEM-FCS, de par leur technologie, sont par essence des systèmes multi-physiques (électriques, fluidiques, électrochimiques, thermiques, mécaniques, etc.) et multi-échelles (de temps et d'espace) dont les comportements sont difficilement appréhendables. La nature non linéaire des phénomènes, le caractère réversible ou non des dégradations, et les interactions entre composants rendent effectivement difficile une étape de modélisation des défaillances. De plus, le manque d'homogénéité (actuel) dans le processus de fabrication rend difficile la caractérisation statistique de leur comportement. Le déploiement d'une solution PHM permettrait en effet d'anticiper et d'éviter les défaillances, d'évaluer l'état de santé, d'estimer le temps de vie résiduel du système, et finalement, d'envisager des actions de maîtrise (contrôle et/ou maintenance) pour assurer la continuité de fonctionnement. Une deuxième approche propose d'avoir recours à une hybridation passive de la PEMFC avec des super-condensateurs (UC – Ultra Capacitor) de façon à faire fonctionner la pile au plus proche de ses conditions opératoires optimales et ainsi, à minimiser l'impact du vieillissement. Les UCs apparaissent comme une source complémentaire à la PEMFC en raison de leur forte densité de puissance, de leur capacité de charge/décharge rapide, de leur réversibilité et de leur grande durée de vie. Si l'on prend l'exemple des véhicules à pile à combustible, l'association entre une PEMFC et des UCs peut être réalisée en utilisant un système hybride de type actif ou passif. Le comportement global du système dépend à la fois du choix de l'architecture et du positionnement de ces éléments en lien avec la charge électrique. Aujourd'hui, les recherches dans ce domaine se focalisent essentiellement sur la gestion d'énergie entre les sources et stockeurs embarqués ; et sur la définition et l'optimisation d'une interface électronique de puissance destinée à conditionner le flux d'énergie entre eux. Cependant, la présence de convertisseurs statiques augmente les sources de défaillances et pannes (défaillance des interrupteurs du convertisseur statique lui-même, impact des oscillations de courant haute fréquence sur le vieillissement de la pile), et augmente également les pertes énergétiques du système complet (même si le rendement du convertisseur statique est élevé, il dégrade néanmoins le bilan global). / This thesis work aims to provide solutions for the limited lifetime of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems (PEM-FCS) based on two complementary disciplines:A first approach consists in increasing the lifetime of the PEM-FCS by designing and implementing a Prognostics & Health Management (PHM) architecture. The PEM-FCS are essentially multi-physical systems (electrical, fluid, electrochemical, thermal, mechanical, etc.) and multi-scale (time and space), thus its behaviors are hardly understandable. The nonlinear nature of phenomena, the reversibility or not of degradations and the interactions between components makes it quite difficult to have a failure modeling stage. Moreover, the lack of homogeneity (actual) in the manufacturing process makes it difficult for statistical characterization of their behavior. The deployment of a PHM solution would indeed anticipate and avoid failures, assess the state of health, estimate the Remaining Useful Lifetime (RUL) of the system and finally consider control actions (control and/or maintenance) to ensure operation continuity.A second approach proposes to use a passive hybridization of the PEMFC with Ultra Capacitors (UC) to operate the fuel cell closer to its optimum operating conditions and thereby minimize the impact of aging. The UC appear as an additional source to the PEMFC due to their high power density, their capacity to charge/discharge rapidly, their reversibility and their long life. If we take the example of fuel cell hybrid electrical vehicles, the association between a PEMFC and UC can be performed using a hybrid of active or passive type system. The overall behavior of the system depends on both, the choice of the architecture and the positioning of these elements in connection with the electric charge. Today, research in this area focuses mainly on energy management between the sources and embedded storage and the definition and optimization of a power electronic interface designated to adjust the flow of energy between them. However, the presence of power converters increases the source of faults and failures (failure of the switches of the power converter and the impact of high frequency current oscillations on the aging of the PEMFC), and also increases the energy losses of the entire system (even if the performance of the power converter is high, it nevertheless degrades the overall system).