In recent years, the Smart Grid has grown to be the solution for future electrical energy that promises to avoid blackouts as well as to be energy efficient, environmentally and customer-friendly. In Smart Grid, the customer-friendly applications are a key element that provides the feature for recognizing the active expenditure of current energy via an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) subsystem. In fact, the smart meter, as a major part of AMI that is installed in residences, which provides more details about a consumer‟s usage. The smart meter measures hour-by-hour usage of a house, and then instantly transmits the record to the utility via two-way communications, unlike the previous electrical system that collects all usage monthly. However, the live measurement of the usage creates a potential privacy leak since each electrical usage records the behaviour of consumers in the home. Therefore, any communication channel between customers and utility should have some sort of confidentiality which protects consumer privacy. In reality, smart meters are generally located in an insecure area of the house (outside), therefore anyone can potentially tamper with the device, noting the fact that it is low-end device. As a result, there is a great possibility of compromising the smart meter, resulting in disclosure of consumer usage. Actually, the nature of a smart meter, and the cost constraints, create a challenge to secure the network. Therefore, the dual motivating problems are the protection of consumer privacy as well as achieving cost efficiency. In this research, we propose a new secure and compromise resilient architecture that continues two major components: a smart meters compromise attack detection scheme and a secure usage reporting protocol. Firstly, the smart meters compromise attack detection scheme improves the security of the smart meter, preventing an adversary from compromising the smart meter. Secondly, the secure usage reporting protocol improves the security of communication between the smart meter and the utility, preventing an adversary from identifying each household's usage reported by smart meters. / UOIT

Smart grid is an advanced electrical grid equipped with communication capability which is utilized to improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity services. Countries within Europe, North America and East Asia are undergoing a transformation from an antiquated infrastructure to the smart grid. However, some of problems arise due to the security and privacy issues of smart grid. Since smart meters and a grid operator can interact through its communication channel, there is a possibility that a hacker can hack into the system to steal information or even cut off the electricity service. Moreover, people are protesting and refusing to use smart meter since it enables the grid operator to perform frequent meter reading which unveils the customers¡¦ private energy usage information that could be abused. To cope with the privacy issue, we proposed an enhanced version of aggregation protocol from Garcia-Jacobs protocol where our protocol protects not only customers¡¦ energy consumption information but also the consumption information of a neighborhood. Furthermore, we proposed a novel privacy preserving billing protocol based on Priced Oblivious Transfer (POT) protocol which guarantees the grid operator to get the correct amount of money without knowing the individual energy consumption of the customers. Additionally, we also implement our proposed protocols.

The issue of energy shortage has arisen in recent years. All countries must discuss the manner to reduce energy consumption, and smart grid is a better one of the solutions. According to related researches, energy consumption can be effectively reduced using energy management information of smart grids. By using smart grids, electricity suppliers can learn about the current energy consumption of neighborhoods, and control the electrical energy generation and price of electrical energy. Users can learn the current price of electrical energy and obtain energy management information from smart meters for energy management and device control. However, electricity consumptions of users may divulge the privacy information of users. Therefore, privacy of users and communication security of smart grid become crucial security issues. In this thesis, we propose a provably secure power usage data aggregation scheme for smart grids. Electricity suppliers can learn about the current power usage of neighborhoods without knowing the individual electricity consumption of each user, and use the current power usage of neighborhoods to arrange energy distribution. Therefore, electricity suppliers cannot use the data to reveal lifestyles of each user. In our scheme, the transmission information is encrypted and signed to prevent theft or tampering of data. Finally, we also provide formal proofs for our scheme in this thesis.

Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier l’impact du retour d’information (feedback) vers les ménages sur leur capacité de maîtrise de leur consommation d’électricité et s’est appuyée sur une expérimentation menée sur le terrain, dans le cadre d’un projet intitulé TicElec, réalisé dans la commune de Biot, dans les Alpes-Maritimes (un département marqué par des contraintes d’approvisionnement en électricité, en périodes froides) et associant l’Université, les Autorités locales et un Bureau d’études. Notre problématique qui a porté sur l’impact de plusieurs types de feedback (inspirée par la typologie des feedback développée par Darby (2006a)) appliqués à trois groupes de consommateurs, sur une durée supérieure à six mois, a montré l’existence de différents comportements de consommation et de maîtrise de la demande d’électricité des ménages étudiés, plus ou moins marqués par le manque d’information sur leurs modes de consommation, c'est-à-dire le maillon faible des stratégies de maîtrise de l’énergie. Nous avons également montré que les résultats varient selon le type d’information transmis, la nature et la durée du feedback, mais que de manière générale, le feedback sur consommation (direct ou indirect) a été efficace pour la maîtrise de la demande d’électricité (par réduction et effacement en pointe), même si la réduction était plus grande chez les groupes à feedback direct, par action sur les comportements de restriction (Curtailment behavior), sans toutefois déclencher les comportements d’efficience (Efficiency behavior) et de maintenance (Maintenance behavior), compte tenu des coûts et des délais de leur mise en œuvre. / This thesis aims to study the impact of feedback to households on their ability to control their electricity consumption and was based on an experiment conducted in the field, as part of a project called TicElec (Technologies de l'Information pour une Consommation Electrique Responsable), produced in the town of Biot, in Alpes-Maritimes (a department marked by power supply constraints in cold periods) and associating University, local authorities and a consulting firm. Our problematic which focused on the impact of several types of feedback (inspired by the typology of feedback developed by Darby (2006a)) applied to three groups of consumers over a period greater than six months, showed the existence of different consumer behavior and control of the electricity demand of households studied, more or less marked by the lack of information about their consumption patterns, that is to say, the weak link in energy management strategies. We also have shown that the results depend on the type of transmitted information, the nature and duration of feedback, but in general, the feedback on consumption (direct or indirect) was effective in controlling the application for electricity (by reduction and erasing peak), although the reduction was greater in groups direct feedback by acting on the Curtailment behavior, without triggering Efficiency behavior and Maintenance behavior, given the costs and time of implementation.

Este trabalho consiste em apresentar o desenvolvimento de um Smart meter, integrado a um analisador de qualidade de energia, para análise de distorções harmônicas, utilizando método de redes neurais artificiais embarcado em hardware. Tal Smart meter está incluído dentro dos conceitos de Smart Grid, que serão apresentados também neste trabalho. O intuito do desenvolvimento do Smart meter para análise de distorções harmônicas é auxiliar concessionárias de energia elétrica a identificar que tipo de carga o consumidor utiliza em sua residência, a fim de contribuir para a tomada de decisões apropriadas, tais como a diminuição da emissão de correntes harmônicas, demanda de energia, detecção de falhas no fornecimento de energia elétrica e faturas diferenciadas de acordo com a quantidade de harmônicas injetadas na rede elétrica. Adicionalmente, observou-se que o Smart meter desenvolvido pode ser ainda utilizado para detectar fenômenos de VTCD, como elevação, afundamento e interrupção de energia. Todo o processo de desenvolvimento do Smart meter é apresentado no decorrer desta tese de doutorado. / This thesis consists to present the development of a Smart Meter integrated to power quality analyzer for the analysis of harmonic distortion, using methods based on artificial neural networks in embedded hardware. This Smart Meter is included within the concepts of Smart Grid, which will be also presented in this work. The intention of the development of the Smart Meter for analysis of harmonic distortion is to assist utilities companies to identify what loads type the consumer uses at your residence in order to contribute for supporting decisions, such as reducing the emission of the harmonic currents, power demand and faults detection in electric energy supply and distinct bills according to the amount of harmonics injected into the power grid. In addition, it was observed that this developed Smart Meter can be even used to detect the VTCD phenomena, such as swell, sag and interruption of the energy supply. All development steps of this Smart Meter is presented in this doctoral thesis.

Este trabalho consiste em apresentar o desenvolvimento de um Smart meter, integrado a um analisador de qualidade de energia, para análise de distorções harmônicas, utilizando método de redes neurais artificiais embarcado em hardware. Tal Smart meter está incluído dentro dos conceitos de Smart Grid, que serão apresentados também neste trabalho. O intuito do desenvolvimento do Smart meter para análise de distorções harmônicas é auxiliar concessionárias de energia elétrica a identificar que tipo de carga o consumidor utiliza em sua residência, a fim de contribuir para a tomada de decisões apropriadas, tais como a diminuição da emissão de correntes harmônicas, demanda de energia, detecção de falhas no fornecimento de energia elétrica e faturas diferenciadas de acordo com a quantidade de harmônicas injetadas na rede elétrica. Adicionalmente, observou-se que o Smart meter desenvolvido pode ser ainda utilizado para detectar fenômenos de VTCD, como elevação, afundamento e interrupção de energia. Todo o processo de desenvolvimento do Smart meter é apresentado no decorrer desta tese de doutorado. / This thesis consists to present the development of a Smart Meter integrated to power quality analyzer for the analysis of harmonic distortion, using methods based on artificial neural networks in embedded hardware. This Smart Meter is included within the concepts of Smart Grid, which will be also presented in this work. The intention of the development of the Smart Meter for analysis of harmonic distortion is to assist utilities companies to identify what loads type the consumer uses at your residence in order to contribute for supporting decisions, such as reducing the emission of the harmonic currents, power demand and faults detection in electric energy supply and distinct bills according to the amount of harmonics injected into the power grid. In addition, it was observed that this developed Smart Meter can be even used to detect the VTCD phenomena, such as swell, sag and interruption of the energy supply. All development steps of this Smart Meter is presented in this doctoral thesis.

Si le numérique transforme le secteur de l’énergie, l’ampleur et les formes prises par cette évolution restent à étudier. La conception du compteur communicant Linky a été accompagnée dès 2005 de nombreuses tentatives de redéfinition des conduites individuelles, prônant l’avènement d’un « consommateur intelligent » (smart consumer), qui repose à la fois sur une logique d’ouverture des marchés de l’énergie et sur un principe d’économie et de transition énergétique. Or, l’installation de cette nouvelle technologie, déjà installée dans de nombreux autres pays depuis le début des années 2000, fait débat, et ce, depuis son lancement expérimental en 2010.Contre une rationalité sans lieu et sans histoire du compteur Linky, cette thèse en sociologie de l’innovation propose d’analyser les formes de politisation et les modalités d’appropriation que suscitent la conception, la réception et le fonctionnement de cette nouvelle technologie. Cette étude met en évidence que les qualifications du compteur Linky dépassent les espaces de conception : le sens et les appropriations se construisent au sein des mondes sociaux parties prenantes du compteur Linky. À chacune des étapes d’innovation dans les mondes sociaux étudiés du compteur Linky, de nouvelles controverses apparaissent, s’articulant autour de débats en apparence très éloignés les uns des autres. Le compteur Linky, en tant qu’infrastructure de numérisation du monde de l’énergie, agit ainsi comme un révélateur de nouvelles interrogations, à l’aune de débats contemporains sur la consommation, la santé, et le numérique, tels que négociés par plusieurs « entrepreneurs de cause », qu’ils soient professionnels ou non (défenseurs de la protection des données personnelles, collectifs électrohypersensibles, promoteurs de la transition énergétique, militants de l’ouverture des données personnelles, personnels de terrain). Omniprésente, les figures de l’usager et du citoyen n’ont de cesse d’être invoquées au sein de ces régimes de dénonciations : usager acteur de ses consommations, précaires énergétiques, victimes sanitaires, personnes dont la vie privée est atteinte, etc.Braquer le projecteur sur la nouveauté du compteur Linky ou les controverses médiatiques qu’il suscite masque en partie l’ensemble des régulations à l’œuvre opérées par les mondes sociaux du compteur Linky : la thèse montre que les dynamiques de controverses sont liées à des spécificités locales (histoire sociopolitique des territoires ; réseaux associatifs et politiques ; caractéristiques des parcs de compteurs analogiques). L’étude de la relation de service des professionnels de terrain/clients montre également le poids des régulations de proximité : après une intense phase de résolution de litiges, les professionnels vont resserrer le sens et les usages de l’infrastructure dans le cadre d’une relation de service pacifiée autour de la figure d’un client honnête tenu à distance de son infrastructure de comptage. Le compteur Linky — cequ’il devrait être, ce qu’il devient finalement — donne à voir une pluralité de modèles de société (société sobre en économies d’énergie, société « connectée », etc.). C’est à l’analyse de ce processus, de cette « mise en société », présidant la transformation et l’adaptation du compteur Linky, que cette thèse est consacrée.Cette recherche, en partenariat avec le Groupe de Recherche Énergie, Technologie et Société (EDF Lab), s’appuie sur près de 135 entretiens et des observations ethnographiques (en Île-de-France, dans le sud-ouest, en Indre-et-Loire et dans la métropole lyonnaise), menés avec l’ensemble des parties prenantes, de la conception et de la diffusion, sur l’étude de deux terrains contrastés d’expérimentation du compteur Linky, ainsi que d’analyses de contenus médiatiques et d’archives historiques des entreprises de l’énergie. / While digital technologies are transforming the energy sector, the scale and forms taken by this evolution remains to be studied. Through smart grids, digitization has been established as an indisputable rational imperative, even becoming the roadmap of the French public authorities with the communicating counter called "Linky". Following a social consultation initiated in 2005, the design of this tool was accompanied by numerous attempts to redefine individual behaviour, advocating the advent of a "smart consumer", which is based both on a logic of opening of the energy markets and on a principle of economy and energy transition. However, the implementation of this new technology (almost a third of the residential park already replaced in September 2018), already installed in many other countries since the early 2000s, is regularly debated in the public space and since its experimental launch in 2010.Advocating against a placeless and a-historical approach of the Linky counter, this thesis in sociology of innovation analyses the forms of politicization and the modes of appropriation that arise in the processes of conception, reception and operation of this new technology. The conditions of development and uses of the meter go beyond technological issues. At each of the stages of innovation in the social worlds studied by the Linky Meter, new controversies emerge, revolving around debates seemingly far apart from each other. The Linky meter, as a digitization infrastructure of the world of energy, triggers questions. Ubiquitous, the figure of the citizen is constantly invoked within these regimes of denunciations: users monitoring their consumptions, precarious access to energy, health casualties, people whose privacy is breached, etc. The actors oppose the Linky counter on the basis of the defence of the general interest (to the detriment of particular interests) and of the protection of citizens, often setting the focus on vulnerable ones (consumers, workers, health victims). This study shows how contestation, both in the company and in the public space, interferes with the development of the communicating meter and sometimes manages to block the emergence of certain technical features or modify their course. The development and politicization of the Linky meter is not only mediated by actors from the worlds of energy and their concerns, but is also updated in the light of contemporary debates. Questions of consumption, health, and digital are endorsed by claims makers, both professional and volunteers (defenders of personal data protection, electro hypersensitive collectives, promoters of the energy transition, activists advocating against the opening of personal data, field staff). The Linky Meter - what it should be, what it ultimately becomes, reveals a plurality of social models (low-energy society, connected society, etc.). The thesis explores the ways in which Linky meter is being embedded in society and thereby transformed and adapted.This research, in partnership with the Research Group Energy Technology and Society (EDF Lab), is based on nearly 135 interviews and ethnographic observations in Île-de-France, in the southwest, in Indre-et-Loire, and in the Lyon metropolis), conducted with all stakeholders, design and dissemination, as well as the study of two contrasting test sites of the Linky meter.

O consumo de energia total residencial mundial aumentou 23% na última década e deverá aumentar mais 48% até 2040. Uma estratégia para a economia de energia é a mudança do comportamento dos usuários por meio da apresentação do feedback do consumo. O feedback pode ser apresentado em dispositivos visuais que são aparelhos eletrônicos que medem o consumo de eletricidade das casas e repassam esta informação aos usuários com a intenção de reduzi-lo. Pesquisas anteriores mostram que prover feedback com uso destes dispositivos pode gerar uma redução de 5 a 20% do consumo. No entanto, existem poucas pesquisas sobre o design de tais dispositivos que abordem a preferência e o entendimento do conteúdo (dados que podem ser apresentados no dispositivo) e do modo de apresentação (formato de apresentação do conteúdo). Estudos sugerem que as decisões de design variam conforme o tipo de usuário (crianças, adultos e idosos) e o contexto cultural no qual o dispositivo está inserido. Este trabalho explora os tipos de informações (ex.: consumo instantâneo, consumo por aparelho, etc.) e o formato da informação (numérico, analógico e ambiental) de um dispositivo visual mais adequado ao contexto brasileiro, considerando o tipo de usuário. Com base nos resultados de 7 grupos focados realizados com 50 participantes (20 crianças, 20 adultos e 10 idosos), foram desenvolvidos diretrizes e modelos conceituais para cada tipo de usuário Todos os participantes consideraram o consumo instantâneo importante. Entretanto, para idosos não é necessário apresentar esta informação visto que eles não gostariam de interagir com o dispositivo mais de uma vez ao dia, ao contrário dos adultos e crianças. Para aumentar o conhecimento do uso de energia dos usuários e encorajar a mudança de comportamento, também deve ser apresentada as informações de consumo cumulativo, consumo por aparelhos e dicas. Adultos e idosos preferem comparação histórica ao contrário das crianças que preferem informações que gerem a competição, como a comparação normativa. As informações sobre a preferência e o entendimento são importantes para o desenvolvimento de interfaces de dispositivos visuais que atendam aos requisitos dos usuários. Além disso, como os dispositivos visuais ainda não estão amplamente inseridos no Brasil, este trabalho pode contribuir para que o seu design proporcione o aumento da redução do consumo de energia. / The residential energy consumption in the world has increased by 23% in the past decade and is expected to rise 48% until 2040. One strategy to save energy is to change user behavior by presenting feedback on energy consumption. The feedback can be presented in electronic in-home displays which measure the household energy consumption and pass this information to users with the intention of reducing consumption. Previous research has shown that providing feedback can lead to reductions of 5 to 20%. However, there is still limited research on the design of such devices. The design of visual devices involves decisions regarding the preference and understanding of information types (data that can be displayed in a device) and information formats (ways to present different information types). Studies suggest that design decisions vary according to the type of user (children, adults and elderly) and the cultural context in which the device is inserted. This work explores the information formats (e.g. real-time consumption, consumption of each appliance, etc.) and the information formats (numerical, analogue and ambient) of an in-home display suited to the Brazilian context, considering the type of user Based on the results of 7 focus groups totaling 50 participants (20 children, 20 adults and 10 elderly), guidelines and prototypes were developed for each type of user. All participants considered real-time consumption important. However, it is not necessary to present this information for the elderly since they would not want to interact with the display more than once a day, unlike adults and children. Cumulative consumption, disaggregation by appliance and tips should also be presented for all type of users to increase awareness of energy usage and encourage behavior change. Adults and the elderly prefer historical comparison on contrary to children who prefer information that generates competition, such as normative comparison. Information about user preference and understanding is important for the development of in-home displays interfaces that meet user requirements. In addition, since in-home displays are not yet extensively adopted in Brazil, this work can contribute to the design of such displays that to further reduce the energy consumption.

The ongoing Smart Grid (SG) initiative proposes several modifications to the existing power grid in order to better manage power demands, reduce CO2 emissions and ensure reliability through several new applications. One part of the SG initiative that is currently being implemented is the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) which provides two-way communication between the utility company and the consumers' smart meters (SMs). The AMI can be built by using a wireless mesh network which enables multi-hop communication of SMs. The AMI network enables collection of fine-grained power consumption data at frequent intervals. Such a fine-grained level poses several privacy concerns for the consumers. Eavesdroppers can capture data packets and analyze them by means of load monitoring techniques to make inferences about household activities. To prevent this, in this dissertation, we proposed several privacy-preserving protocols for the IEEE 802.11s-based AMI network, which are based on data obfuscation, fully homomorphic encryption and secure multiparty computation. Simulation results have shown that the performance of the protocols degrades as the network grows. To overcome this problem, we presented a scalable simulation framework for the evaluation of IEEE 802.11s-based AMI applications. We proposed several modifications and parameter adjustments for the network protocols being used. In addition, we integrated the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) into the protocol stack and proposed five novel retransmission timeout calculation functions for the CoAP in order to increase its reliability. Upon work showing that there are inconsistencies between the simulator and a testbed, we built an IEEE 802.11s- and ZigBee-based AMI testbed and measured the performance of the proposed protocols under various conditions. The testbed is accessible to the educator and researchers for the experimentation. Finally, we addressed the problem of updating SMs remotely to keep the AMI network up-to-date. To this end, we developed two secure and reliable multicast-over-broadcast protocols by making use of ciphertext-policy attribute based signcryption and random linear network coding.

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