In the past two decades much effort has been put in the characterization of the mechanical and surface properties at the nano-scale in order to conceive reliable N/MEMS (Nano and Micro ElectroMechanical Systems) applications. Techniques like nanoindentation, nanoscratching, atomic force microscopy have become widely used to measure the mechanical and surface properties of materials at sub-micro or nano scale. Nevertheless, many phenomena such us pile-up and pop-in as well as surface anomalies and roughness play an important role in the accurate determination of the materials properties. The first goal of this report is to study the infulence of these sources of data distortion on the experimental data. The results are discussed in the first experimental chapter. On the other hand, conceptors would like to adapt/tune the mechanical and surface properties as a function of the required application so as to adapt them to the industrial need. Coatings are usually applied to materials to enhance performances and reliability such as better hardness and elastic modulus, chemical resistance and wear resistance. In this work, the magnetron sputtering technique is used to deposit biocompatible thin layers of different compositions (titanium carbide, titanium nitride and amorphous carbon) over a titanium substrate. The goal of this second experimental part is the study of the deposition parameters influence on the resulting mechanical and surface properties. New materials such as nanocrystal superlattices have recently received considerable attention due to their versatile electronic and optical properties. However, this new class of material requires robust mechanical properties to be useful for technological applications. In the third and last experimental chapter, nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy are used to characterize the mechanical behavior of well ordered lead sulfide (PbS) nanocrystal superlattices. The goal of this last chapter is the understanding of the deformation process in order to conceive more reliable nanocrystal superlattices.

Si le numérique transforme le secteur de l’énergie, l’ampleur et les formes prises par cette évolution restent à étudier. La conception du compteur communicant Linky a été accompagnée dès 2005 de nombreuses tentatives de redéfinition des conduites individuelles, prônant l’avènement d’un « consommateur intelligent » (smart consumer), qui repose à la fois sur une logique d’ouverture des marchés de l’énergie et sur un principe d’économie et de transition énergétique. Or, l’installation de cette nouvelle technologie, déjà installée dans de nombreux autres pays depuis le début des années 2000, fait débat, et ce, depuis son lancement expérimental en 2010.Contre une rationalité sans lieu et sans histoire du compteur Linky, cette thèse en sociologie de l’innovation propose d’analyser les formes de politisation et les modalités d’appropriation que suscitent la conception, la réception et le fonctionnement de cette nouvelle technologie. Cette étude met en évidence que les qualifications du compteur Linky dépassent les espaces de conception : le sens et les appropriations se construisent au sein des mondes sociaux parties prenantes du compteur Linky. À chacune des étapes d’innovation dans les mondes sociaux étudiés du compteur Linky, de nouvelles controverses apparaissent, s’articulant autour de débats en apparence très éloignés les uns des autres. Le compteur Linky, en tant qu’infrastructure de numérisation du monde de l’énergie, agit ainsi comme un révélateur de nouvelles interrogations, à l’aune de débats contemporains sur la consommation, la santé, et le numérique, tels que négociés par plusieurs « entrepreneurs de cause », qu’ils soient professionnels ou non (défenseurs de la protection des données personnelles, collectifs électrohypersensibles, promoteurs de la transition énergétique, militants de l’ouverture des données personnelles, personnels de terrain). Omniprésente, les figures de l’usager et du citoyen n’ont de cesse d’être invoquées au sein de ces régimes de dénonciations : usager acteur de ses consommations, précaires énergétiques, victimes sanitaires, personnes dont la vie privée est atteinte, etc.Braquer le projecteur sur la nouveauté du compteur Linky ou les controverses médiatiques qu’il suscite masque en partie l’ensemble des régulations à l’œuvre opérées par les mondes sociaux du compteur Linky : la thèse montre que les dynamiques de controverses sont liées à des spécificités locales (histoire sociopolitique des territoires ; réseaux associatifs et politiques ; caractéristiques des parcs de compteurs analogiques). L’étude de la relation de service des professionnels de terrain/clients montre également le poids des régulations de proximité : après une intense phase de résolution de litiges, les professionnels vont resserrer le sens et les usages de l’infrastructure dans le cadre d’une relation de service pacifiée autour de la figure d’un client honnête tenu à distance de son infrastructure de comptage. Le compteur Linky — cequ’il devrait être, ce qu’il devient finalement — donne à voir une pluralité de modèles de société (société sobre en économies d’énergie, société « connectée », etc.). C’est à l’analyse de ce processus, de cette « mise en société », présidant la transformation et l’adaptation du compteur Linky, que cette thèse est consacrée.Cette recherche, en partenariat avec le Groupe de Recherche Énergie, Technologie et Société (EDF Lab), s’appuie sur près de 135 entretiens et des observations ethnographiques (en Île-de-France, dans le sud-ouest, en Indre-et-Loire et dans la métropole lyonnaise), menés avec l’ensemble des parties prenantes, de la conception et de la diffusion, sur l’étude de deux terrains contrastés d’expérimentation du compteur Linky, ainsi que d’analyses de contenus médiatiques et d’archives historiques des entreprises de l’énergie. / While digital technologies are transforming the energy sector, the scale and forms taken by this evolution remains to be studied. Through smart grids, digitization has been established as an indisputable rational imperative, even becoming the roadmap of the French public authorities with the communicating counter called "Linky". Following a social consultation initiated in 2005, the design of this tool was accompanied by numerous attempts to redefine individual behaviour, advocating the advent of a "smart consumer", which is based both on a logic of opening of the energy markets and on a principle of economy and energy transition. However, the implementation of this new technology (almost a third of the residential park already replaced in September 2018), already installed in many other countries since the early 2000s, is regularly debated in the public space and since its experimental launch in 2010.Advocating against a placeless and a-historical approach of the Linky counter, this thesis in sociology of innovation analyses the forms of politicization and the modes of appropriation that arise in the processes of conception, reception and operation of this new technology. The conditions of development and uses of the meter go beyond technological issues. At each of the stages of innovation in the social worlds studied by the Linky Meter, new controversies emerge, revolving around debates seemingly far apart from each other. The Linky meter, as a digitization infrastructure of the world of energy, triggers questions. Ubiquitous, the figure of the citizen is constantly invoked within these regimes of denunciations: users monitoring their consumptions, precarious access to energy, health casualties, people whose privacy is breached, etc. The actors oppose the Linky counter on the basis of the defence of the general interest (to the detriment of particular interests) and of the protection of citizens, often setting the focus on vulnerable ones (consumers, workers, health victims). This study shows how contestation, both in the company and in the public space, interferes with the development of the communicating meter and sometimes manages to block the emergence of certain technical features or modify their course. The development and politicization of the Linky meter is not only mediated by actors from the worlds of energy and their concerns, but is also updated in the light of contemporary debates. Questions of consumption, health, and digital are endorsed by claims makers, both professional and volunteers (defenders of personal data protection, electro hypersensitive collectives, promoters of the energy transition, activists advocating against the opening of personal data, field staff). The Linky Meter - what it should be, what it ultimately becomes, reveals a plurality of social models (low-energy society, connected society, etc.). The thesis explores the ways in which Linky meter is being embedded in society and thereby transformed and adapted.This research, in partnership with the Research Group Energy Technology and Society (EDF Lab), is based on nearly 135 interviews and ethnographic observations in Île-de-France, in the southwest, in Indre-et-Loire, and in the Lyon metropolis), conducted with all stakeholders, design and dissemination, as well as the study of two contrasting test sites of the Linky meter.

Data collection by autonomous mobile sensor arrays can be coupled with the use of drones which provide a low-cost, easily deployable backhauling solution. These means of collection can be used to organize temporary events (sporting or cultural) or to carry out operations in difficult or hostile terrain. The aim of this thesis is to propose effective solutions for communication between both mobile sensors on the ground and on the edge-to-ground link. For this purpose, we are interested in scheduling communications, routing and access control on the sensor / drone link, the mobile collector. We propose an architecture that meets the constraints of the network. The main ones are the intermittence of the links and therefore the lack of connectivity for which solutions adapted to the networks tolerant to the deadlines are adopted. Given the limited opportunities for communication with the drone and the significant variation in the physical data rate, we proposed scheduling solutions that take account of both the contact time and the physical flow rate. Opportunistic routing is also based on these two criteria both for the selection of relay nodes and for the management of queues. We wanted to limit the overhead and propose efficient and fair solutions between mobile sensors on the ground. The proposed solutions have proved superior to conventional scheduling and routing solutions. Finally, we proposed a method of access combining a random access with contention as well as an access with reservation taking into account the aforementioned criteria. This flexible solution allows a network of dense mobile sensors to get closer to the performance obtained in an oracle mode. The proposed solutions can be implemented and applied in different application contexts for which the ground nodes are mobile or easily adapted to the case where the nodes are static.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to design an electromagnetic generator to the purpose of supplying signalling and safety devices on the rail tracks. The electromagnetic generator is a separate electrical source, which is mainly needed for safety in the case of not covered tracks by electrical installation. The thesis proposes two types of electromagnetic generator and one with non-linear stiffness, which are designed for the passage of trains with low frequency.

In the past two decades much effort has been put in the characterization of the mechanical<p>and surface properties at the nano-scale in order to conceive reliable N/MEMS<p>(Nano and Micro ElectroMechanical Systems) applications. Techniques like nanoindentation,<p>nanoscratching, atomic force microscopy have become widely used to measure<p>the mechanical and surface properties of materials at sub-micro or nano scale. Nevertheless,<p>many phenomena such us pile-up and pop-in as well as surface anomalies<p>and roughness play an important role in the accurate determination of the materials<p>properties. The first goal of this report is to study the infulence of these sources of data<p>distortion on the experimental data. The results are discussed in the first experimental<p>chapter.<p>On the other hand, conceptors would like to adapt/tune the mechanical and surface<p>properties as a function of the required application so as to adapt them to the industrial<p>need. Coatings are usually applied to materials to enhance performances and reliability<p>such as better hardness and elastic modulus, chemical resistance and wear resistance.<p>In this work, the magnetron sputtering technique is used to deposit biocompatible thin<p>layers of different compositions (titanium carbide, titanium nitride and amorphous<p>carbon) over a titanium substrate. The goal of this second experimental part is the<p>study of the deposition parameters influence on the resulting mechanical and surface<p>properties.<p>New materials such as nanocrystal superlattices have recently received considerable<p>attention due to their versatile electronic and optical properties. However, this new<p>class of material requires robust mechanical properties to be useful for technological<p>applications. In the third and last experimental chapter, nanoindentation and atomic<p>force microscopy are used to characterize the mechanical behavior of well ordered lead<p>sulfide (PbS) nanocrystal superlattices. The goal of this last chapter is the understanding<p>of the deformation process in order to conceive more reliable nanocrystal<p>superlattices. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished