Zehn Fachbeiträge dokumentieren die Ergebnisse der aktuellen Projekt- und Forschungsarbeit des Landesamtes in den Themenbereichen Grundwasser, Altlasten und Boden.

Craft villages played a significant role in the development of Vietnam’s rural economy for a long time. The range of products and production methods, including the processing of materials and chemicals, are now adapted to modern market requirements but environmental and labour protection issues are not adequately considered in the management of the craft villages. The reasons are various: poor education of responsible operators, deficient technical equipment or missing regulatory framework and implementation of existing regulations. The INHAND project (Integrated Water Management Concept for Craft Villages) started in 2011 and is studying the food processing village of Dai Lam located on the banks of the Cau River in the Bac Ninh province (about 40 km NE of the capital Hanoi). The household-scale business focus mainly on rice and cassava processing with 200 out of 1000 households producing alcohol from cassava and rice, 10 households producing tofu, and 30 households recycling aluminium. In addition, most households also raise pigs. The wastewater is released mostly untreated into the receiving stream. Within the framework of the INHAND project, four German und two Vietnamese partners will conduct a basic analysis inventory in the village with identification of suitable measure for an integrated, environmentally sound concept for the removal and reuse of all output streams. The second major task of the 3.5 years research project is the conceptualisation, development and implementation of pilot-scale treatment facilities in the village and the scientific monitoring of their planning and operation. / Đã từ lâu, làng nghề đóng vai trò quan trọng trong quá trình phát triển kinh tế nông nghiệp tại Việt Nam. Các sản phẩm và phương thức sản xuất, bao gồm cả giai đoạn xử lý vật liệu và hóa chất, đã từng bước được cải tiến cho phù hợp với yêu cầu của thị trường hiện đại. Tuy nhiên, những yếu tố về môi trường và an toàn lao động vẫn chưa được quan tâm đúng mức tại các làng nghề do nhiều nguyên nhân như: trình độ của nhà sản xuất, vận hành còn hạn hẹp, thiếu trang thiết bị kỹ thuật, các quy chuẩn còn thiếu hoặc chưa được thi hành triệt để. Dự án INHAND (đề án xử lý nước tổng thể cho làng nghề) được khởi động từ năm 2011 và hiện đang tiến hành nghiên cứu làng nghề chế biến thực phẩm Đại Lâm ,nằm bên bờ song Cầu, thuộc tỉnh Bắc Ninh, cách Hà Nội 40 km. Mô hình kinh tế hộ gia đình tại làng chủ yếu tập trung vào chế biến gạo và sắn: 200 trong số 1000 hộ gia đình nấu rượu gạo và sắn, 10 hộ sản xuất đậu phụ, 30 hộ tái chế nhôm. Ngoài ra, gần như tất cả các hộ đều có nuôi lợn. Nước thải của làng được dẫn trực tiếp ra các khối nước mở, gần như không qua xử lý. Trong khuôn khổ dự án INHAND, bốn đối tác Đức và hai đối tác Việt Nam sẽ tiến hành phân tích hiện trạng môi trường của làng để tìm ra những biện pháp thích hợp nhằm xử lý và tái sử dụng các dòng thải. Nhiệm vụ thứ hai trong thời gian 3,5 năm của dự án là lập ra đề án, phát triển và triển khai các trạm xử lý ở quy mô thử nghiệm, đồng thời quan trắc khoa học các quá trình thiết kế và vận hành.

Rubber tree is one of the main plants which play an important role in the economy of Southeastern region, Vietnam. Approximately 90% of Vietnamese natural rubber latex is exported as raw products. The preliminary process of natural rubber latex discharges a large amount of wastewater to the environment. In Vietnam, there are many available technologies set up and operated for treatment wastewater of rubber latex processing. However, the effluent quality is still poor and the concentration of pollutants is higher than the required national technical regulation on the effluent of the natural rubber processing industry (QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT). Thus, this paper summarizes various technologies and methods currently applied for the treatment of latex processing wastewater in Vietnam. Additionally, the new effective methods being researched and applied in Thailand and Malaysia are also mentioned (countries with the highest production of natural rubber in the world). This paper also provides a screening of treatment technologies for reducing environmental pollution and contributing to high-quality effluent for meeting the required standard. / Cao su là một trong những cây trồng chính và đóng vai trò quan trọng trong nền kinh tế của miền Đông Nam Bộ, Việt Nam. Sản phẩm từ cây cao su thiên nhiên tại Việt Nam chủ yếu là xuất khẩu (khoảng 90%), tuy nhiên chỉ mới là dạng cao su thiên nhiên sơ chế. Quá trình sơ chế mủ cao su thiên nhiên thải bỏ một lượng lớn nước thải vào môi trường. Ở Việt Nam, hiện tại có rất nhiều công nghệ xử lý nước thải sơ chế mủ cao su đã được thiết lập và vận hành. Tuy nhiên, nồng độ ô nhiễm trong nước thải sau quá trình xử lý còn cao so với tiêu chuẩn yêu cầu (QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT). Vì vậy, bài báo này tóm tắt những công nghệ và phương pháp khác nhau được sử dụng để xử lý nước thải sơ chế mủ cao su tại Việt Nam gần đây. Thêm vào đó, những phương pháp mới và hiệu quả đang được nghiên cứu và áp dụng tại Malaysia và Thái Lan, những quốc gia có sản lượng sản xuất mủ cao su cao nhất trên thế giới cũng được giới thiệu. Bài báo này cũng cung cấp sự đa dạng của những phương pháp xử lý nhằm giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường và góp phần đảm bảo chất lượng nước đầu ra đạt tiêu chuẩn cho phép.

Durch die Novellierung der AbfKlärV im Jahr 2017 wurde die bodenbezogene Nutzung von Klärschlamm stark eingeschränkt. Dadurch rückt dessen thermische Verwertung zunehmend in den Vordergrund, wobei durch eine Mitverbrennung Nährstoffe verloren gehen. Diese Arbeit betrachtet alternative Möglichkeiten zur stofflichen Verwertung, wie den Einsatz als Rekultivierungsmaterial auf Deponien in Form von Komposten. In die Arbeit fließt die Betrachtung von Pilzkultursubstraten als weiterer Zuschlagstoff ein, da diese aufgrund von Hygienisierungsvorschriften ebenfalls meist thermisch verwertet werden und auch hier wichtige Nährstoffe verloren gehen. Weiterhin wird untersucht, ob Deponieflächen generell für den Anbau von Bewuchs geeignet sind und insbesondere, ob auf derartig rekultivierten Flächen Rohstoffgewinnung aus Energiepflanzen möglich ist. Dafür wurden verschiedene Materialmischungen hergestellt und in Pflanzversuchen unter Laborbedingungen sowie im Freiland und in geotechnischen Versuchen auf ihre Eignung überprüft. Es wird gezeigt, dass Deponien ein Flächenpotential darstellen und diese auch für Bewuchs geeignet sind. Auch eignen sich die hergestellten Materialmischungen grundsätzlich als Rekultivierungsmaterial. Diese müssen aber in zukünftigen Versuchen in Hinsicht auf die Einhaltung von Grenzwerten und bspw. deren Wasserdurchlässigkeiten weiter angepasst werden, bevor die Mischungen produktiv im großen Maßstab einsetzbar sind.

Seit mehr als 3 Jahrzehnten stehen Belebtschlammmodelle als Werkzeuge für die ingenieurtechnische Planung und Optimierung von Kläranlagen zur Verfügung. Die Verbreitung und Anwendung speziell im deutschsprachigen Raum ist dabei geringer als in anderen Weltregionen. Dies ist im Zusammenhang mit dem detaillierten DWA-Regel-werk zu sehen, das auf Seite der Anwendenden kaum zusätzlichen Bedarf für weitere Werk¬zeuge für die Anlagenplanung und –optimierung erwachsen lässt. Dies gilt ebenso für die Über¬wachungs- und Genehmigungsseite. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet für verschiedenste Aspekte im Bereich der Kläranlagen-modellierung Methoden und Werkzeuge, um durch effizientere Nutzung eine weitere Etablierung voranzutreiben und eine breite allgemein verbindliche Anwendung zu manifestieren. Dies betrifft konkret:  Protokolldefinition für eine allgemeine Vorgehensweise (Kapitel 1.4 und 7.1)  Skriptbasierte Unterstützung der Datenauswertung, Prüfung und Aufbereitung (Kapitel 6 und 7.4)  Zulaufdatengenerierung für lückenbehaftete Betriebsdaten (Kapitel 3)  Analyse des Verweilzeitverhaltens basierend auf Betriebsdaten (Kapitel 5)  Modellkopplung für plant-wide modelling (Kapitel 4 und 7.3)  Modellerweiterungen für Belebtschlammmodelle (Kapitel 7.2) Basis sind wie bei klassischen Bemessungs¬frage¬stellungen die vorhandenen Betriebs¬da-ten von Kläranlagen. Für die Nutzung sowohl zur statischen Bemessung als auch zur dyna¬mi¬schen Simulation sind diese nach geeigneter Zusammenstellung und Aufbereitung hin¬sicht¬lich ihrer Eignung und Qualität zu bewerten. Dieser eher handwerkliche Schritt wird durch skriptbasierte Module unterstützt, um der eigentlichen Planungsaufgabe mehr Zeit widmen zu können. Eine beispielhafte Vorgehensweise wird in dieser Arbeit in Kapitel 6 präsentiert. Dies stellt aus Effizienz- und Qualitätsgründen einen Fortschritt dar. Die Betriebsdaten von kommunalen Kläranlagen speziell unterhalb der Größenklasse 5 sind sehr lückenbehaftet. Daher sind geeignete Methoden erforderlich, um die Daten zu einem kontinuierlichen Zulaufdatensatz aufzubereiten. Eine mögliche Methode findet sich in Kapitel 3 dieser Arbeit. Auch dies unterstützt die Qualitätsverbesserung. Für die praxisnahe Modellanwendung stellen die bereits verfügbaren Belebt¬schlamm-modelle eine geeignete Basis dar. Allerdings wurden einige offene Fragestellungen identifiziert. Konzepte und Vorschläge für entsprechende Modellerweiterungen finden sich im Kapitel 7.1. Dies betrifft den Umgang mit inerten Stofffrachten, Dosierung externer Kohlenstoffquellen, Lösungen für hohe Anteile industrieller Abwässer sowie die P-Elimination. Auch eine methodische Vorgehensweise für den praktischen Einsatz wurde basierend auf allgemeingültigeren Simulations¬protokollen entwickelt, um die Bear¬bei¬tung strukturierter und damit sowohl nachvollzieh¬barer als auch effizienter zu gestalten (Kapitel 1.4 und 7.1). Das Verweilzeitverhalten hat erheblichen Einfluss auf erzielbare Umsatzraten sowie die erreich¬baren Ablaufkonzentrationen. Eine diesbezügliche Analyse ist allerdings noch kein Standard¬werkzeug bei der Betrachtung bestehender Kläranlagen. Im Einzelfall bestehen allerdings erhebliche Optimierungspotentiale bei strömungsungünstiger Gestaltung. Neben der Nutzung von computational fluid dynamics (CFD) als Analysewerkzeug kann auch die Auswertung von speziellen Tracerversuchen oder die Nutzung vorliegender Daten für die Analyse des Verweilzeitverhaltens genutzt werden. Im Kapitel 5 finden sich entsprechende Erläuterungen und methodische Beispiele. Die zunehmende Durchdringung ingenieurtechnischer Bereiche mit IT-basierten Werk-zeu¬gen führt auch zu Weiterentwicklungen bei der Arbeit mit Daten. Die Besonder-heiten im Bereich der Kläranlagenplanung und Optimierung werden in dieser Arbeit beleuchtet und mit dem vorgestellten methodischen Rahmen eine Möglichkeit der modularisierten Abarbeitung wiederkehrender Aufgaben in Kapitel 6 demonstriert. Die Einbettung möglicher weiterer Werkzeuge wie z.B. Simulationssoftware in open source basierte Skripte ermöglicht eine maximale Flexibilität bei gleichzeitig hoher Transparenz. Je nach Aufgabenstellung finden sich in dieser Arbeit Ergänzungen und Hilfestellungen in Form von Werkzeugen oder methodischen Empfehlungen, um den Bearbeitungsaufwand zu minimieren sowie die Bearbeitungsqualität zu erhöhen unter gleichzeitiger Verbesserung der Transparenz für alle am Planungs- bzw. Optimierungsprozess Beteiligten. Dadurch wird eine tatsächliche Anwendung in der täglichen Ingenieurpraxis erheblich vereinfacht. Durch Integration der präsentierten Entwicklungen in die siedlungs¬wasserwirtschaftliche Ausbildung ist außerdem eine zukünftige niedrig¬schwelligere und damit breitere Nutzung zu erwarten.:1 General introduction 1 1.1 Explanation of terms 1 1.2 Motivation 2 1.3 Background 4 1.3.1 Quality assurance in the performance of simulation studies 4 1.3.2 Special features of simulation studies for wastewater treatment plants in German-speaking countries 6 1.4 Aims, differentiation and objectives 7 1.5 Structure of the document 9 1.6 References 10 2 Growth of science in activated sludge modelling – a critical bibliometric review 13 2.1 Highlights 13 2.2 Abstract 13 2.3 Introduction 14 2.3.1 Motivation 14 2.3.2 Introduction into bibliometrics 15 2.3.3 Objective 15 2.4 Material and Methods 16 2.4.1 Database and tools 16 2.4.1.1 Selection of database 16 2.4.1.2 Development of the number of data sets in the Web of Science 19 2.4.2 Bibliometric analysis of the entire data set 20 2.4.3 Analysis of time-related developments 23 2.4.4 Keyword development within the examined topic area 24 2.5 Results and Discussion 25 2.5.1 Bibliometric analysis of the entire database 25 2.5.2 Journal-based measures 28 2.5.3 Source dynamics 30 2.5.4 Author impact measures 30 2.5.5 Document-based measures 35 2.5.6 Structural Analysis 36 2.5.7 Analysis of time-related developments 40 2.5.8 Keyword development within the scientific field under investigation 44 2.6 Critical comments on the methodology 47 2.7 Recommendations for conducting a bibliometric analysis 49 2.8 Conclusions 50 2.9 References 52 3 A black-box model for generation of site-specific WWTP influent quality data based on plant routine data 56 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Material and Methods 58 3.3 Results and discussion 62 3.3.1 Test of robustness 63 3.3.2 Universality of the approach 66 3.4 Conclusions and outlook 69 3.5 References 70 4 Organic matter parameters in WWTP – a critical review and recommendations for application in activated sludge modelling 74 4.1 Highlights 74 4.2 Abstract 74 4.3 Introduction 75 4.4 Theoretical Considerations 76 4.5 Review of literature data of WWTP sludge 80 4.5.1 Literature survey 80 4.5.2 Measures related to total and volatile organic matter 81 4.5.3 Sludge composition based on biochemical families 83 4.6 Results and Discussion 85 4.6.1 Solids 85 4.6.2 COD and COD/VSS ratio 87 4.6.3 Connection between LPC and COD/VSS ratio 90 4.7 Application to plant-wide-modelling 92 4.7.1 Solids in Activated Sludge Models 92 4.7.2 Organic and inorganic solids 94 4.7.3 COD influent characterisation 96 4.7.4 Adaptation of research results and discussion 97 4.8 Conclusions 101 4.9 Data availability statement 101 4.10 References 101 5 Temperature as an alternative tracer for the determination of the mixing characteristics in wastewater treatment plants 108 5.1 Abstract 108 5.2 Introduction 108 5.2.1 Historical background 109 5.2.2 Alternatives in evaluation of tracer tests 110 5.2.3 Objective of this paper 112 5.3 Material and Methods 112 5.3.1 Lab-scale system 112 5.3.2 Pilot-scale system 113 5.3.3 Procedure 114 5.3.3.1 Substitute hydraulic model 114 5.3.3.2 Energy balance 115 5.3.3.3 Parameter estimation 117 5.4 Results and Discussion 118 5.4.1 Lab-scale system 118 5.4.2 Pilot-scale system 121 5.4.3 Sensitivity tests for optimised substitute model parameters 124 5.4.3.1 Lab scale tests 124 5.4.3.2 Pilot scale tests 126 5.4.4 Influence of recirculation 126 5.4.5 Consideration of variable flow rates 127 5.4.6 Impact of the structured model approach on ASM parameters 127 5.5 Conclusions 131 5.6 References 133 6 One script to solve it all – an open-source-based framework for a digital workflow based on WWTP data 137 6.1 Abstract 137 6.2 Highlights 138 6.3 Introduction 138 6.4 Fundamentals and requirements 138 6.5 Material and Methods 142 6.5.1 Background to the case study 142 6.5.2 Development of the concept 144 6.5.3 Technical implementation 145 6.6 Results 148 6.6.1 Preparation and data import 148 6.6.2 Plausibility checks 149 6.6.3 Calculation of design parameters (A198) 150 6.6.4 Design of WWTP (A131) 151 6.6.5 Activated sludge modelling 152 6.7 Discussion 153 6.7.1 Practical advantages of the developed methodology 153 6.7.2 Lessons learned from development process and first use 153 6.8 Conclusions 157 6.9 References 158 7 Enhancements for a practical application 161 7.1 Evolution of unified protocol of GMP taskgroup 161 7.1.1 Overview 161 7.1.2 Understand the plant + plant layout selection 163 7.1.3 Collection of existing data 163 7.1.4 Iterative process cycle for data analysis and plant model setup / adjustment 164 7.2 Extensions to the activated sludge model (ASM_EDU) 166 7.2.1 Background 166 7.2.2 Separation of inert particulate COD by origin 168 7.2.3 Integration of external carbon sources 169 7.2.4 Consideration of the influence of industrial discharges 171 7.2.5 Consideration of different precipitants in chemical P elimination 174 7.3 Plant-wide modelling 176 7.4 Digital transformation for efficiency enhancement 178 7.5 References 182 8 Conclusions and Outlook 187 8.1 Developments in the field of WWTP modelling 187 8.2 Future significance in science and application practice 188 8.3 Further scientific research needs 189 8.4 Changing the way engineering works 191 8.5 References 193 9 Appendices 195 9.1 Supplementary material for Chapter 4 195 9.1.1 References for sludge data 195 9.1.2 Data survey from references 217 9.2 Supplementary material for Chapter 6 217 / For more than three decades, activated sludge models have been used as tools for the engineering planning and optimisation of wastewater treatment plants. However, their use is less widespread, particularly in German-speaking countries, due to the detailed rules and regulations of the DWA, which do not create a demand for additional tools for plant planning and optimisation. This also applies to the surveillance and authorisation side. The current work offers methods and tools for various aspects of wastewater treatment plant modeling in order to promote further adoption through more efficient use and to facilitate a broad, generally binding application. This includes:  Definition of a protocol for the general approach (Chapter 1.4 and 7.1)  Script-based support for data evaluation, testing, and processing (Chapters 6 and 7.4)  Generation of inflow data for incomplete operational data (Chapter 3)  Analysis of residence time behavior based on operational data (Chapter 5)  Model interfacing for plant-wide modeling (Chapters 4 and 7.3)  Model extensions for activated sludge models (Chapter 7.2) The existing operational data of wastewater treatment plants is the foundation for classical design questions. In order to be used in both static design and dynamic simulation, the data must be evaluated for their suitability and quality after appropriate compilation and processing. This manual step is supported by script-based modules to allow more time for the actual planning task. An exemplary procedure is presented in Chapter 6 of this thesis, which represents progress in terms of efficiency and quality. The operational data of municipal wastewater treatment plants, especially those below size class 5, are often incomplete. Therefore, it is necessary to develop suitable methods for processing these data into a continuous influent data set. One such method is presented in chapter 3 of this thesis. This method also helps to improve the quality of the data. For practical model application, the existing activated sludge models provide a suitable foundation. However, some open questions have been identified, and concepts and suggestions for corresponding model extensions can be found in chapter 7.1. These include handling inert material loads, dosing of external carbon sources, solutions for high proportions of industrial wastewater, and P elimination. A methodological approach for practical application has also been developed based on more general simulation protocols in order to structure the process and make it more comprehensible and efficient (Chapters 1.4 and 7.1). The residence time behaviour has a significant impact on the achievable conversion rates and effluent concentrations. However, an analysis of this behaviour is not yet a standard tool when considering existing wastewater treatment plants. In certain cases, however, there is significant potential for optimisation in cases of flow-unfavourable design. In addition to using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as an analysis tool, the evaluation of special tracer tests or the use of existing data can also be used to analyse retention time behaviour. Chapter 1.4 und 7.1 provides explanations and examples The increasing use of IT-based tools in engineering fields also leads to further developments in working with data. The special features in the area of wastewater treatment plant planning and optimisation are highlighted in this thesis and a possibility of modularised processing of recurring tasks is demonstrated with the presented methodological framework in chapter 6. The embedding of possible further tools such as simulation software in open source-based scripts allows for maximum flexibility while maintaining a high degree of transparency. Depending on the task, this thesis provides supplements and assistance in the form of tools or methodological recommendations to minimise the processing effort and increase the processing quality while improving transparency for all those involved in the planning or optimisation process. This considerably simplifies actual application in daily engineering practice. By integrating the presented developments into urban water management training, a lower-threshold and thus broader use can also be expected in the future.:1 General introduction 1 1.1 Explanation of terms 1 1.2 Motivation 2 1.3 Background 4 1.3.1 Quality assurance in the performance of simulation studies 4 1.3.2 Special features of simulation studies for wastewater treatment plants in German-speaking countries 6 1.4 Aims, differentiation and objectives 7 1.5 Structure of the document 9 1.6 References 10 2 Growth of science in activated sludge modelling – a critical bibliometric review 13 2.1 Highlights 13 2.2 Abstract 13 2.3 Introduction 14 2.3.1 Motivation 14 2.3.2 Introduction into bibliometrics 15 2.3.3 Objective 15 2.4 Material and Methods 16 2.4.1 Database and tools 16 2.4.1.1 Selection of database 16 2.4.1.2 Development of the number of data sets in the Web of Science 19 2.4.2 Bibliometric analysis of the entire data set 20 2.4.3 Analysis of time-related developments 23 2.4.4 Keyword development within the examined topic area 24 2.5 Results and Discussion 25 2.5.1 Bibliometric analysis of the entire database 25 2.5.2 Journal-based measures 28 2.5.3 Source dynamics 30 2.5.4 Author impact measures 30 2.5.5 Document-based measures 35 2.5.6 Structural Analysis 36 2.5.7 Analysis of time-related developments 40 2.5.8 Keyword development within the scientific field under investigation 44 2.6 Critical comments on the methodology 47 2.7 Recommendations for conducting a bibliometric analysis 49 2.8 Conclusions 50 2.9 References 52 3 A black-box model for generation of site-specific WWTP influent quality data based on plant routine data 56 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Material and Methods 58 3.3 Results and discussion 62 3.3.1 Test of robustness 63 3.3.2 Universality of the approach 66 3.4 Conclusions and outlook 69 3.5 References 70 4 Organic matter parameters in WWTP – a critical review and recommendations for application in activated sludge modelling 74 4.1 Highlights 74 4.2 Abstract 74 4.3 Introduction 75 4.4 Theoretical Considerations 76 4.5 Review of literature data of WWTP sludge 80 4.5.1 Literature survey 80 4.5.2 Measures related to total and volatile organic matter 81 4.5.3 Sludge composition based on biochemical families 83 4.6 Results and Discussion 85 4.6.1 Solids 85 4.6.2 COD and COD/VSS ratio 87 4.6.3 Connection between LPC and COD/VSS ratio 90 4.7 Application to plant-wide-modelling 92 4.7.1 Solids in Activated Sludge Models 92 4.7.2 Organic and inorganic solids 94 4.7.3 COD influent characterisation 96 4.7.4 Adaptation of research results and discussion 97 4.8 Conclusions 101 4.9 Data availability statement 101 4.10 References 101 5 Temperature as an alternative tracer for the determination of the mixing characteristics in wastewater treatment plants 108 5.1 Abstract 108 5.2 Introduction 108 5.2.1 Historical background 109 5.2.2 Alternatives in evaluation of tracer tests 110 5.2.3 Objective of this paper 112 5.3 Material and Methods 112 5.3.1 Lab-scale system 112 5.3.2 Pilot-scale system 113 5.3.3 Procedure 114 5.3.3.1 Substitute hydraulic model 114 5.3.3.2 Energy balance 115 5.3.3.3 Parameter estimation 117 5.4 Results and Discussion 118 5.4.1 Lab-scale system 118 5.4.2 Pilot-scale system 121 5.4.3 Sensitivity tests for optimised substitute model parameters 124 5.4.3.1 Lab scale tests 124 5.4.3.2 Pilot scale tests 126 5.4.4 Influence of recirculation 126 5.4.5 Consideration of variable flow rates 127 5.4.6 Impact of the structured model approach on ASM parameters 127 5.5 Conclusions 131 5.6 References 133 6 One script to solve it all – an open-source-based framework for a digital workflow based on WWTP data 137 6.1 Abstract 137 6.2 Highlights 138 6.3 Introduction 138 6.4 Fundamentals and requirements 138 6.5 Material and Methods 142 6.5.1 Background to the case study 142 6.5.2 Development of the concept 144 6.5.3 Technical implementation 145 6.6 Results 148 6.6.1 Preparation and data import 148 6.6.2 Plausibility checks 149 6.6.3 Calculation of design parameters (A198) 150 6.6.4 Design of WWTP (A131) 151 6.6.5 Activated sludge modelling 152 6.7 Discussion 153 6.7.1 Practical advantages of the developed methodology 153 6.7.2 Lessons learned from development process and first use 153 6.8 Conclusions 157 6.9 References 158 7 Enhancements for a practical application 161 7.1 Evolution of unified protocol of GMP taskgroup 161 7.1.1 Overview 161 7.1.2 Understand the plant + plant layout selection 163 7.1.3 Collection of existing data 163 7.1.4 Iterative process cycle for data analysis and plant model setup / adjustment 164 7.2 Extensions to the activated sludge model (ASM_EDU) 166 7.2.1 Background 166 7.2.2 Separation of inert particulate COD by origin 168 7.2.3 Integration of external carbon sources 169 7.2.4 Consideration of the influence of industrial discharges 171 7.2.5 Consideration of different precipitants in chemical P elimination 174 7.3 Plant-wide modelling 176 7.4 Digital transformation for efficiency enhancement 178 7.5 References 182 8 Conclusions and Outlook 187 8.1 Developments in the field of WWTP modelling 187 8.2 Future significance in science and application practice 188 8.3 Further scientific research needs 189 8.4 Changing the way engineering works 191 8.5 References 193 9 Appendices 195 9.1 Supplementary material for Chapter 4 195 9.1.1 References for sludge data 195 9.1.2 Data survey from references 217 9.2 Supplementary material for Chapter 6 217

Exposure to herbicides poses a threat to aquatic biofilms by affecting their community structure, physiology and function. These changes render biofilms to become more tolerant, but on the downside community tolerance has ecologic costs. A concept that addresses induced community tolerance to a pollutant (PICT) was introduced by Blanck and Wängberg (1988). The basic principle of the concept is that microbial communities undergo pollution-induced succession when exposed to a pollutant over a long period of time, which changes communities structurally and functionally and enhancing tolerance to the pollutant exposure. However, the mechanisms of tolerance and the ecologic consequences were hardly studied up to date. This thesis addresses the structural and functional changes in biofilm communities and applies modern molecular methods to unravel molecular tolerance mechanisms. Two different freshwater biofilm communities were cultivated for a period of five weeks, with one of the communities being contaminated with 4 μg L-1 diuron. Subsequently, the communities were characterized for structural and functional differences, especially focusing on their crucial role of photosynthesis. The community structure of the autotrophs was assessed using HPLC-based pigment analysis and their functional alterations were investigated using Imaging-PAM fluorometry to study photosynthesis and community oxygen profiling to determine net primary production. Then, the molecular fingerprints of the communities were measured with meta-transcriptomics (RNA-Seq) and GC-based community metabolomics approaches and analyzed with respect to changes in their molecular functions. The communities were acute exposed to diuron for one hour in a dose-response design, to reveal a potential PICT and uncover related adaptation to diuron exposure. The combination of apical and molecular methods in a dose-response design enabled the linkage of functional effects of diuron exposure and underlying molecular mechanisms based on a sensitivity analysis. Chronic exposure to diuron impaired freshwater biofilms in their biomass accrual. The contaminated communities particularly lost autotrophic biomass, reflected by the decrease in specific chlorophyll a content. This loss was associated with a change in the molecular fingerprint of the communities, which substantiates structural and physiological changes. The decline in autotrophic biomass could be due to a primary loss of sensitive autotrophic organisms caused by the selection of better adapted species in the course of chronic exposure. Related to this hypothesis, an increase in diuron tolerance has been detected in the contaminated communities and molecular mechanisms facilitating tolerance have been found. It was shown that genes of the photosystem, reductive-pentose phosphate cycle and arginine metabolism were differentially expressed among the communities and that an increased amount of potential antioxidant degradation products was found in the contaminated communities. This led to the hypothesis that contaminated communities may have adapted to oxidative stress, making them less sensitive to diuron exposure. Moreover, the photosynthetic light harvesting complex was altered and the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle was increased in the contaminated communities. Despite these adaptation strategies, the loss of autotrophic biomass has been shown to impair primary production. This impairment persisted even under repeated short-term exposure, so that the tolerance mechanisms cannot safeguard primary production as a key function in aquatic systems.:1. The effect of chemicals on organisms and their functions .............................. 1 1.1 Welcome to the anthropocene .......................................................................... 1 1.2 From cellular stress responses to ecosystem resilience ................................... 3 1.2.1 The individual pursuit for homeostasis ....................................................... 3 1.2.2 Stability from diversity ................................................................................. 5 1.3 Community ecotoxicology - a step forward in monitoring the effects of chemical pollution? ................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Functional ecotoxicological assessment of microbial communities ................... 9 1.5 Molecular tools – the key to a mechanistic understanding of stressor effects from a functional perspective in microbial communities? ...................................... 12 2. Aims and Hypothesis ......................................................................................... 14 2.1 Research question .......................................................................................... 14 2.2 Hypothesis and outline .................................................................................... 15 2.3 Experimental approach & concept .................................................................. 16 2.3.1 Aquatic freshwater biofilms as model community ..................................... 16 2.3.2 Diuron as model herbicide ........................................................................ 17 2.3.3 Experimental design ................................................................................. 18 3. Structural and physiological changes in microbial communities after chronic exposure - PICT and altered functional capacity ................................................. 21 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Methods .......................................................................................................... 23 3.2.1 Biofilm cultivation ...................................................................................... 23 3.2.2 Dry weight and autotrophic index ............................................................. 23 3.2.4 Pigment analysis of periphyton ................................................................. 23 3.2.4.1 In-vivo pigment analysis for community characterization ....................... 24 3.2.4.2 In-vivo pigment analysis based on Imaging-PAM fluorometry ............... 24 3.2.4.3 In-vivo pigment fluorescence for tolerance detection ............................. 26 3.2.4.4 Ex-vivo pigment analysis by high-pressure liquid-chromatography ....... 27 3.2.5 Community oxygen metabolism measurements ....................................... 28 3.3 Results and discussion ................................................................................... 29 3.3.1 Comparison of the structural community parameters ............................... 29 3.3.2 Photosynthetic activity and primary production of the communities after selection phase ................................................................................................. 33 3.3.3 Acquisition of photosynthetic tolerance .................................................... 34 3.3.4 Primary production at exposure conditions ............................................... 36 3.3.5 Tolerance detection in primary production ................................................ 37 3.4 Summary and Conclusion ........................................................................... 40 4. Community gene expression analysis by meta-transcriptomics ................... 41 4.1 Introduction to meta-transcriptomics ............................................................... 41 4.2. Methods ......................................................................................................... 43 4.2.1 Sampling and RNA extraction................................................................... 43 4.2.2 RNA sequencing analysis ......................................................................... 44 4.2.3 Data assembly and processing................................................................. 45 4.2.4 Prioritization of contigs and annotation ..................................................... 47 4.2.5 Sensitivity analysis of biological processes .............................................. 48 4.3 Results and discussion ................................................................................... 48 4.3.1 Characterization of the meta-transcriptomic fingerprints .......................... 49 4.3.2 Insights into community stress response mechanisms using trend analysis (DRomic’s) ......................................................................................................... 51 4.3.3 Response pattern in the isoform PS genes .............................................. 63 4.5 Summary and conclusion ................................................................................ 65 5. Community metabolome analysis ..................................................................... 66 5.1 Introduction to community metabolomics ........................................................ 66 5.2 Methods .......................................................................................................... 68 5.2.1 Sampling, metabolite extraction and derivatisation................................... 68 5.2.2 GC-TOF-MS analysis ............................................................................... 69 5.2.3 Data processing and statistical analysis ................................................... 69 5.3 Results and discussion ................................................................................... 70 5.3.1 Characterization of the metabolic fingerprints .......................................... 70 5.3.2 Difference in the metabolic fingerprints .................................................... 71 5.3.3 Differential metabolic responses of the communities to short-term exposure of diuron ............................................................................................................ 73 5.4 Summary and conclusion ................................................................................ 78 6. Synthesis ............................................................................................................. 79 6.1 Approaches and challenges for linking molecular data to functional measurements ...................................................................................................... 79 6.2 Methods .......................................................................................................... 83 6.2.1 Summary on the data ............................................................................... 83 6.2.2 Aggregation of molecular data to index values (TELI and MELI) .............. 83 6.2.3 Functional annotation of contigs and metabolites using KEGG ................ 83 6.3 Results and discussion ................................................................................... 85 6.3.1 Results of aggregation techniques ........................................................... 85 6.3.2 Sensitivity analysis of the different molecular approaches and endpoints 86 6.3.3 Mechanistic view of the molecular stress responses based on KEGG functions ............................................................................................................ 89 6.4 Consolidation of the results – holistic interpretation and discussion ............... 93 6.4.1 Adaptation to chronic diuron exposure - from molecular changes to community effects.............................................................................................. 93 6.4.2 Assessment of the ecological costs of Pollution-induced community tolerance based on primary production ............................................................. 94 6.5 Outlook ............................................................................................................ 97

The handbook presented in this paper summarises the results of the research initiative “International Water Research Alliance Saxony” (IWAS). The subproject “IWAS Vietnam” (Phase I, October 2008 – December 2010) focuses on the model region “South-East Asia” with emphasis on Vietnam. The project started as a joint research initiative between German and Vietnamese organisations and included contributions from academic, private and public sector in both countries. The handbook was compiled by the Technische Universität Dresden (project coordination), the Institute for Technical and Scientific Hydrology and Dresden Drainage and Sewerage Company, with substantial contributions from Vietnamese partners. / Sổ tay hướng dẫn trong bài viết này tóm lược các kết quả của sáng kiến nghiên cứu từ “Liên minh Nghiên cứu ngành nước quốc tế bang Saxony” (IWAS). Dự án nhánh “IWAS Việt Nam” (giai đoạn 1, 10/2008 - 12/2010) tập trung vào khu vực Đông Nam Á với trọng tâm là Việt Nam. Dự án khởi động như một sáng kiến liên kết nghiên cứu giữa các tổ chức của CHLB Đức và Việt Nam với sự đóng góp từ các đơn vị tư nhân, nhà nước và trường đại học của cả hai quốc gia. Quyển sổ tay này được biên soạn bởi Đại học Kỹ thuật Dresden (cơ quan điều phối dự án), Viện Công nghệ và Khoa học Thủy văn, và Công ty Thoát nước Dresden, cùng với sự đóng góp quan trọng của các đối tác Việt Nam.

Im Rahmen des Projektes EKLIRA wurde die Entwicklung der Klimarelevanz und Energieeffizienz von sächsischen Abfallbehandlungsanlagen überprüft. Die infolge der Vorgängerstudie »Klimarelevanz und Energieeffizienz« 2008 bei den öffentlich-rechtlichen Entsorgungsträgern initiierten Maßnahmen haben zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung von Klimaschutz und Energieeffizienz geführt. Die Studienergebnisse belegen erneut, dass die Klimarelevanz und die Energieeffizienz eines Entsorgungssystems entscheidend durch die Wahl der nachgeordneten Entsorgungswege bestimmt werden kann. Ebenso können durch technische Optimierungen Potenziale im Bereich des Klimaschutzes und der Energieeffizienz erschlossen werden.

Since 1986 and especially during the early 90s, environmental protection has become a constitutional principle in Vietnam as regulated by Articles 17 and 29 of the 1992 Constitution. The first Law on Environmental Protection, passed by the National Assembly on December 27, 1993 created a foundation for environmental legislation becoming an important field in Vietnam’s legal system. In the following, Vietnam enacted its very first Law on Water Resources (No. 08/1998/QH10) in January 1999 aiming to provide a foundational framework for managing the water sector in Vietnam. In recent years, the legislative framework on water resources management has further developed. Important water-related regulations on the guidance and implementation of the Law on Water Resources have been issued and often amended to meet the requirements of the country’s development, and its international integration. To date, Vietnam’s legislation on the water sector consists of a complex system of legal documents issued by different state agencies. Though legislation of water sector management in Vietnam has greatly improved during the last decade, it has obviously not yet come to full fruition. Hence, the paper intends to provide an overview of achievements as well as problems and conflicting issues within Vietnam’s current water sector management legislation. / Kể từ năm 1986, đặc biệt là những năm đầu của thập kỷ 90, bảo vệ môi trường đã trở thành nguyên tắc hiến định (được quy định tại Điều 17 và 29 Hiến pháp 1992). Luật Bảo vệ môi trường đầu tiên được Quốc hội thông qua ngày 27 tháng 12 năm 1993 đã đặt nền móng cho việc hình thành hệ thống pháp luật về môi trường ở Việt Nam. Tiếp theo đó, ngày 20 tháng 05 năm 1998, Quốc hội nước Cộng hòa xã hội Việt Nam khóa X, kỳ họp thứ 3 đã thông qua văn bản luật đầu tiên về tài nguyên nước - Luật Tài nguyên nước số 08/1998/QH10 hình thành một nền tảng pháp lý cho hệ thống pháp luật bảo vệ nguồn tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam. Trong những năm gần đây, hầu hết các văn bản dưới luật quan trọng và cần thiết cho việc hướng dẫn thi hành Luật Tài nguyên nước đã được ban hành và không ngừng được sửa đổi, bổ sung nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu phát triển và hội nhập quốc tế của đất nước trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau. Tuy nhiên, khung pháp lý hiện hành về tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam bao gồm một hệ thống các văn bản quy phạm pháp luật khá phức tạp, nhiều tầng nấc, được ban hành bởi nhiều cơ quan có thẩm quyền khác nhau. Mặc dù hệ thống pháp luật về tài nguyên nước đã được liên tục sửa đổi, bổ sung và hoàn thiện trong suốt một thập kỷ qua, nhưng rõ ràng vẫn chưa thực sự đi vào cuộc sống. Bài viết dưới đây đề cập chủ yến đến một số các thành tựu cũng như những vấn đề mâu thuẫn hiện tại của pháp luật bảo vệ nguồn tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam.

Craft villages played a significant role in the development of Vietnam’s rural economy for a long time. The range of products and production methods, including the processing of materials and chemicals, are now adapted to modern market requirements but environmental and labour protection issues are not adequately considered in the management of the craft villages. The reasons are various: poor education of responsible operators, deficient technical equipment or missing regulatory framework and implementation of existing regulations. The INHAND project (Integrated Water Management Concept for Craft Villages) started in 2011 and is studying the food processing village of Dai Lam located on the banks of the Cau River in the Bac Ninh province (about 40 km NE of the capital Hanoi). The household-scale business focus mainly on rice and cassava processing with 200 out of 1000 households producing alcohol from cassava and rice, 10 households producing tofu, and 30 households recycling aluminium. In addition, most households also raise pigs. The wastewater is released mostly untreated into the receiving stream. Within the framework of the INHAND project, four German und two Vietnamese partners will conduct a basic analysis inventory in the village with identification of suitable measure for an integrated, environmentally sound concept for the removal and reuse of all output streams. The second major task of the 3.5 years research project is the conceptualisation, development and implementation of pilot-scale treatment facilities in the village and the scientific monitoring of their planning and operation. / Đã từ lâu, làng nghề đóng vai trò quan trọng trong quá trình phát triển kinh tế nông nghiệp tại Việt Nam. Các sản phẩm và phương thức sản xuất, bao gồm cả giai đoạn xử lý vật liệu và hóa chất, đã từng bước được cải tiến cho phù hợp với yêu cầu của thị trường hiện đại. Tuy nhiên, những yếu tố về môi trường và an toàn lao động vẫn chưa được quan tâm đúng mức tại các làng nghề do nhiều nguyên nhân như: trình độ của nhà sản xuất, vận hành còn hạn hẹp, thiếu trang thiết bị kỹ thuật, các quy chuẩn còn thiếu hoặc chưa được thi hành triệt để. Dự án INHAND (đề án xử lý nước tổng thể cho làng nghề) được khởi động từ năm 2011 và hiện đang tiến hành nghiên cứu làng nghề chế biến thực phẩm Đại Lâm ,nằm bên bờ song Cầu, thuộc tỉnh Bắc Ninh, cách Hà Nội 40 km. Mô hình kinh tế hộ gia đình tại làng chủ yếu tập trung vào chế biến gạo và sắn: 200 trong số 1000 hộ gia đình nấu rượu gạo và sắn, 10 hộ sản xuất đậu phụ, 30 hộ tái chế nhôm. Ngoài ra, gần như tất cả các hộ đều có nuôi lợn. Nước thải của làng được dẫn trực tiếp ra các khối nước mở, gần như không qua xử lý. Trong khuôn khổ dự án INHAND, bốn đối tác Đức và hai đối tác Việt Nam sẽ tiến hành phân tích hiện trạng môi trường của làng để tìm ra những biện pháp thích hợp nhằm xử lý và tái sử dụng các dòng thải. Nhiệm vụ thứ hai trong thời gian 3,5 năm của dự án là lập ra đề án, phát triển và triển khai các trạm xử lý ở quy mô thử nghiệm, đồng thời quan trắc khoa học các quá trình thiết kế và vận hành.