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We present a sub-kiloparsec localization of the sites of supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth in three active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at z similar to 3 in relation to the regions of intense star formation in their hosts. These AGNs are selected from Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field and COSMOS, with the centimetric radio emission tracing both star formation and AGN, and the sub/millimeter emission by dust tracing nearly pure star formation. We require radio emission to be >= 5 x more luminous than the level associated with the sub/millimeter star formation to ensure that the radio emission is AGN-dominated, thereby allowing localization of the AGN and star formation independently. In all three galaxies, the AGNs are located within the compact regions of gas-rich, heavily obscured, intense nuclear star formation, with R-e = 0.4-1.1 kpc and average star formation rates of similar or equal to 100-1200 M(circle dot)yr(-1). If the current episode of star formation continues at such a rate over the stellar mass doubling time of their hosts, similar or equal to 0.2 Gyr, the newly formed stellar mass will be of the order of 10(11)M(circle dot). within the central kiloparsec region, concurrently and cospatially with significant growth of the SMBH. This is consistent with a picture of in situ galactic bulge and SMBH formation. This work demonstrates the unique complementarity of VLA and ALMA observations to unambiguously pinpoint the locations of AGNs and star formation down to similar or equal to 30 mas, corresponding to; 230 pc at z = 3.

Uma análise comparativa dos tempos de divergência dos eventos de cladogênese dentro dos gêneros Proechimys, Thrychomys e Trinomys de equimiídeos, baseada em seqüências do gene mitocondrial citocromo b, revelou distintos padrões de diversificação para esses três gêneros. Em geral houve pouca sobreposição entre os eventos de diversificação dos três gêneros comparados. Tanto Proechimys quanto Trinomys comportam diversas linhagens antigas, que vêm se diferenciando desde o Mioceno Médio. Thrichomys apresentou indício de uma perda de linhagens entre o final do Mioceno e o início do Plioceno, que pode estar associada ao Grande Intercâmbio Biótico Americano. Esses dados sugerem que as oscilações climáticas podem ter afetado de maneira diversa, com distintas respostas, os diferentes biomas ocupados por esses três gêneros. Nossos dados sugerem que apenas um modelo de diversificação não pode explicar a diversidade neotropical, enfatizando a necessidade de abordagens com modelos mais complexos. Este estudo demonstra a importância de associar uma estrutura temporal às análises filogenéticas. Associar tempo a eventos de cladogênese permite inferir modelos de especiação e extinção, comparar taxas de evolução entre táxons e correlacionar esses eventos com processos geológicos, paleoclimáticos e biogeográficos. / Comparative analysis of divergence times for cladogenic events within the echimyid genera Proechimys, Thrychomys, and Trinomys, based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene, revealed distinct patterns of diversification for these three genera. In general there was little overlap between the events of diversification of the three genera, when compared. Both Proechimys and Trinomys consist of several lineages which have become differentiated since the Middle Miocene. Thrichomys seems to have undergone a severe bottleneck, with the survival of a single lineage, which may be associated with the Great American Biotic Interchange. These data suggest that fluctuations in past climate may have affected differently, the different biomes occupied by these three genera. Our data suggest that a single speciation mode fails to explain Neotropical biodiversity, emphasizing the need for approaches using complex models. This study demonstrates the importance of associating a temporal framework to phylogenetic analyses. Relating cladogenesis and time allows testing of hypotheses about the mode of speciation and extinction, comparison of rates of evolution across taxa, and correlation of such events with important geological, paleoclimatic, and biogeographic processes.

Submitted by Marcele Costal de Castro (costalcastro@gmail.com) on 2017-10-10T16:47:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO FALCÃO KOBLITZ M.pdf: 2798440 bytes, checksum: e6bbe4d0c09a231a9612c35acb27e46b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-10T16:47:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO FALCÃO KOBLITZ M.pdf: 2798440 bytes, checksum: e6bbe4d0c09a231a9612c35acb27e46b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1991-04 / Este trabalho apresenta o SAGCS, uma ferramenta automatizada para gerenciamento da configuração de software para ambientes DOS. Além de controlar o acesso aos arquivos sob seu controle, fornece vários relatórios, que permitem o usuário acompanhar precisamente a evolução do sistema. Em conjunto com esta ferramenta, são sugeridos um modelo e procedimentos para a elaboração e implantação de um plano de gerenciamento da configuração de software que melhor atenda as características de cada projeto de software.

Many laboratory speciation experiments have raised allopatric populations in different environments to determine whether reproductive isolation evolves as a by-product of adaptation. Few, however, have controlled for the effects of genetic drift, addressed the evolution of both pre- and postmating isolation, or investigated the conditions that promote or hamper the process. I present results of a long-term evolution experiment in which 12 replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster independently evolved for more than 57 generations under alternative desiccation treatments (six control and six desiccation-selected populations). Specifically, I demonstrate the divergence between the desiccation and control populations of cuticular hydrocarbons, key traits that have been implicated in mate choice and sexual isolation in Drosophila. Despite this divergence, there was no detectable pre- or postmating isolation between the desiccation and control populations. Novel environments are generally thought to promote the evolution of reproductive isolation. Understanding the conditions that favour or hamper this remains a key challenge for speciation research.

The taxonomic status of the 16 nominal species of the genus Trinectes (Pleuronectiformes: Achiridae) Rafinesque 1832 was revised based on a morphological study of 647 type and non-type specimens. Nine species were recognized as valid Trinectes inscriptus, T. maculatus, T. microphthalmus, and T. paulistanus are found in the Atlantic Ocean, from the Northern United States to Southern Brazil, whereas T. fimbriatus, T. fluviatilis, T. fonsecensis, T. opercularis, and T. xanthurus are found in the Pacific Ocean, from Mexico to Peru. An identification key to species is provided. The phylogenetic relationships of the species recognized were hypothesized based on a cladistic analysis of 22 morphological, meristic, and osteological characters. The analysis resulted in one most parsimonious tree with a length of 39 steps (CI = 0.69; RI = 0.79). The tree showed that Trinectes is monophyletic on the basis of two synapomorphies: an unpierced interbranchial septum, and seven to nine pterygiophores anterior to the neural spine of the third precaudal vertebra. Trinectes inscriptus is the most plesiomorphic species of the genus, and all other species form a monophyletic group subdivided into two clades. The first contains (from most plesiomorphic to recent): T. paulistanus, T. fonsecensis, and the T. fluviatilis-T. xanthurus clade. The second clade includes (from most plesiomorphic to recent): T. maculatus, T. opercularis, and the T. fimbriatus- T. microphthalmus clade. The resulting cladogram depicts a sequence of speciation events and provides an opportunity to propose a biogeographical hypothesis on the evolution of Trinectes.

Microsporidia are unicellular fungi that are intracellular parasites of animals, including humans. They are both complex and simple, armed with a sophisticated infection apparatus and possessing the smallest eukaryotic nuclear genomes. The microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi has a genome size of 2.9 Mb, which is smaller than many bacterial genomes. Genome reduction and compaction in size, content, and form has been interpreted as an adaptation to parasitism. One of the effects of genome size reduction concerns intron evolution — E. cuniculi has retained only a few extremely short spliceosomal introns. This thesis examines the splicing of introns in the spore stage. The introns were retained in spores, suggesting life-stage specific splicing and splicing inhibition. How the short introns are recognized was also examined. Unique splicing signal motifs were predicted, and were used to find additional introns. The intron density was doubled for this species, and I also obtained data that counter current views about intron evolution in compacted genomes with low intron densities. I also predict that E. cuniculi introns are recognized in a unique way by the spliceosome. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medical Genetics, Department of / Graduate

<p> Species interactions can regulate a population&rsquo;s density and therefore can act as a selective force on that population. Such evolutionary responses have the potential to feedback and change ecological interactions between species. For species that compete for resources, the interaction between ecological and evolutionary dynamics will regulate the stability of the species interactions, determining whether competing species can coexist. The outcome of competition between species is determined by two factors: (1) niche overlap, or the similarity in how species use resources and are affected by their environment, and (2) fitness differences, or differences in how efficiently each species uses resources in their environment. Decreasing niche overlap will decrease competitive interactions, thereby stabilizing coexistence. Decreasing fitness differences makes species more equal in their competitive abilities, facilitating coexistence. In the absence of evolutionary constraints, both niche overlap and fitness differences among species are subject to change as a consequence of evolution among competitors, and thus ecological dynamics between two species will also change. In this dissertation, I develop a broader understanding of (1) how niche overlap and fitness differences between species change after evolution in response to competition, (2) how changes in niche overlap and fitness differences are mediated through changes in resource use of protists, and (3) what role evolutionary history plays in shaping ecological and evolutionary dynamics. </p><p> I address these goals with a suite of approaches including theoretical models, an experimental lab system, and comparative methods. I constructed a quantitative genetic model of trait evolution, where the trait of a species determined its resource use, and found that species are prone to change in their niche overlap as well as their fitness differences as a result of trait evolution. However, the magnitude of changes in niche overlap and fitness differences were determined by the resource availability within the environments. When resources were broadly available, species changed more in their niche overlap, whereas when resources were narrowly available, species changed more in their fitness difference. To test these predictions, I developed a system in the laboratory where protists competed for a bacterial resource. Species were allowed to evolve in either monoculture or a two-species mixture; the effects of evolution on competition, niche overlap and fitness differences were quantified using parameterized models. In general I found that species tended to converge in their niche as a result of evolution, however, changes in fitness differences between species were larger and more influential on coexistence than changes in niche differences. Both increases in niche overlap, and increases in fitness differences decreased coexistence among species pairs. By describing the bacterial communities associated with these protists before and after selection I determined that protists tended to converge or not change in which bacteria they were consuming as a result of selection. Additionally, for eleven protist species, I determined whether traits or relatedness predicted competitive ability by placing species on a molecular phylogeny and conducting pairwise competition experiments for all pairs. I found no correlations, suggesting neither traits, nor evolutionary history was informative for explaining current ecological and evolutionary interactions in this deeply divergent clade. </p><p> There are two major conclusions from this dissertation: (1) when species evolve in response to competition, changes in fitness differences may often be more important than changes in niche overlap, (2) evolution can, and may be likely to, decrease the ability of species to coexist through increases in niche overlap and increases in fitness differences. This work suggests that one must simultaneously consider the role of evolutionary and ecological processes to understand community processes. Specifically, when researchers are attempting to explain mechanisms of coexistence between species, they must consider how evolutionary dynamics may change the ecological interactions within communities of competitors.</p><p>

The physical mechanisms that quench star formation, turning blue star-forming galaxies into red quiescent galaxies, remain unclear. In this Letter, we investigate the role of gas supply in suppressing star formation by studying the molecular gas content of post-starburst galaxies. Leveraging the wide area of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we identify a sample of massive intermediate-redshift galaxies that have just ended their primary epoch of star formation. We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array CO(2-1) observations of two of these post-starburst galaxies at z similar to 0.7 with M-* similar to 2 10(11) M-circle dot. Their molecular gas reservoirs of (6.4 +/- 0.8) x 10(9) M-circle dot and (34.0 +/- 1.6) x 10(9) M-circle dot are an order of magnitude larger than comparable-mass galaxies in the local universe. Our observations suggest that quenching does not require the total removal or depletion of molecular gas, as many quenching models suggest. However, further observations are required both to determine if these apparently quiescent objects host highly obscured star formation and to investigate the intrinsic variation in the molecular gas properties of post-starburst galaxies.

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