Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that is the leading genetic cause of infantile death. SMA is caused by homozygous deletion or mutation of the survival of motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1). The SMN2 gene is nearly identical to SMN1, however is alternatively spliced. The close relationship to SMN1 results in SMN2 being a very power genetic modifier of SMA disease severity and a target for therapies. In this study we attempt to characterize novel chemical compounds identified as potential activators of the SMN2 gene. Additionally, we sought to determine the regulatory role individual HDAC proteins use to control expression of full length protein from the SMN2 gene. We used quantitative PCR to determine the effects of novel compounds and shRNA silencing of individual HDACs on the steady state levels of a SMN2-luciferase reporter transcripts. We determined that the compounds identified in multiple reporter high throughput screens increased SMN protein levels via transcriptional activation of the SMN2 gene. Other compounds identified in the same screen functioned post-transcriptionally, possibly stabilizing the SMN protein itself by decreasing degradation. Furthermore, we determined that reduction of individual HDAC proteins was sufficient to increase SMN protein levels in a transgenic reporter system. Knockdown of class I HDAC proteins preferentially activated the reporter by increased promoter transcription. Silencing of class II HDAC proteins maintained transcriptional activity; however silencing of HDAC 5 and 6 also appeared to enhance inclusion of an alternatively spliced exon. This collective work defines a quantitative RNA based protocol to determine mechanism of SMN reporter increase in response to any chosen treatment method. Additionally, this work highlights HDAC proteins 2 and 6 as excellent investigative targets. These data are important to the basic understanding of SMN expression regulation and the refinements of current therapeutic compounds as well as the development of novel SMA therapeutics.

L’acétylation est une modification post-traductionnelle des protéines essentielles. Elle est impliquée dans bon nombre de processus cellulaires importants comme la régulation de la structure de la chromatine et le recrutement de protéines. Deux groupes d’enzymes, soient les lysines acétyltransférases et les lysines désacétylases, régulent cette modification, autant sur les histones que sur les autres protéines. Au cours des dernières années, de petites molécules inhibitrices des désacétylases ont été découvertes. Certaines d’entre elles semblent prometteuses contre diverses maladies telles le cancer. L’acide valproïque, un inhibiteur de deux des trois classes des désacétylases, a un effet antiprolifératif chez plusieurs organismes modèles. Toutefois, les mécanismes cellulaires sous-jacents à cet effet restent encore méconnus. Ce mémoire met en lumière l’effet pH dépendant de l’acide valproïque sur différentes voies cellulaires importantes chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Il démontre que ce composé a la capacité d’inhiber la transition entre les phases G1 et S par son action sur l’expression des cyclines de la phase G1. De plus, il inhibe l’activation de la kinase principale de la voie activée suite à un stress à la paroi cellulaire. L’acide valproïque occasionne également un arrêt dans la réplication de l’ADN sans y causer de dommage. Il s’agit là d’un effet unique qui, à notre connaissance, n’est pas observable avec d’autres agents qui inhibent la progression en phase S. / Acetylation is an essential post-translational modification involved in many important cellular processes such as regulation of chromatin structure and proteins interactions. Two enzyme families, lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases, allow proper regulation of this modification both on histones and non-histones proteins. In recent years, the discovery of small deacetylase inhibitors has led to promising novel therapy in the treatment against various diseases such as cancer. Valproic acid, a class I and II deacetylase inhibitor, has been shown to have antiproliferative effects in various models. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying this effect remain unknown. This thesis highlights the pH-dependent effects of VPA on numerous important cellular pathways in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results demonstrate that VPA inhibits the transition from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle by its action on the expression of G1 cyclins. Moreover, VPA inhibits the activation of the main kinase involved in the cell wall integrity pathway. Furthermore, VPA exposure also leads to DNA replication arrest in a DNA damage-independent manner. This is a unique effect that, to our knowledge, is not observable with other agents that inhibit S phase progression.