The concept of decentering originated with Piaget, who defined decentering as a feature of operational thought, the ability to conceptualize multiple perspectives simultaneously. Feffer applied Piaget’s concept of decentering to the cognitive maturity of social content. This study used Feffer’s Interpersonal Decentering scoring system for stories told about TAT pictures to investigate the developmental hierarchy of decentering for children and adolescents. The participants originated from the Berkeley Guidance Study, a longitudinal sample of more than 200 individuals followed for more than 60 years by the Institute of Human Development at the University of California, Berkeley. The hypotheses tested were: (1) chronological age will be positively related to Decentering as reflected in Feffer’s Interpersonal Decentering scores obtained annually between ages 10 and 13 and at 18; (2) children born into higher class homes would have higher Age 12 Decentering scores; (3) children born later in birth order will have higher Age 12 Decentering scores; (4) children whose parents were observed to have closer bonds with their children at age 21 months will have higher Age 12 Decentering scores; (5) adolescents with higher scores from the Decentering Q-sort Scale (derived from adolescent Q-sorts) will have higher Age 12 Decentering scores; and (6) participants who have higher Age 12 Decentering scores will self-report higher CPI Empathy scale scores at Age 30. A repeated measures ANOVA tested Hypothesis 1. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients tested Hypotheses 2-6. Age and Decentering scores were unrelated, as was birth order; social class findings were mixed. Parents’ bonds with child and Age 12 Decentering were negatively correlated (closer bonds predicted higher Decentering), as were Age 12 Decentering and Age 30 Empathy (higher early Decentering predicted lower adulthood Empathy). Girls (age 12) tended to decenter more consistently and had higher Decentering scores than boys.

Developmental psychology aims to elucidate how children's early relationships influence their interactions with the world. Piaget's cognitive development theory is often noted when discussing development, and although his cognitive descriptions of decentering (i.e., perspective taking) were compelling, they neglected interpersonal contexts. Accordingly, Feffer conceptualized decentering within a social context. To expand on Feffer's consideration of the social context, the current study explored early parent-child bonds and their impact on child development, specifically interpersonal decentering, in adolescence. In the present secondary analysis of data from the Institute of Human Development longitudinal Guidance Study at the University of California, Berkeley, I hypothesized that, for both boys and girls, conflict with relatives and a parent's nervous instability would moderate the association between early strong parental bonds and more mature decentering at ages 12.5 and 18 years, and that more imaginative play, introspection, and better physical health would moderate the relationship between strong father-son bonds at age 21 months and the son's more mature decentering at age 12.5 and 18 years. The findings revealed that the association between strong father-son bonds at 21 months and the son's more mature decentering at age 12.5 was strongest when the son was less introspective compared to when the son was more introspective. When sons were in better health at ages 5-10 years and 11-17 years, their father-son bonds at age 21 months were more strongly related to more mature decentering at age 18 compared to sons who were in fair to poor health. The current study expands on the impact parental bonds, particularly paternal for sons, have on a child's social cognitive development.

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Despite the success of available medical and psychosocial treatments, a sizable subgroup of individuals with commonly co-occurring disorders, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), fail to make sufficient treatment gains thereby prolonging their deficits in life functioning and satisfaction. Clinically, these patients often display temperamental features reflecting heightened sensitivity to underlying motivational systems related to threat/safety and reward/loss (e.g., somatic anxiety) as well as inordinate negative self-referential processing (e.g., worry, rumination). This profile may reflect disruption in two important neural networks associated with emotional/motivational salience (e.g., salience network) and self-referentiality (e.g., default network, DN). Emotion Regulation Therapy (ERT) was developed to target this hypothesized profile and its neurobehavioral markers. In the present study, 22 GAD patients (with and without MDD) completed resting state MRI scans before receiving 16 sessions of ERT. To test study these hypotheses, we examined the associations between baseline patterns of intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of the insula and of hubs within the DN (anterior and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex [MPFC] and posterior cingulate cortex [PCC]) and treatment-related changes in worry, somatic anxiety symptoms and decentering. Results suggest that greater treatment linked reductions in worry were associated with iFC clusters in both the insular and parietal cortices. Greater treatment linked gains in decentering, a metacognitive process that involves the capacity to observe items that arise in the mind with healthy psychological distance that is targeted by ERT, was associated with iFC clusters in the anterior and posterior DN. The current study adds to the growing body of research implicating disruptions in the default and salience networks as promising targets of treatment for GAD with and without co-occurring MDD.

The dissertation investigates the postmodern features of Salman Rushdie’s novels Shame and Midnight’s Children within the theoretical framework of postmodernism. The inward-directed approach to a literary text, which has been chosen as a basis for the research, incorporates the body of texts by the famous theorists of postmodernism Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Ihab Hassan, Jean Baudrillard and others. With the view to the indeterminacy of the approach, the concept of decentering, embracing such terms as the elimination of the transcendental signified, supplement, simulacrum, indeterminacy, the death of the author, has been chosen as a key concept to discuss text-oriented propositions. The analysis of Salman Rushdie’s novel Midnight’s Children explores the undermining of the traditional connotations of synecdoche. The interpretation of the text reveals how the strategy of play is employed to incorporate traditional images into the postmodern narrative of the novel. The connotations attributed to different images are constantly subjected to subversion and undermining in the text. The investigation of the concept indeterminacy with the view to the narrative of Midnight’s Children focuses on the imagery related to the concept of the void and its supplements. The analysis of Salman Rushdie’s novel Shame draws on the concept of the image as a simulacrum/supplement, employing J. Derrida and J. Baudrillard’s theoretical propositions. It uncovers the detachment of... [to full text] / Disertacijos tyrimo objektu pasirinktos postmodernizmo apraiškos Salman Rushdie romanuose Vidurnakčio vaikai ir Gėda. Tyrimo teoriniu pagrindu buvo pasirinktas į tekstą orientuotas požiūris, atstovaujamas šių mokslininkų: Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, Ihab Hassan, Jean Baudrillard ir kt. Atsižvelgiant į pasirinkto požiūrio neapibrėžtumą, pagrindine teorine sąvoka buvo pasirinkta išcentrinimo sąvoka, kuri yra sietina su šiais terminais: transcendentalinio subjekto nesatis, suplementas, simuliakras, neapibrėžtumas, autoriaus mirtis. Salman Rushdie romano Vidurnakčio vaikai interpretacijoje tiriama tradicinių sinekdochos reikšmių transformacija. Analizuojant atskleidžiama, kaip rašytojas naudoja žaidimo strategiją tradicinių įvaizdžių panaudojimui postmoderniame kūrinyje, nuolat transformuodamas ir neigdamas įvaizdžių reikšmes. Romano Vidurnakčio vaikai naratyvas analizuojamas neapibrėžtumo sąvokos pagrindu. Pagrindinis dėmesys šioje interpretacijoje skiriamas įvaizdžiams, siejamiems su tuštumos ir suplemento sąvokomis. Salman Rushdie romano Gėda interpretacijoje dėmesys skiriamas postmodernaus įvaizdžio kaip simuliakro/suplemento sampratos analizei. Teorinis interpretacijos pagrindas- J. Derrida ir J. Baudrillard veikalai. Analizė atskleidžia postmodernaus įvaizdžio ir realybės santykio nesatį bei realybės suplementų pažeidžiamumą. Apibendrinant, Salman Rushdei romanų interpretacija atskleidžia išcentrinimo sąvokos sudėtingumą ir neapibrėžtumą, bei bendrą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The dissertation investigates the postmodern features of Salman Rushdie’s novels Shame and Midnight’s Children within the theoretical framework of postmodernism. The inward-directed approach to a literary text, which has been chosen as a basis for the research, incorporates the body of texts by the famous theorists of postmodernism Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Ihab Hassan, Jean Baudrillard and others. With the view to the indeterminacy of the approach, the concept of decentering, embracing such terms as the elimination of the transcendental signified, supplement, simulacrum, indeterminacy, the death of the author, has been chosen as a key concept to discuss text-oriented propositions. The analysis of Salman Rushdie’s novel Midnight’s Children explores the undermining of the traditional connotations of synecdoche. The interpretation of the text reveals how the strategy of play is employed to incorporate traditional images into the postmodern narrative of the novel. The connotations attributed to different images are constantly subjected to subversion and undermining in the text. The investigation of the concept indeterminacy with the view to the narrative of Midnight’s Children focuses on the imagery related to the concept of the void and its supplements. The analysis of Salman Rushdie’s novel Shame draws on the concept of the image as a simulacrum/supplement, employing J. Derrida and J. Baudrillard’s theoretical propositions. It uncovers the detachment of... [to full text] / Disertacijos tyrimo objektu pasirinktos postmodernizmo apraiškos Salman Rushdie romanuose Vidurnakčio vaikai ir Gėda. Tyrimo teoriniu pagrindu buvo pasirinktas į tekstą orientuotas požiūris, atstovaujamas šių mokslininkų: Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, Ihab Hassan, Jean Baudrillard ir kt. Atsižvelgiant į pasirinkto požiūrio neapibrėžtumą, pagrindine teorine sąvoka buvo pasirinkta išcentrinimo sąvoka, kuri yra sietina su šiais terminais: transcendentalinio subjekto nesatis, suplementas, simuliakras, neapibrėžtumas, autoriaus mirtis. Salman Rushdie romano Vidurnakčio vaikai interpretacijoje tiriama tradicinių sinekdochos reikšmių transformacija. Analizuojant atskleidžiama, kaip rašytojas naudoja žaidimo strategiją tradicinių įvaizdžių panaudojimui postmoderniame kūrinyje, nuolat transformuodamas ir neigdamas įvaizdžių reikšmes. Romano Vidurnakčio vaikai naratyvas analizuojamas neapibrėžtumo sąvokos pagrindu. Pagrindinis dėmesys šioje interpretacijoje skiriamas įvaizdžiams, siejamiems su tuštumos ir suplemento sąvokomis. Salman Rushdie romano Gėda interpretacijoje dėmesys skiriamas postmodernaus įvaizdžio kaip simuliakro/suplemento sampratos analizei. Teorinis interpretacijos pagrindas- J. Derrida ir J. Baudrillard veikalai. Analizė atskleidžia postmodernaus įvaizdžio ir realybės santykio nesatį bei realybės suplementų pažeidžiamumą. Apibendrinant, Salman Rushdei romanų interpretacija atskleidžia išcentrinimo sąvokos sudėtingumą ir neapibrėžtumą, bei bendrą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Mindfulness, som ett akademiskt begrepp, har ökat i popularitet och betydelse på senaretid, och av intresse är, mer specifikt, det ökade stödet för dess samband med anknytningsteorisom har observerats. Detta motiverar djupare inblick i vad som beskriver och förklarar dettasamband ytterligare. Studien syftade till att undersöka förklaringar av sambandet mellananknytning och mindfulness. Medierande analyser inom området är få till antalet, dock hartidigare studier påvisat att emotionsreglering utverkar en medierande effekt mellananknytning och mindfulness. Litteraturen ger även anledning att undersöka ifall sambandetmellan anknytning och mindfulness är dubbelriktat. Således undersökte studien ävenmindfulness meta-mekanismen decentrering som medierande förklaring mellan mindfulnessoch anknytning. Totalt deltagarantal utgjordes av 53 kvinnor och 59 män som samtligabesvarade en standardiserad enkät, designad att mäta anknytning, mindfulness, emotionellreglering och decentrering. Resultatet bekräftar den medierande effekten av emotionsregleringmellan anknytning och mindfulness. Resultatet bekräftade även decentrerings medierande rolli sambandet mellan mindfulness och anknytning. Sammanfattningsvis understryksteoribildningens dubbelriktade förhållande samt diskussion av dess eventuella betydelse följerdärpå. / Mindfulness, seen as an academic term, have steadily been gaining more popularity latelyand, more specifically, an interest towards the increasing support for the correlation withattachment theory have been observed. This motivates a deeper understanding into thedescribing and explaining factors involved. The study set out to investigate the mediatingeffects of emotion regulation between attachment and mindfulness. Previous mediatinganalysis within this research area have, so far, been few, but earlier research has foundsupport for emotion regulation to mediate the effect between attachment and mindfulness. Theresearch literature also provide reason to further investigate if the correlation could be bidirectional,for this reason the study also investigate the mindfulness meta-mechanismdecentering as an proposed mediator between mindfulness and attachment. The total numberof participants comprised of 53 women and 59 men, which were asked to answer questionsdesigned to assess attachment anxiety and avoidance, mindfulness, emotion regulation anddecentering, using a standardized questionnaire. The results of the study confirm themediating effects of emotion regulation between attachment and mindfulness. The results alsofound support for the mediating effects of decentering between mindfulness and attachment.In conclusion, the suggested bi-directional nature of the relationship seems to be correct and adiscussion and implications of these findings follow.