Ces travaux concernent la mise en place d'un système d'aide à la décision, s'appuyant sur le raisonnement à partir de cas, pour la modélisation et la résolution des problèmes d'ordonnancement en génie des procédés. Une analyse de co-citation a été exécutée afin d'extraire de la littérature la connaissance nécessaire à la construction de la stratégie d'aide à la décision et d'obtenir une image de la situation, de l'évolution et de l'intensité de la recherche du domaine des problèmes d'ordonnancement. Un système de classification a été proposée, et la nomenclature proposée par Blazewicz et al. (2007) a été étendue de manière à pouvoir caractériser de manière complète les problèmes d'ordonnancement et leur mode de résolution. Les difficultés d'adaptation du modèle ont été discutées, et l'efficacité des quatre modèles de littérature a été comparée sur trois exemples de flow-shop. Une stratégie de résolution est proposée en fonction des caractéristiques du problème mathématique. / The purpose of this study is to work out the foundations of a decision-support system in order to advise efficient resolution strategies for scheduling problems in process engineering. This decision-support system is based on Case-Based Reasoning. A bibliographic study based on co-citation analysis has been performed in order to extract knowledge from the literature and obtain a landscape about scheduling research, its intensity and evolution. An open classification scheme has been proposed to scheduling problems, mathematical models and solving methods. A notation scheme corresponding to the classification has been elaborated based on the nomenclature proposed by Blazewicz et al. (2007). The difficulties arising during the adaptation of a mathematical model to different problems is discussed, and the performances of four literature mathematical models have been compared on three flow-shop examples. A resolution strategy is proposed based on the characteristics of the scheduling problem.

O aumento da competição e a aceleração dos avanços tecnológicos têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento de novos conceitos e estratégias de produção, direcionando as empresas à busca contínua de novas oportunidades de negócios e melhorias dos processos produtivos. A indústria de madeira serrada no Brasil, na sua grande maioria, apresenta estrutura produtiva precária, com baixa produtividade, e sua sobrevivência depende da busca por melhorias de eficiência técnica e econômica dos processos de transformação. Nesta busca de melhorias de processos, a simulação de sistemas pode ser utilizada como ferramenta de apoio à decisão no planejamento da produção de serrarias, contribuindo para a competitividade das empresas. Esta dissertação objetiva desenvolver um modelo de simulação da produção de madeira serrada para auxiliar no planejamento da produção de uma serraria. O trabalho verificou a real potencialidade do uso da simulação no processo produtivo da serraria, se mostrando uma alternativa para o planejamento da produção da mesma. Com o uso da ferramenta estudada, o sistema produtivo foi modelado e validado utilizando o pacote de simulação Arena. Dentre os resultados desta dissertação, podem ser destacados: o modelo de pesquisa, a identificação das variáveis do sistema, o desenvolvimento e a validação do modelo. / The growing competition and the acceleration of technological advances have been contributing for the development of new production concepts and strategies, guiding companies into the search for continuous new business opportunities and productive processes improvements. Most of sawn wood industry in Brazil presents poor productive structure with low productivity, and its survival depends on the search for improvements on technical and economic efficiency of transformation processes. On this search, system simulation can be used as a supporting tool when deciding about the saw production planning, which contributes in favor of company competition. This paper work aims the development of a sawn wood production simulation model in order to help in the planning of a sawmill production. This work verifies the real potentiality when using the simulation during the sawmill productive process, which demonstrates it can be an alternative for the planning of the sawmill production. After using the above studied tool, the productive system was modeled and validated based on Arena simulation package. Among all the results of this study, some deserve to be highlighted: the research model, the identification of the system variables, and the model development and validation.

The real time monitoring of environment context aware activities, based on distributed detection, is becoming a standard in public safety and service delivery in a wide range of domains (child and elderly care and supervision, logistics, circulation, and other). The safety of people, goods and premises depends on the prompt immediate reaction to potential hazards identified in real time, at an early stage to engage appropriate control actions. Effective emergency response can be supported only by available and acquired expertise or elaborate collaborative knowledge in the domain of distributed detection that include indoor sensing, tracking and localizing. This research proposes a hybrid conceptual multi-agent framework for the acquisition of collaborative knowledge in dynamic complex context aware environments for distributed detection. This framework has been applied for the design and development of a hybrid intelligent multi-agent decision system (HIDSS) that supports a decentralized active sensing, tracking and localizing strategy, and the deployment and configuration of smart detection devices associated to active sensor nodes wirelessly connected in a network topology to configure, deploy and control ad hoc wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This system, which is based on the interactive use of data, models and knowledge base, has been implemented to support fire detection and control access fusion functions aimed at elaborating: An integrated data model, grouping the building information data and WSN-RFID database, composed of the network configuration and captured data, A virtual layout configuration of the controlled premises, based on using a building information model, A knowledge-based support for the design of generic detection devices, A multi-criteria decision making model for generic detection devices distribution, ad hoc WSNs configuration, clustering and deployment, and Predictive data models for evacuation planning, and fire and evacuation simulation. An evaluation of the system prototype has been carried out to enrich information and knowledge fusion requirements and show the scope of the concepts used in data and process modelling. It has shown the practicability of hybrid solutions grouping generic homogeneous smart detection devices enhanced by heterogeneous support devices in their deployment, forming ad hoc networks that integrate WSNs and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The novelty in this work is the web-based support system architecture proposed in this framework that is based on the use of intelligent agent modelling and multi-agent systems, and the decoupling of the processes supporting the multi-sensor data fusion from those supporting different context applications. Although this decoupling is essential to appropriately distribute the different fusion functions, the integration of several dimensions of policy settings for the modelling of knowledge processes, and intelligent and pro-active decision making activities, requires the organisation of interactive fusion functions deployed upstream to a safety and emergency response.

O aumento da competição e a aceleração dos avanços tecnológicos têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento de novos conceitos e estratégias de produção, direcionando as empresas à busca contínua de novas oportunidades de negócios e melhorias dos processos produtivos. A indústria de madeira serrada no Brasil, na sua grande maioria, apresenta estrutura produtiva precária, com baixa produtividade, e sua sobrevivência depende da busca por melhorias de eficiência técnica e econômica dos processos de transformação. Nesta busca de melhorias de processos, a simulação de sistemas pode ser utilizada como ferramenta de apoio à decisão no planejamento da produção de serrarias, contribuindo para a competitividade das empresas. Esta dissertação objetiva desenvolver um modelo de simulação da produção de madeira serrada para auxiliar no planejamento da produção de uma serraria. O trabalho verificou a real potencialidade do uso da simulação no processo produtivo da serraria, se mostrando uma alternativa para o planejamento da produção da mesma. Com o uso da ferramenta estudada, o sistema produtivo foi modelado e validado utilizando o pacote de simulação Arena. Dentre os resultados desta dissertação, podem ser destacados: o modelo de pesquisa, a identificação das variáveis do sistema, o desenvolvimento e a validação do modelo. / The growing competition and the acceleration of technological advances have been contributing for the development of new production concepts and strategies, guiding companies into the search for continuous new business opportunities and productive processes improvements. Most of sawn wood industry in Brazil presents poor productive structure with low productivity, and its survival depends on the search for improvements on technical and economic efficiency of transformation processes. On this search, system simulation can be used as a supporting tool when deciding about the saw production planning, which contributes in favor of company competition. This paper work aims the development of a sawn wood production simulation model in order to help in the planning of a sawmill production. This work verifies the real potentiality when using the simulation during the sawmill productive process, which demonstrates it can be an alternative for the planning of the sawmill production. After using the above studied tool, the productive system was modeled and validated based on Arena simulation package. Among all the results of this study, some deserve to be highlighted: the research model, the identification of the system variables, and the model development and validation.

Abstract Medicines are substances used to prevent, alleviate or cure diseases which is an important part of health care. The role of the pharmacist in the healthcare chain is important because they are the patients last contact with healthcare professionals. After this contact they must assume responsibility over their own treatment. The pharmacist's responsibility is to make sure that the patient has received essential information about their drugs and to check that the prescribed dose is correct. The increased digitalization of society brings an opportunity for the patients to increase participation and understanding of their drug treatment. Decision support systems are different methods used to obtain a basis for decision making. Pharmacists use these systems to check if prescriptions are correct, for example by ensuring that the right medication, in the correct dose, has been prescribed to the right patient at the right time. In Sweden there is a decision support system called elektroniskt expertstöd (EES). This system offers pharmacy customers further drug control in addition to other controls that are available through the pharmacy's other systems. The benefit of this system is that the pharmacist has better support in detecting incorrect doses, interactions, duplicate medications and if the drug is inappropriate for the patient's gender or age. When the system alerts, the pharmacist makes an assessment which may be discussed with the patient or the physician if needed. Purpose The purpose of this survey study was to investigate what the pharmacy customers knows about EES and the pharmacists use of the system. Method Before the study started, approval from the southeast ethic committee was obtained which said that there were no ethical barriers for the performance of the study. The surveys were handed out to anyone who would receive prescriptions at different pharmacies in Luleå, Grängesberg, Värnamo, Kalmar and Torsås. The common goal was to spend 20 hours of handing out surveys per student. The results were put together and analyzed in IBM SPSS Statistics with descriptive statistics.  Results and discussion The results show that most of the respondents did not know about EES and did not know if the pharmacists are using this support system. The results also show that most of the respondents had not given their consent to EES and did not know if EES could support the pharmacists work. More than half of the survey population answered “do not know” on a question asking if they wanted the pharmacist to use EES when dispensing drugs. Almost a quarter of the total population wanted the pharmacist to use EES and close to three quarters of the total population had no knowledge of the system. This could mean that the customers who have knowledge wants the system to be used. A reason for wanting the system to be used without having knowledge of it could be that customers trust it is beneficial for themselves and for the pharmacists. Building trust and showing care in each customer meeting is important to make the customer susceptible to information. Sufficient information can lead to better compliance in drug treatments. Before the pharmacist can use EES for the first time the customer must consent. Although it was a few years since the introduction of EES into pharmacies, some pharmacists find it difficult to connect customers to the system. It is a relatively new way of working with drug analysis at the pharmacies in Sweden. More practice in the system could provide increased use of it and help the pharmacists decision making.   Conclusion Only a small proportion of the pharmacy customers have knowledge of EES. But even so, one fourth of them wanted the system to be used to analyze their medication which is considered positive.

Resumo: Este trabalho aborda o problema de identificação dos efeitos causados por eventuais falhas no abastecimento de certos materiais ou equipamentos na linha de montagem de aeronaves. Tal problema consiste em avaliar se o atraso na disponibilidade de um determinado material pode ser absorvido pela flexibilidade existente na rede de atividades da produção. Dessa forma, foi desenvolvido um sistema de apoio à decisão para o planejamento e controle da produção, utilizando simulação de eventos discretos para avaliar se o sincronismo entre os elos da cadeia produtiva está se comportando a contento e, em caso negativo, disponibilizar informações para as correções necessárias. A grande dificuldade na modelagem do sistema está na necessidade de integração de uma complexa cadeia de suprimentos a uma grande rede de atividades necessárias à manufatura das aeronaves. Apesar da complexidade, o sistema criado é capaz de identificar antecipadamente o impacto causado na montagem pelos insumos atrasados, além de prover uma visão de quais materiais, e respectivos fornecedores, apresentam um atraso que não pode ser absorvido pelo sistema, o que facilitaria o trabalho dos gestores da cadeia de suprimentos para aumentar a robustez do sistema. / Abstract: This work approaches the effects identification of problems caused by eventual fails in the provisioning of material or equipments in one assembly line of aircrafts. Such problem consists in evaluating if a delay in the availability of a material can be absorbed by the flexibility in the activities network of the production. This way, a decision support system was developed to support the planning and control of the production, using systems simulation, to evaluate if the synchronism among the links of the productive chain is behaving as necessary; in negative case, the system must to provide information for manager's action. The great difficulty to produce a model of this system is about the necessary integration of a complex supply chain to a big activities network associate to aircrafts manufacture. In spite of that complexity, the system developed is able to identify the impact caused in the assembly line by each late input, providing a vision of which materials, and respective suppliers, have a delay that cannot be absorbed by the production line. So, this research looks for facilitate the manager works in to increase the system robustness. / Orientador: Edgard Dias Batista Junior / Coorientador: Fernando Augusto da Silva Marins / Banca: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Banca: José Arnaldo Barra Montevechi / Mestre

La gestion des risques projet est une activité cruciale dans le management de projet. Aujourd'hui, les projets sont confrontés à une complexité croissante et sont ainsi exposés à de nombreux risques interdépendants. Cependant, les méthodes classiques ont des limites pour la modélisation de la complexité réelle des risques du projet. Par exemple, certains phénomènes comme les réactions en chaîne et des boucles ne sont pas correctement pris en compte. Cette thèse de doctorat vise à analyser le comportement du réseau de risques projet grâce à la modélisation des risques et des interactions entre risques. Un système d'aide à la décision est introduit avec une série de méthodes associées. La construction du réseau de risques projet nécessite l'implication du manager de projet et l'équipe d'experts en utilisant la méthode Design Structure Matrix (DSM). Des techniques basées sur la simulation et la théorie des réseaux sont développées pour analyser et hiérarchiser les risques du projet, en regard de leur rôle et leur importance dans le réseau des risques. L'approche proposée constitue un puissant complément à l'analyse classique des risques projet. Ces nouvelles analyses fournissent aux managers de projet une meilleure vision sur les risques et sur leurs interactions complexes et les aident à élaborer des réponses plus efficaces. Prenant en compte les contraintes de ressources, un algorithme glouton et un algorithme génétique sont développés pour optimiser le plan de réponse aux risques et l'allocation des réserves budgétaires. Deux exemples d'application, 1) à un projet réel de mise en scène musicale dans l'industrie du divertissement et 2) à un projet réel de construction d’un système de transport urbain, sont présentés pour illustrer l'utilité du système d'aide à la décision proposé. / Project risk management is a crucial activity in project management. Nowadays, projects are facing a growing complexity and are thus exposed to numerous and interdependent risks. However, existing classical methods have limitations for modeling the real complexity of project risks. For example, some phenomena like chain reactions and loops are not properly taken into account. This Ph.D. thesis aims at analyzing propagation behavior in the project risk network through modelling risks and risk interactions. An integrated framework of decision support system is presented with a series of proposed methods. The construction of the project risk network requires the involvement of the project manager and the team of experts using the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) method. Simulation techniques are used and several network theory-based methods are developed for analyzing and prioritizing project risks, with respect to their role and importance in the risk network in terms of various indicators. The proposed approach serves as a powerful complement to classical project risk analysis. These novel analyses provide project managers with improved insights on risks and risk interactions under complexity and help them to design more effective response actions. Considering resource constraints, a greedy algorithm and a genetic algorithm are developed to optimize the risk response plan and the allocation of budget reserves dedicated to the risk management. Two examples of application, 1) to a real musical staging project in the entertainment industry and 2) to a real urban transportation system implementation project, are presented to illustrate the utility of the proposed decision support system.

O trabalho apresenta o sistema de apoio à decisão - SAD, projetado especificamente para pequenas indústrias. A pesquisa concentrou-se em parte no estudo das disciplinas envolvidas no tema análise econômico-financeira de empresas, de forma a recuperar as teorias e conceitos mais pertinentes, para, numa segunda etapa, aplicá-las ao projeto e implementação de um sistema de apoio às decisões de pequenas indústrias. O sistema de apoio à decisão - SAD foi concebido em parceria com 107 empresas de São Paulo, com o objetivo de realizar, de forma acurada e rápida, várias análises de apoio à tomada de decisões, entre as quais destacam-se as seguintes: análise das relações custo - volume - lucro (CVL); análise por taxa-alvo de retorno; cálculo de preços (orçamentos); análise econômica de seleção de produtos e de terceirizações de produtos, subconjuntos e operações. Além de específicas análises de administração financeira, outras relativas ao planejamento da produção são também colocadas à disposição pelo SAD, como é o caso do planejamento de materiais e de subconjuntos - MRP-I, do planejamento de capacidade para operações e máquinas - CRP, e do diagrama De-Para para apoiar arranjo físico, entre outras. O sistema tem oferecido apoio a uma série de tomadas de decisões em pequenas indústrias do Estado de São Paulo, com efetiva melhoria dos seus resultados econômico-financeiros. / This study presents a decision support system - simplified in portuguese as SAD, specifically designed to small manufacturing companies. The research concentrated partly on the study of the disciplines involved in economic-financial analysis of companies, in way to recover the theories and more pertinent concepts, for, in a second stage, to apply them to the project of a decision support system of industries of small load. The SAD was conceived and validated in partnership with 107 small manufacturing companies of São Paulo. It uses Managerial Accounting and Microeconomic models as long as Industrial Engineering methods. The research priorizes practical relevant managerial issues. The SAD was designed to realize accurately and rapidly several analysis to support decision making. The following analysis were highlighted: profit-cost-volume, target rate of return, pricing, products\' selection mix and make-or-buy decisions. Besides specifically financial management analysis, others relative to production planning were made available by the SAD, as materials requirements planning (MRP), capacity requirements planning (CRP), and the \"Chart of weighted values\" that supports lay out. The decision support system - SAD offered decision support to several small manufacturing companies, with effective improvement in their economical, financial and operational results.

O aumento da competição e a aceleração dos avanços tecnológicos têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento de novos conceitos e estratégias de produção, direcionando as empresas à busca contínua de novas oportunidades de negócios e melhorias dos processos produtivos. A indústria de madeira serrada no Brasil, na sua grande maioria, apresenta estrutura produtiva precária, com baixa produtividade, e sua sobrevivência depende da busca por melhorias de eficiência técnica e econômica dos processos de transformação. Nesta busca de melhorias de processos, a simulação de sistemas pode ser utilizada como ferramenta de apoio à decisão no planejamento da produção de serrarias, contribuindo para a competitividade das empresas. Esta dissertação objetiva desenvolver um modelo de simulação da produção de madeira serrada para auxiliar no planejamento da produção de uma serraria. O trabalho verificou a real potencialidade do uso da simulação no processo produtivo da serraria, se mostrando uma alternativa para o planejamento da produção da mesma. Com o uso da ferramenta estudada, o sistema produtivo foi modelado e validado utilizando o pacote de simulação Arena. Dentre os resultados desta dissertação, podem ser destacados: o modelo de pesquisa, a identificação das variáveis do sistema, o desenvolvimento e a validação do modelo. / The growing competition and the acceleration of technological advances have been contributing for the development of new production concepts and strategies, guiding companies into the search for continuous new business opportunities and productive processes improvements. Most of sawn wood industry in Brazil presents poor productive structure with low productivity, and its survival depends on the search for improvements on technical and economic efficiency of transformation processes. On this search, system simulation can be used as a supporting tool when deciding about the saw production planning, which contributes in favor of company competition. This paper work aims the development of a sawn wood production simulation model in order to help in the planning of a sawmill production. This work verifies the real potentiality when using the simulation during the sawmill productive process, which demonstrates it can be an alternative for the planning of the sawmill production. After using the above studied tool, the productive system was modeled and validated based on Arena simulation package. Among all the results of this study, some deserve to be highlighted: the research model, the identification of the system variables, and the model development and validation.

A carência, absoluta ou relativa, de água direcionou diversas ações no sentido de amenizar esse problema. A política nacional de recursos hídricos (Lei 9.433/97), com seus cinco instrumentos de gestão e planejamento, pode ser considerada o principal marco. Entre esses instrumentos, encontra-se o sistema de informações, que tem por finalidade coletar, armazenar e disponibilizar dados para uma gestão racional. É nesse âmbito e no sentido de contribuir para a evolução desses sistemas, que se apresenta essa tese de doutoramento. O tema principal trata da implementação de um sistema de suporte a decisões – SSD com base nos conceitos da programação orientada a objetos – POO, forma esta de programação que procura representar os sistemas por meio de classes de maneira a buscar a semelhança à realidade. Esse SSD, denominado de ARENA (análise de recursos naturais), é composto de um sistema de informações geográficas – SIG, dois simuladores (simulação do fluxo de águas subterrâneas e do ciclo hidrológico superficial), uma base de dados georeferenciada e módulos de acesso aos dados. A forma como os simuladores foram implementados, baseado em conceitos da POO e suas integrações às entidades geométricas do SIG, é apresentada como contribuição. No ARENA, o SIG não é apenas utilizado nas fases de pré e pós-processamento de dados para modelos, e sim no processo de simulação. Aplicações do ARENA a uma bacia hidrográfica (escoamento superficial) e a dois sistemas hipotéticos (escoamento subterrâneo) são apresentados ao final do trabalho. A maneira como esse SSD foi implementado induz ao desenvolvimento de simuladores adicionais sem realizar modificações nos pacotes já implementados neste trabalho, sendo facilitada a utilização dos pacotes que compõem esse SSD / The relative or complete lack of water has been directing various actions in order to solve this problem. The national water resources politic (Law 9.433/97) with its five instruments for water resources planning and management can be considered the main action. Among these instruments, it is found the information system that has as purpose to collect, store and turn it into available data to the rational management. In this scope and in order to give some contributions to the improvement of these systems, this Ph.D. thesis is presented. The main topic deals with the decision support system (DSS) implementation based on oriented object – OO, a kind of programming which tries to represent systems through classes very closely to the reality. This DSS, called ARENA (análise de recursos naturais, in Portuguese), is made up of a geographic information system (GIS), two models (a groundwater model and a distributed rainfall-runoff model), a georeferenced database and graphic user interfaces (GUI). The way the models were built, based on OO concepts and its integration to GIS geographic data, is presented as contribution. In the ARENA, the GIS is not only used in the pre and post processing steps, but also in the simulation. The ARENA applications were carried out for two examples, a watershed (surface water simulation) and a hypothetic system (groundwater simulation), both presented in the end of this study. The way this DSS was built induces to the development of other models without modifications in the existing packages, so that the development of new applications becomes easy because the use of existing packages that made this DSS up