Dectin-1 is a pattern-recognition receptor recognizing β-(1,3)-glucans found on fungal cell walls. Dectin-1 plays an important role in immunity to fungi by mediating phagocytic clearance of fungal particles and inducing transcription of innate response genes. We show here that the two processes are linked and that Dectin-1 signalling for inflammation is attenuated by phagocytosis. Blocking Dectin-1 ligand-dependent internalization using either actin polymerization or dynamin inhibitors, large non-phagocytosable β-glucan particles or poorly phagocytic cells leads in all cases to enhanced and sustained activation of downstream signalling pathways and culminates in production of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. These findings establish the importance of phagocytosis not only in the clearance of pathogens, but also in the modulation of pattern-recognition receptor signalling and strongly suggest that internalization is the first step to attenuation of Dectin-1-mediated pro-inflammatory responses.

Les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) sont un ensemble de pathologies neurodéveloppementales dont la prévalence est en constante augmentation. Ils sont caractérisés par des déficits de la communication et des interactions sociales, et par des comportements répétitifs et stéréotypés. A l’origine d’un handicap sévère, ces troubles se manifestent dès la petite enfance et persistent chez l’adulte. Cette entité recouvre des profils cliniques très hétérogènes, tant par le spectre de sévérité des symptômes que par la variété des comorbidités psychiatriques et somatiques associées sous tendues, en partie, par des dysfonctionnements immunitaires. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes de ce fait intéressés à l’identification et à la caractérisation de biomarqueurs à valence immunogénétique et immunologique afin d’en étudier l’implication physiopathologique et d’en déterminer les corrélats cliniques.De manière plus précise, nous avons évalué l’implication de la diversité génétique de molécules intervenant dans l’immunité innée (PRR, CLR, Dectin-1) et l’immunité adaptative (système HLA) dans le but d’apprécier le poids du terrain immunogénétique sur le développement de ces troubles. Puis, nous avons analysé les caractéristiques phénotypiques et fonctionnelles des cellules Natural Killer de patients atteints de TSA afin d’en déterminer l’influence potentielle sur l’état inflammatoire permanent rapporté chez certains patients TSA.Sur le plan immunogénétique, nous avons montré que la diversité génétique de Dectin-1 (CLEC7A), candidat sélectionné en raison de son implication dans la modulation de pathologies microbiennes intestinales, était associé à une forme particulière de TSA, le syndrome d’Asperger. Nous avons observé que le génotype CLEC7A rs2078178 GG ainsi que l’haplotype rs2078178/rs16910631 GG/GG étaient non seulement plus fréquents chez les Asperger mais aussi associées aux scores de quotient intellectuel (QI). Dans le cadre de l’analyse de la diversité génétique du système HLA, nous avons identifié un haplotype à risque (HLA-DRB1 *11-DQB1*07) et un haplotype de protection (HLA-DRB1 *17-DQB1*02). L’haplotype à risque étant également associé avec la sévérité de la maladie, reflétée par des scores défavorables dans les échelles cliniques psychiatriques testées.Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse nous avons exploré les modifications phénotypiques et fonctionnelles des cellules NK CD3- CD56+ chez les patients atteints d’autisme de haut niveau. Nous avons observé un état d’activation cellulaire permanent concomitant avec une capacité de dégranulation spontanée, une production soutenue d’IFN-?, et un état hypofonctionnel/épuisement cellulaire après stimulation in vitro. De plus, nous avons identifié un cluster spécifique de cellules NK, basé sur les paramètres HLA-DR, NKG2C, et KIR2DL1, et nous avons observé une augmentation inattendue des cellules NK NKG2C+ chez les sujets TSA en dehors de toute piste infectieuse connue. Enfin, nous avons observé que l’expression de KIR2DL1 et de HLA-DR était respectivement corrélée aux scores de QI et à ceux évaluant les CCA-LS et SAWR.Pris dans leur ensemble, ces données pourraient permettre de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes physiopathologiques associés au système immunitaire dans les TSA et par conséquent à une meilleure catégorisation des groupes de patients susceptibles de bénéficier de stratégies thérapeutiques immunologiques ciblées. / Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are severe neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by deficits in communication and social interactions, and by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and exhibiting a constant increase in terms of prevalence. Affecting ages ranging from the early post-natal period to adulthood, ASD are clinically heterogeneous and often associated with psychiatric and somatic comorbidities underlying, in part, by immune dysfunctions. In this context, we thus focused our attention on the analysis of immunogenetic and immunological characteristics potentially implicated in the disease risk and/or in the modulation their clinical phenotype. More precisely, we evaluated the potential implication of the genetic diversity of molecules involved in innate (PRR, CLR, Dectin-1) and adaptive (HLA) immune responses in disease risk. We then analyzed the phenotypic and functional characteristics of Natural Killer cells in patients with ASD, investigating their influence on the permanent inflammatory state often reported in ASD settings.On the immunogenetic point of view, we found that the genetic diversity of Dectin-1 (CLEC7A), a candidate selected because of its involvement in the modulation of intestinal microbial disorders, was associated with Asperger syndrome, a clinical form of ASD. We observed that the CLEC7A genotype rs2078178 GG and the rs2078178 / rs16910631 GG /GG haplotype were not only more frequent in Asperger but also associated with IQ scores.In terms of HLA diversity, we identified a risk haplotype (HLA-DRB1 * 11-DQB1 * 07) and a protective haplotype (HLA-DRB1 * 17-DQB1 * 02). The risk haplotype was also found to be associated with disease’s severity as reflected by unfavorable scores in the psychiatric clinical scales tested.In the second part of this thesis, we explored the phenotypic and functional modifications of CD3-CD56 + NK cells in patients with high-functioning autism. We observed a permanent cell activation state concomitant with spontaneous degranulation capacity, sustained IFN-? production and cellular hypofunction /exhaustion after in vitro stimulation. In addition, we identified a specific cluster of NK cells, based on the HLA-DR, NKG2C, and KIR2DL1 parameters, and we observed an unexpected increase of NK NKG2C + cells in ASD subjects independent of CMV infection. Finally, we observed that the expression of KIR2DL1 and HLA-DR were respectively correlated with the scores of IQ and those evaluating the CCA-LS and SAWR scales.Taken together, these data could contribute to a better knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the immune system in ASD and consequently to a better categorization of the groups of patients likely to benefit from targeted immunological therapeutic strategies.

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) produced by epithelial cells acts on dendritic cells (DCs) to drive differentiation of TH2-cells, and is therefore important in allergic disease pathogenesis. However, DCs themselves make significant amounts of TSLP in response to microbial products, but little is known about the key downstream signals that induce and modulate this TSLP secretion from human DCs. We show that human monocyte derived DC (mDC) secretion of TSLP in response to Candida albicans and β-glucans requires dectin-1, Syk, NF-κB, and p38 MAPK signaling. In addition, TSLP production by mDCs is greatly enhanced by IL-1β, but not TNF-α, in contrast to epithelial cells. Furthermore, TSLP secretion is significantly increased by signals emanating from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, specifically the unfolded protein response sensors, inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease 1 and protein kinase R-like ER kinase, which are activated by dectin-1 stimulation. Thus, TSLP production by mDCs requires the integration of signals from dectin-1, the IL-1 receptor, and ER stress signaling pathways. Autocrine TSLP production is likely to play a role in mDC-controlled immune responses at sites removed from epithelial cell production of the cytokine, such as lymphoid tissue.

OBJECTIVE:: To examine peripheral leukocyte Dectin-1 regulation in clinically relevant models of fungal and polymicrobial sepsis. DESIGN:: Prospective animal study. SETTING:: University medical school research laboratory. SUBJECTS:: Age, weight, and sex matched ICR/HSD mice. INTERVENTIONS:: Mice were infected with Candida albicans (1 × 10, intravenously) or were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture to induce polymicrobial sepsis. MEASUREMENTS:: Blood, spleen, and peritoneal exudate were harvested and leukocytes were isolated. Leukocytes were evaluated for membrane-associated Dectin-1 expression and cell phenotype by flow cytometry. MAIN RESULTS:: In C. albicans infection, Dectin-1-positive blood and splenic leukocytes were increased from 23.5% to 58.9% over the course of infection. The increased percentage of Dectin-1-expressing cells was primarily attributable to neutrophilia. However, the amount of Dectin-1 expressed by blood and splenic neutrophils in C. albicans-infected mice was decreased by a range of 49.0% to 53.3%. C. albicans infection also resulted in an infiltration of Dectin-1-positive macrophages and neutrophils into the kidney. In contrast, polymicrobial sepsis decreased blood leukocyte Dectin-1-expressing cells by up to 51.4%. This reduction was due to a decrease in Dectin-1-positive neutrophils in the periphery. However, the percentage of Dectin-1-expressing cells in the peritoneal cavity increased by 774% with cecal ligation and puncture. Treatment of isolated neutrophils with three soluble glucans, mannan, lipopolysaccharide, or a variety of cytokines revealed that glucans, alone or in combination, were the only treatment that resulted in a decrease in Dectin-1-positive neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS:: We conclude that peripheral leukocyte Dectin-1 expression is differentially regulated in fungal vs. polymicrobial sepsis. These data demonstrate that leukocyte Dectin-1 levels are modulated in response to infections of fungal and nonfungal origin.

No description available.

Le système immunitaire joue un rôle complexe, tantôt protecteur, tantôt facilitateur dans la relation hôte-tumeur. La souris transgénique pour le proto-oncogène humain RET développe un mélanome spontané et métastatique et constitue un remarquable modèle pour étudier les facteurs immunitaires et génétiques de la réponse de l’hôte. Ce modèle a été essentiellement examiné sur le fond C57BL/6. La tumeur primaire se situe au niveau de l’œil et se propage ensuite à la face et au dos ainsi qu’aux viscères. La pathogenèse du mélanome est cependant multifactorielle et le contexte génétique peut donc moduler de façon déterminante l’expression du transgène, la surveillance immunitaire et l’évolutivité des tumeurs. Par croisements en retour, nous avons transféré le transgène RET du fond génétique B6 sur le fond NOD (Non-Obese Diabetic), connu par sa propension à l’auto-immunité. Une accélération du développement tumoral a été observée chez les souris NOD.RET+, au site primitif et surtout à distance, par comparaison aux souris B6.RET+. L’objectif de ce travail était ensuite de caractériser les modifications immunitaires en relation avec le fond pro-inflammatoire de la souris NOD et l’accélération du développement tumoral. Nous avons observé une augmentation des cellules T régulatrices, CD4+Foxp3+ dans les tumeurs des souris NOD.RET+ comparées aux souris B6.RET+. Cette augmentation était corrélée avec celle des cellules CD8 exprimant l’interféron-gamma (IFNγ). Surtout, le phénotype agressif chez les souris NOD.RET+ était associé à une perte de l’expression de la Dectin-1 sur les cellules myéloïdes. La Dectin-1 est un récepteur de type C-lectine, connu pour son rôle essentiel dans la réponse anti-infectieuse. De ce fait, le traitement des souris avec le curdlan, un ligand de la Dectin-1, prévenait le développement des métastases. Par ailleurs, l’inactivation du gène Nos2, codant la synthase du monoxyde d’azote de type 2, protégeait également les souris vis-à-vis des métastases. De façon remarquable, l’expression de la Dectin-1 était restaurée chez les souris Nos2-KO, suggérant pour la première fois un lien entre ce récepteur et la voie Nos2. Parallèlement, une étude de la valeur pronostique de l’expression quantitative du gène NOS2 a été entreprise par qPCR sur des biopsies de tumeurs humaines obtenues chez 108 patients tunisiens (sein, n=27 ; côlon/Rectum, 24 ; cavum, 28 ; mélanome, 29). D’une façon générale, l’expression de NOS2 était plus élevée dans les tumeurs du sein comparées à celle du côlon et du cavum, et surtout aux mélanomes où NOS2 était faiblement exprimé. De plus, l’expression de NOS2 était plutôt de mauvais pronostic. En effet, elle était corrélée avec l’indice de Breslow, le niveau de Clark et le sous-type histologique dans les mélanomes. Dans le cancer du cavum, elle était corrélée avec l’âge, le stade TNM, la présence de métastases, la réponse au traitement et l’expression de COX-2. Dans les cancers coliques, elle était corrélée avec le stade TNM, la taille et la localisation des tumeurs et leur type histologique. Dans le cancer du sein, elle était associée avec la taille des tumeurs, le stade tumoral, le grade SBR et les cas triples négatifs. Notre étude a ainsi permis d’établir un nouveau modèle murin de mélanome spontané et agressif, la souris NOD.RET+, qui devrait permettre de mieux comprendre les facteurs de l’hôte qui influencent le pronostic des mélanomes murins et donc peut-être humains et plus généralement la relation hôte-tumeur. Par ailleurs, le rôle de NOS2 a été souligné et surtout relié à l’expression de la Dectin-1. Ces deux protéines pourraient constituer des cibles thérapeutiques intéressantes, d’autant plus que nous avons confirmé la valeur de mauvais pronostic de l’expression de NOS2 dans quatre cancers humains d’origine épithéliale. / Mice transgenic for the RET oncogene provide a remarkable model for investigating the mechanisms underlying the promotion and the development of melanoma. This model was established on the C57BL/6 genetic background. In the present study, we investigated an effect of the strongly proinflammatory and autoimmune genetic makeup of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) strain. We bred (NODxB6)F1 mice and backcrossed them with NOD mice. F1 mice and mice at subsequent generations of backcrossing showed marked acceleration of tumor development, in particular with a more frequent and earlier extension of the primary uveal melanoma. In close relation with this severe evolution, we observed a profound drop in Dectin-1 expression on CD11b+Ly6G+ granulocytic myeloid cells correlating with an expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cell and of interferon (IFN)-γ producing CD8+ T cell subsets in tumors. IFNγ is a major inducer of the type 2 nitric-oxide synthase (Nos2) gene whose products are known to be tumorigenic. Germline inactivation of the Nos2 gene was associated with a dramatically improved tumor prognosis and a restoration of Dectin-1 expression on myeloid cells. Moreover, in vivo treatment of (NODxB6)F1.RET+ mice with curdlan, a glucose polymer that binds Dectin-1, prevented tumor extension and was associated with marked reduction of the CD4+Foxp3+ T cell subset. In parallel, we study the prognostic value of iNOS expression in four types of human tumors of 108 Tunisian patients: (breast n=27, colorectal=24, nasopharyngeal=28, and melanoma=29). The level of iNOS was measured by RT-QPCR in tumor specimens. We showed that the expression of iNOS was higher in breast compared to colorectal and nasopharyngeal tumors whereas in melanoma, the level of iNOS expression was low. Furthermore, iNOS expression correlated with the Breslow thickness, Clark level and histological subtype in melanoma while in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, significant association was seen with age at diagnosis, TNM, metastasis, response to treatment and expression of COX-2. Furthermore, the expression of iNOS correlated with tumor size, TNM, tumor location, and histological type in colorectal cancer, and with tumor size, tumor stage, SBR grade and triple negative cases in breast cancer. These observations highlight the (NODxB6)F1.RET+ mice as a new model to investigate the role of the immune system in the host-tumor relationship. Furthermore, the role of NOS2 was emphasized and mainly related to the expression of the Dectin-1. These two proteins could constitute a potentially promising therapeutic target, especially as we confirmed the poor prognostic value of the expression of NOS2 in four epithelial human cancers.

Dermatofitoses são infecções fúngicas de natureza crônica cujo principal agente etiológico é Trichophyton rubrum. Apesar de sua alta ocorrência mundial, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos nestas infecções. Neste trabalho investigamos a participação de duas classes de receptores de imunidade inata (NLRs e CLRs) na resposta a T.rubrum e avaliamos o perfil proteômico de macrófagos quando estimulados com o fungo. Observamos que T.rubrum foi capaz de induzir a produção de IL-1β dependente do inflamassomo NLRP3 e destacamos o papel da sinalização de IL-1 na modulação da resposta de IL-17. Determinamos os CLRs dectina-1 e dectina-2 como receptores essenciais na produção de citocinas inflamatórias e para o controle da infecção experimental. Curiosamente, a IL-17 e os linfócitos T e B foram dispensáveis para a eliminação do fungo. Também identificamos a proteína CLEC1A como uma novo receptor para fungos, envolvido no reconhecimento de glicolipídeos de T.rubrum. Por fim, a análise proteômica de macrofagos revelou a vimentina e a plastina-2 como duas proteínas potencialmente envolvidas na relação patógeno-hospedeiro. / Dermatophytosis are chronic fungal infections whose main causative agent is Trichophyton rubrum. Despite its high incidence worldwide, the immunological mechanisms underlying these infections remain largely unknown. Here we investigated the involvement of two classes of innate immune receptors (NLRs and CLRs) in the reponse to T.rubrum and performed a proteomic profiling of macrophages upon T.rubrum stimulation. We observed that T.rubrum was able to drive NLRP3 inflammasome-derived IL-1β production and highlighted IL-1 signaling as an important component in the shaping of the IL-17 response. We defined the CLRs dectin-1 and dectin-2 as key receptors for the induction of inflammatory cytokines and for the infection control in the in vivo settings. Curiously, IL-17 cytokines and T and B lymphocytes were dispensable for fungal clearance. In addition, we uncovered CLEC1A as a new receptor in fungal sensing, involved in the recognition of T.rubrum glycolipids. Finally, the proteomic analysis revealed Vimentin and Plastin-2 as two proteins potentially involved in the host-pathogen interaction.

Dermatofitoses são infecções fúngicas de natureza crônica cujo principal agente etiológico é Trichophyton rubrum. Apesar de sua alta ocorrência mundial, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos nestas infecções. Neste trabalho investigamos a participação de duas classes de receptores de imunidade inata (NLRs e CLRs) na resposta a T.rubrum e avaliamos o perfil proteômico de macrófagos quando estimulados com o fungo. Observamos que T.rubrum foi capaz de induzir a produção de IL-1β dependente do inflamassomo NLRP3 e destacamos o papel da sinalização de IL-1 na modulação da resposta de IL-17. Determinamos os CLRs dectina-1 e dectina-2 como receptores essenciais na produção de citocinas inflamatórias e para o controle da infecção experimental. Curiosamente, a IL-17 e os linfócitos T e B foram dispensáveis para a eliminação do fungo. Também identificamos a proteína CLEC1A como uma novo receptor para fungos, envolvido no reconhecimento de glicolipídeos de T.rubrum. Por fim, a análise proteômica de macrofagos revelou a vimentina e a plastina-2 como duas proteínas potencialmente envolvidas na relação patógeno-hospedeiro. / Dermatophytosis are chronic fungal infections whose main causative agent is Trichophyton rubrum. Despite its high incidence worldwide, the immunological mechanisms underlying these infections remain largely unknown. Here we investigated the involvement of two classes of innate immune receptors (NLRs and CLRs) in the reponse to T.rubrum and performed a proteomic profiling of macrophages upon T.rubrum stimulation. We observed that T.rubrum was able to drive NLRP3 inflammasome-derived IL-1β production and highlighted IL-1 signaling as an important component in the shaping of the IL-17 response. We defined the CLRs dectin-1 and dectin-2 as key receptors for the induction of inflammatory cytokines and for the infection control in the in vivo settings. Curiously, IL-17 cytokines and T and B lymphocytes were dispensable for fungal clearance. In addition, we uncovered CLEC1A as a new receptor in fungal sensing, involved in the recognition of T.rubrum glycolipids. Finally, the proteomic analysis revealed Vimentin and Plastin-2 as two proteins potentially involved in the host-pathogen interaction.

No description available.

Sepsis is the body’s response to an overwhelming infection and is a serious consequence of critical illness. It can cause tissue damage, organ failure, and death. Sepsis continues to have an unacceptably high mortality rate, due to the lack of effective treatments. Specific therapeutic targets for sepsis remain elusive since the complex functional changes that result in a septic state remain poorly understood. Macrophage Scavenger Receptor A (SRA, CD204) is a surface receptor that binds negatively charged, endogenous and exogenous ligands. We have discovered that SRA plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. We have shown that mice with SRA have increased inflammation, decreased survival, and increased bacterial burden compared to SRA deficient mice. We have also found an increase in the expression of SRA on monocytes and macrophages in septic wild type mice. To determine the mechanism responsible for increased SRA expression in sepsis we treated a mouse macrophage cell line, (J774a.1), with mediators that stimulate toll like receptors (TLRs), innate immune receptors which are activated in sepsis. The cells were cultured with ultra pure LPS (a TLR 4 ligand), PAM3CSK4 (a TLR 2 ligand), glucan (a Dectin-1 ligand), ultra pure LPS and PAM3CSK4, or ultra pure LPS and glucan for 24 hours. The cells were stained with an SRA antibody, and flow cytometry was used to measure the SRA expression for each treatment group. LPS treatment alone resulted in a significant increase in SRA expression when compared to control cells. Specifically, LPS increased SRA expression by 53.4% compared to media alone (p