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Quantification of the belowground inputs of organic carbon by the annual pasture legume barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.)Crawford, Michael Cameron. January 1997 (has links) (PDF)
Bibliography: leaves 164-193. This study aims to quantify the belowground input of organic carbon by barrel medic using techniques that account for root death and decomposition as well as root secretion and exudation. It also investigates the effect of defoliation on carbon allocation within the plant so as to determine the potential for optimising carbon input to the soil through grazing management.
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The establishment, biological success and host impact of Diorhabda elongata, imported biological control agents of invasive Tamarix in the United StatesHudgeons, Jeremy L. 15 May 2009 (has links)
Diorhabda elongata elongata leaf beetles were released at two field locations in the upper Colorado River watershed of Texas in 2003 and 2004 for the biological control of invasive Tamarix, exotic trees deteriorating riparian ecosystems of western North America. Establishment and biological success were monitored using trees on transects from the release points. D. elongata elongata released at the Lake Thomas site in August 2003 successfully overwintered and were recovered in the spring 2004; however, beetles were not present after June 2004. The April 2004 release at Beals Creek led to establishment and survival during 2005 and 2006. Mean abundance increased from less than five insects per tree per 2 minute count in August 2004 to more than 40 insects per tree per 2 minute count in August 2006. By then the population was dispersed throughout an area of approximately 12 hectares and beetles were present on 100% of the 47 trees surveyed, 57% of which were at least 90% defoliated. To measure the impact of beetle defoliation on Tamarix, nonstructural carbohydrates (NCHOs) were measured in manipulative field cage experiments in Texas and natural experiments in Nevada. There was no significant difference in NCHOs between trees with versus trees without beetle herbivory in the cage experiment, although spring foliage regrowth was reduced by 35% in trees defoliated the previous fall. In Nevada, root crown tissue was sampled in 2005 and 2006 from trees that had experienced 0-4 years of defoliation. In 2005, NCHO concentrations differed between tree stands and ranged from 9.0 ± 0.8% (Mean ± SE) in non-defoliated trees to 3.2 ± 0.4%, 2.1 ± 0.4% and 2.3 ± 0.4% in trees defoliated for 1, 2 and 3 successive years, respectively. NCHO concentrations in 2006 were similar, ranging from 13.6 ± 0.9% in non-defoliated trees to 7.6 ± 0.8%, 2.3 ± 0.4%, 1.5 ± 0.3% and 1.7 ± 0.4% in trees defoliated for 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. The establishment, biological success and host impact of D. elongata leaf beetles suggest there is potential for biological control of Tamarix in the United States.
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Effect of an upper temperature threshold on heat unit calculations, defoliation timing, lint yield, and fiber quality in cottonFromme, Daniel D. 15 May 2009 (has links)
Crop managers need to determine the most profitable time to defoliate cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum L.) in a high rainfall environment such as the coastal region of
Texas. In cotton production, delaying defoliation exposes open bolls to a higher
probability of rainfall, and thus, reduces lint yield and fiber quality. Premature
defoliation, however, has detrimental affects on lint yield and fiber quality.
A more recent method to determine defoliation is based on heat-unit (HU or
DD15) accumulation after physiological cutout or five nodes above white flower
(NAWF=5). Results have been inconsistent across a wide range of field environments
when utilizing HU accumulation past cutout; therefore, adoption of this method has been
limited. Many regions of the Cotton Belt have maximum day time temperatures during
the growing season that are above optimum for maximum growth.
Field studies were conducted for three consecutive growing seasons in the Brazos
River Valley and Upper Gulf Coast regions of Texas. The purpose of this research was
to identify an upper temperature threshold (UTT) for calculating degree days for
defoliation timing. The experimental design consisted of a split-plot design with four
replications. The main plots consisted of three upper temperature thresholds (32°C, 35°C, and no upper limit) and the subplots were five HU timings (361, 417, 472, 528,
and 583) accumulated from date of cutout.
Utilizing an UTT to calculate daily HU failed to explain differences in the
optimum time to defoliate based on accumulated HU from cutout for the upper
thresholds investigated. Accumulated HU had a significant impact, however, on
defoliation timing. Comparison of the two locations showed that maximum lint yield
was obtained at 472 HU and 52% open boll at Wharton County versus a maximum of
528 HU and 62% open boll for the Burleson County location. Employing the NACB=4
method to time defoliation at both locations would have resulted in premature
application of harvest aids and reduced lint yields. No differences were observed in
adjusted gross income values at Wharton County among the 417, 472, 528, and 583 HU
treatments. For Burleson County, adjusted gross income peaked in value at 528 HU.
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The establishment, biological success and host impact of Diorhabda elongata, imported biological control agents of invasive Tamarix in the United StatesHudgeons, Jeremy L. 15 May 2009 (has links)
Diorhabda elongata elongata leaf beetles were released at two field locations in the upper Colorado River watershed of Texas in 2003 and 2004 for the biological control of invasive Tamarix, exotic trees deteriorating riparian ecosystems of western North America. Establishment and biological success were monitored using trees on transects from the release points. D. elongata elongata released at the Lake Thomas site in August 2003 successfully overwintered and were recovered in the spring 2004; however, beetles were not present after June 2004. The April 2004 release at Beals Creek led to establishment and survival during 2005 and 2006. Mean abundance increased from less than five insects per tree per 2 minute count in August 2004 to more than 40 insects per tree per 2 minute count in August 2006. By then the population was dispersed throughout an area of approximately 12 hectares and beetles were present on 100% of the 47 trees surveyed, 57% of which were at least 90% defoliated. To measure the impact of beetle defoliation on Tamarix, nonstructural carbohydrates (NCHOs) were measured in manipulative field cage experiments in Texas and natural experiments in Nevada. There was no significant difference in NCHOs between trees with versus trees without beetle herbivory in the cage experiment, although spring foliage regrowth was reduced by 35% in trees defoliated the previous fall. In Nevada, root crown tissue was sampled in 2005 and 2006 from trees that had experienced 0-4 years of defoliation. In 2005, NCHO concentrations differed between tree stands and ranged from 9.0 ± 0.8% (Mean ± SE) in non-defoliated trees to 3.2 ± 0.4%, 2.1 ± 0.4% and 2.3 ± 0.4% in trees defoliated for 1, 2 and 3 successive years, respectively. NCHO concentrations in 2006 were similar, ranging from 13.6 ± 0.9% in non-defoliated trees to 7.6 ± 0.8%, 2.3 ± 0.4%, 1.5 ± 0.3% and 1.7 ± 0.4% in trees defoliated for 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. The establishment, biological success and host impact of D. elongata leaf beetles suggest there is potential for biological control of Tamarix in the United States.
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Ecological significance of the genetic variation in Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.)Torr.Andrea, Tomas de Pisani, Maria 17 February 2005 (has links)
The two most common varieties of the grass Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.)Torr. in North America use different strategies of clonal growth and have contrasting continental distributions. Variety caespitosa (phalanx form) ranges from central Texas westward to Arizona and California and var. curtipendula (guerrilla form) occurs in a more mesic region over the North American Great Plains. This study sought to determine whether the strategies had an ecological significance and investigated the possible relationship between changes in environmental factors and characteristics of each clonal growth strategy.
Varieties showed to be morphologically variable, but the variability did not follow the pattern of the precipitational gradient. The abundance of var. curtipendula was related to soil depth and parent material (limestone types). Abundance of var. caespitosa could not be explained by any environmental factor separately. The performance of clones of the two growth forms in response to changes in resource availability (light and nutrients) and defoliation suggested similarities between the varieties in photosynthetic rate and only showed differences in water potential under extreme conditions. The major differences were related to the proportion of biomass allocated to structures related with seed production versus propagation by rhizomes. Intra-variety genetic variation for several life history traits was detected even with a very small sample size. The caespitose growth form showed more biomass and rate of tiller recruitment after defoliation on average, but responses between genotypes were dissimilar. Varieties also showed levels of plasticity in the allocation to reproductive structures in response to environmental factors.
Responses to fire were compared between varieties by experimental burnings with increasing load of artificial fuel. Plants of the two varieties reached similar maximum temperatures although var. caespitosa suffered temperatures considered to be lethal for longer periods of time. Results from this study suggested that, although characteristic of the pattern of clonal growth were not distinctly associated to resource availability or defoliation, distribution of the varieties may be related to a combination of biotic and abiotic factors beyond the factors studied here.
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USING MANUAL DEFOLIATION TO SIMULATE SOYBEAN RUST: EFFECT ON GROWTH AND YIELD FORMATIONAqeel, Abdullah Mohammad 01 January 2011 (has links)
Field experiments were conducted in Kentucky and Louisiana in 2008 and 2009 (split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications) to investigate it is possible to simulate with manual defoliation the effect of soybean rust (SBR) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. and P. Syd) injury on a healthy soybean [Glycine max, (L.) Merr.] canopy, understand how defoliation affects the growth dynamics and canopy light interception, and if defoliation affectsleaf senescence and nitrogen remobilization during the seed-filling period. Two manual defoliation treatments based on changes in effective leaf area index (ELAI) (calculated as the reduction in leaf area equivalent to SBR-induced premature leaf abscission, loss in green leaf area, and reduction in photosynthetic capacity of diseased leaves) in infected canopies in Brazil were used to simulate SBR infection at growth stage R2 (full flowering) and R5 (beginning of seed-fill). Both defoliation treatments reduced yield in all experiments and the reduction was larger for the treatments at growth stage R2. The yield losses were equivalent to that observed in infected soybean canopies in Brazil. This suggests that a system of manual defoliation to simulate changes in effective leaf area duration shows promise as a tool to simulate the impact of SBR on soybean yield. The radiation use efficiency and crop growth rate from growth stage R2 to R5 were not influenced by defoliation. Defoliation started at growth stage R2 reduced seed number per unit area, while defoliation started at growth stage R5 reduced seed size due to shortening the seed-fill duration and a lower seed growth rate. There is no evidence that manual defoliation affected leaf senescence or nitrogen redistribution to the seed. This study found that the reduction of light interception by SBR was the main reason for the reductions in soybean growth and yield.
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CORN (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) YIELD RESPONSE TO DEFOLIATION AT DIFFERENT ROW WIDTHSBattaglia, Martin Leonardo 01 January 2014 (has links)
Corn (Zea mays L.) defoliation experiments have been conducted for more than 120 years. However, there is limited data on the effect of row width on defoliation in modern hybrids. A two-year experiment was conducted in Lexington, Kentucky with two hybrids (113 relative maturity (RM) and 120 RM), two row widths (38 and 76 cm) and a combination of defoliation timings and severities: 0% defoliation (control), V7-100%, V14-50%, V14-100%, R2-50% and R2-100%. No yield difference among hybrids was observed in 2012. Yields were 26% greater in 38-cm rows than 76-cm rows in 2012. For 2013, corn yield for 38-cm was 10% greater, but hybrid, row width and defoliation interacted. Lowest yields were caused by V14-100% followed by R2-100%. Defoliations of V14-50% and R2-50% reduced yields in some cases. Complete defoliations at V7 did not reduce yields in most comparisons. Light interception below 80% during the critical period was enough to attain maximum yields in defoliated plants. Kernel number and kernel weight were most reduced by V14-100% and R2-100% defoliations, respectively. There is a potential for narrow rows to reduce grain yield losses after a defoliation event, when compared with wide rows.
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The remote sensing of insect defoliation in Mopane woodland.Adelabu, Samuel Adewale. 15 July 2014 (has links)
Mopane (Colophospermum mopane) woodlands are a source of valuable resources that
contribute substantially to rural economies and nutrition across Southern Africa. However, a
number of factors such as over-harvesting and climate change have brought the sustainability
of the mopane woodland resources into question. Insect defoliation remains a major factor
contributing to the depletion of woodland resources in rural areas resulting in low vitality and
productivity of the woodland. Conventional methods (e.g. visual evaluation) have been used
in monitoring insect defoliated areas in the past. These methods are costly and timeconsuming,
because of the need to collect data immediately before and after an extreme
event. In this regard, remote sensing techniques offer a practical and economical means of
quantifying woodland degradation over large areas. Remote sensing is capable of providing
rapid, relatively inexpensive, and near-real-time data that could be used for monitoring insect
defoliation especially in semi-arid areas where data collection may be difficult.
The present study advocates the development of techniques based on remotely sensed data to
detect and map defoliation levels in Mopane woodland. The first part of the study provides an
overview of remote sensing of insect defoliation, the implications for detecting and mapping
defoliation levels as well as the challenges and need for further research especially within
Mopane woodland.
Secondly, the study explored whether Mopane species can be discriminated from each of its
co-existing species using remote sensing. This was done as a prerequisite for classifying
defoliation on mopane trees. Results showed that, with limited training samples, especially in
semi-arid areas, Mopane trees can be reliably discriminated from its co-existing species using
machine learning algorithms and multispectral sensors with strategic bands located in sensors
such as RapidEye. These positive results prompted the need to test the use of ground based
hyperspectral data and machine learning algorithm in identifying key spectral bands to
discriminate different levels of insect defoliation. Results showed that the random forest
algorithm (RF) simplified the process and provided the best overall accuracies by identifying
eight spectral wavelengths, seven of which belongs to the red-edge region of electromagnetic
spectrum. Furthermore, we tested the importance of the red-edge region of a relatively
cheaper RapidEye imagery in discriminating the different levels of insect defoliation. Results
showed that the red-edge region played an important role in mapping defoliation levels
within Mopane woodland with NDVI-RE performing better than the traditional NDVI.
Thirdly, the study tested the reliability and strength of the internal validation technique of RF
in classifying different defoliation levels. It was observed that the bootstrapping internal
estimate of accuracy in RF was able to provide relatively lower error rates (0.2319) for
classifying a small dataset as compared to other validation techniques used in this study.
Moreover, it was observed that the errors produced by the internal validation methods of RF
algorithm was relatively stable based on the confidence intervals obtained compared to other
validation techniques.
Finally, in order to evaluate the effects of insect defoliation on the biophysical properties of
mopane canopies at different defoliation levels, the study estimated leaf area index (LAI) of
different defoliation levels based on simulated data. This was done using PROSAILH
radiative transfer model inverted with canopy spectral reflectance extracted from
RapidEyeRapidEye imagery by means of a look-up-table (LUT). It was observed that the
significant differences exist between the defoliation levels signifying reduction in the LAI as
a result of the defoliation. Furthermore, results showed that the estimated LAI was in the
range of those reported in literature. The NDVI-RE index was the most strongly correlated
with the estimated LAI as compared to other variables (RapidEye bands and NDVI).
Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of remote sensing techniques in discriminating
the state of Mopane woodland after insect defoliation. The results are important for
establishing an integrated strategy for managing defoliation processes within Mopane veldt,
thereby satisfying both the needs of local populations for Mopane trees and the worms. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Quantification of the belowground inputs of organic carbon by the annual pasture legume barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) / by Michael Cameron Crawford.Crawford, Michael Cameron January 1997 (has links)
Bibliography: leaves 164-193. / x, 193 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This study aims to quantify the belowground input of organic carbon by barrel medic using techniques that account for root death and decomposition as well as root secretion and exudation. It also investigates the effect of defoliation on carbon allocation within the plant so as to determine the potential for optimising carbon input to the soil through grazing management. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1997
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Quantification of the belowground inputs of organic carbon by the annual pasture legume barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) / by Michael Cameron Crawford.Crawford, Michael Cameron January 1997 (has links)
Bibliography: leaves 164-193. / x, 193 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This study aims to quantify the belowground input of organic carbon by barrel medic using techniques that account for root death and decomposition as well as root secretion and exudation. It also investigates the effect of defoliation on carbon allocation within the plant so as to determine the potential for optimising carbon input to the soil through grazing management. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1997
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