Retinol (vitamin A) and its active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid, signal through nuclear retinoic acid and retinoid X receptor (RAR/RXR) heterodimers. These complexes regulate the expression of genes involved in developmental processes such as limb development. In excess, retinoids are potent teratogens and cause marked reductive effects on the developing limb. The goal of this thesis was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying retinoid-induced limb dysmorphogenesis. Specifically, using an in vitro limb culture system, I examined the involvement of one RAR isoform, RARgamma, in mediating retinoid insult. / My first objective was to examine how limbs deficient in RARgamma responded to exogenous retinoid exposure. I showed that RARgamma-null limbs (on an RARalpha1-null background) exhibited less severe limb defects following retinoid insult when compared to their wild-type counterparts. Additionally, the absence of RARgamma abolished the retinoid-induced misregulation of genes important for chondrogenesis (Sox9 and Col2a1 ) and limb outgrowth (Meis-1 and -2). / The next objective set out to determine how pharmacological activation of RARgamma affected limb development. The RARgamma-selective agonist (BMS-189961) caused limb dysmorphology (namely, effects on cartilage) that was comparable to pan-RAR activation with all-trans retinoic acid. A chondrogenesis-focused gene array analysis identified Mgp and Gdf10 as two RARgamma-responsive genes that may mediate retinoid-induced limb insult. / Subsequently, I assessed the functional involvement of Mgp in mediating retinoid teratogenicity. Limbs were treated with all- trans retinoic acid and warfarin (an inhibitor of MGP); warfarin co-treatment rescued limbs from retinoid-induced insult. / My final objective was to determine the importance of Gdf10 in mediating limb development. Recombinant human Gdf10-soaked beads were implanted into distal limb structures; ectopic overexpression of Gdf10 in the web (but not the digital ray) resulted in marked proximal limb malformations. / Collectively, these studies have illustrated the importance of RARgamma in retinoid teratology and have identified several potential mechanisms by which retinoids cause limb defects.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2003. / Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-219).

Aujourd’hui, la durabilité du modèle de développement de l’aquaculture est de plus en plus questionnée et une des solutions proposées consisterait à diversifier la production piscicole via la domestication de nouvelles espèces comme la perche commune, Perca fluviatilis, une espèce d’eau douce tempérée très intéressante pour la diversification de l’aquaculture continentale européenne. De nombreux aspects de la biologie de sa reproduction sont connus cependant, peu d’informations sont disponibles sur son développement. Or, des défauts de développement précoce, dont les causes sont encore mal définies, impactent actuellement la qualité de la production piscicole. C’est dans ce contexte que cette thèse vise à caractériser les succès et défauts de développement embryonnaire chez la perche commune à travers trois axes principaux : (i) déterminer une table de référence de l’embryogenèse normale permettant (ii) définir les défauts de développement tels que les malformations dans des conditions d’élevage différentes et (iii) identifier les liens entre différents paramètres de développement embryonnaire afin de déterminer des profils de développement variables. La première partie de ce travail a permis d’identifier la séquence précise de l’ontogenèse normale de cette espèce à travers la définition d’une table de développement embryonnaire alternative et flexible pour des espèces non-modèles, facilitant les comparaisons intra- et inter-espèces. Dans un second temps, l’identification la plus exhaustive possible de phénotypes anormaux a révélé 10 grandes catégories de malformations associées à des organes ou fonctions spécifiques. De plus, certains de ces défauts semblent fortement dépendants des conditions d’élevage des géniteurs ce qui permet d’identifier l’effet de potentiels facteurs extrinsèques sur le développement et d’améliorer les techniques de gestion des animaux. Enfin, l’ensemble de ces résultats et des paramètres mesurés durant l’embryogenèse ont permis d’effectuer une classification approfondie des pontes obtenues présentant des profils de développement similaires pour mettre en évidence des liens éventuels entre les divers phénotypes et paramètres utilisés. Les analyses de données effectuées ont montré que seulement 3 paramètres étaient nécessaires à la caractérisation de 4 profils de succès de développement variables : les taux de survie au début de l’organogenèse, d’éclosion et de malformations. A l’avenir, ces paramètres pourraient être généralisés permettant d’homogénéiser les critères d’évaluation du succès de développement chez d’autres espèces d’intérêt de poisson. L’ensemble de ces résultats constituent une base solide pour étudier l’effet des facteurs extrinsèques et/ou intrinsèques sur la qualité et le succès de développement embryonnaire / Currently, the durability of the aquaculture developmental model is clearly challenged and one solution consists to diversify the fish production by the domestication of new species such as the Eurasian perch (P. fluviatilis), a freshwater species promising and valuable for the diversification of European aquaculture. Several aspects of its reproductive biology are well known, nevertheless, only little information is available on its development. However, early developmental impairments, whose causes are unclear, actually impact the fish production quality. In this context, the present work aimed to characterize the developmental success and impairments in Eurasian perch on three main issues: (i) determine a model of normal embryogenesis table helping to (ii) define developmental impairments, in diverse rearing conditions and (iii) identify the relationships between various parameters of embryonic ontogenesis to characterize different patterns of developmental success. The first part of this study allowed identifying the accurate timing of normal ontogenesis of this species through the definition of an alternative and flexible developmental table to describe non-model fish species, allowing the intra- and inter-specific comparisons. In the second part, the exhaustive characterization of abnormal phenotypes revealed 10 categories of deformities linked to specific organs or functions. Moreover, some of these categories seemed to be related to rearing-conditions of the breeders allowing identifying the potential effects of extrinsic factors on the development and improving the management of fish. Finally, the previous results and the parameters measured during embryogenesis help to classify the several spawns obtained with the same developmental pattern and to highlight the potential relationships between diverse phenotypes and parameters. In addition, the data analyses showed that only 3 parameters are reliable to assess the developmental success: survival rate at the onset of the organogenesis, hatching and deformities rates. Henceforth, these parameters and this classification could be generalized as a new strategy to assess the developmental success in other fish species. All of these results provide a good basic knowledge to study the potential effects of various extrinsic and/or intrinsic factors on the developmental success and the embryonic quality

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T13:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017 / Introdução: As deformidades craniofaciais apresentam-se como uma situação complexa com consequências psicológicas, fisiológicas e sociais que exigem a intervenção de uma equipe com variados profissionais, como médicos, cirurgiões dentistas, nutricionistas, psicólogos e assistentes sociais, na perspectiva de uma equipe de Prática Colaborativa. Neste contexto, não tem como não mencionar a Formação Interprofissional para esta prática. Esta modalidade de Currículo Inovador, seja em graduação, pós-graduação, formação continuada ou em formação permanente tem sido um desafio atualmente. Segundo a OMS, a educação interprofissional ocorre quando estudantes de duas ou mais profissões aprendem sobre os outros, com os outros e entre si para possibilitar a colaboração eficaz e melhorar os resultados na saúde. Objetivo geral: Investigar o processo de formação e educação permanente para o trabalho em equipe de docentes e discentes que atuam na atenção a pacientes com deformidades craniofaciais com vistas à prática colaborativa e à integralidade do cuidado. Objetivos específicos: Apreender as concepções de trabalho em equipe e prática colaborativa de profissionais que atuam em deformidades craniofaciais, levantar as dificuldades vivenciadas pelos profissionais no seu processo de educação permanente como uma equipe de saúde, e avaliar a incorporação da Educação Interprofissional (EIP) à educação permanente das equipes. Método: O estudo foi quali-quantitativo, de natureza descritiva e exploratória, observando-se os preceitos éticos. A pesquisa se deu em duas etapas: a primeira foi a aplicação do Instrumento Atitudinal do tipo Likert respondido por 36 profissionais, sendo este construído com 3 dimensões fundamentadas nos objetivos do estudo. A segunda etapa foi a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas feitas com 15 profissionais (número que se deu pela saturação das informações). Os dados do Likert foram analisados estatisticamente e o conteúdo das entrevistas por meio de análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática e os dados posteriormente triangulados. Resultados: Os respondentes, em sua maioria, concordam com a eficácia do Trabalho em Equipe Colaborativo e entendem que esta prática deve ser melhorada, com a necessidade de intersecção de áreas de atuação profissional no cotidiano de suas atividades e com a importância do planejamento conjunto de ações, entendendo que este ponto deve ser intensificado. Diante das dificuldades vivenciadas na Educação Permanente da Equipe, observa-se um predomínio do enfoque multiprofissional de atuação, a predominância de um modelo de educação permanente multiprofissional, a necessidade de práticas com horários protegidos, formação e atuação interprofissional com metodologias inovadoras, existência de variáveis como falta de tempo, poucos recursos, individualismo, falta de motivação pessoal que atrapalham a EP da equipe. Em relação à Educação Interprofissional, os profissionais confundem EIP com formação fragmentada multiprofissional, reconhecem a EIP como uma estratégia de formação que possibilita que os mesmos adquiram um perfil holístico de atuação e saiam mais preparados para atuar em equipes com perfil colaborativo, percebem que a EIP melhora as relações profissionais, aumenta a resolutividade, diminui custos, diminui estresse, humaniza a relação profissional/paciente. Conclusões: Esperamos que este estudo subsidie propostas de intervenção, de forma dialogada, que permitam a constante evolução do atendimento a pacientes com deformidades craniofaciais, em relação à comunidade e instituições congêneres. / Introduction: Craniofacial deformities present a complex situation with psychological, physiological and social consequences that require the intervention of a team with a variety of professionals, such as physicians, dental surgeons, nutritionists, psychologists, social workers, from the perspective of a team of one Collaborative Practice. In this context, it is impossible not to mention the Interprofessional Training for this practice. This modality of Innovative Curriculum, whether in undergraduate, postgraduate, continuing education or in permanent formation has been a challenge today. According to WHO, inter-professional education occurs when students from two or more professions learn about each other, with each other and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes. General objective: To investigate the process of formation and permanent education for the teamwork of teachers and students who work in the care of patients with craniofacial deformities with a view to collaborative practice and integral care. Specific objectives: To understand the conceptions of team work and collaborative practice of professionals who work on craniofacial deformities, to raise the difficulties experienced by professionals in their process of permanent education as a health team, and value the incorporation of Interprofessional Education (EIP) to the permanent education of the teams. Method: The study was qualitative and quantitative, of descriptive and exploratory nature, observing the ethical precepts. The research was carried out in two stages: first was the application of the Likert type Attitudinal Instrument where 36 professionals answered, being this one constructed with 3 dimensions based on the objectives of the study. The second step was semi-structured interviews with 15 professionals (a number that occurred due to saturation of information). Likert data were analyzed statistically and content of the interviews by content analysis, thematic modality and the later triangulated data. Results: Respondents, for the most part, agree with the effectiveness of Collaborative Teamwork and understand that this practice should be improved, with the need to intersect areas of professional activity in the daily life of its activities and with the importance of joint planning of actions, understanding that this point should be intensified. Faced with the difficulties experienced in the Permanent Education of the Team, a predominance of the multiprofessional approach of action is observed, the predominance of a multiprofessional permanent education model; The need for practices with protected schedules, training and interprofessional work and with innovative methodologies, existence of variables such as lack of time, few resources, individualism, lack of personal motivation that disrupt the EP of the team. In relation to Interprofessional Education, professionals confuse IPE with fragmented multiprofessional training, recognize the IPE as a training strategy that allows them to acquire a holistic profile of performance and leave more prepared to act in teams with a collaborative profile, perceive that IPE improves professional relationships, increases resolution, decreases costs, reduces stress, humanizes the professional / patient relationship. Conclusions: We hope that this study will subsidize intervention proposals, in a dialogical way, that allow the constant evolution of care for patients with craniofacial deformities, relationship with the community and similar institutions.

A cirurgia ortognática é uma modalidade terapêutica que vem se tornando cada vez mais comum ao cotidiano de cirurgiões bucomaxilofaciais e ortodontistas. Os dados presentes na literatura quanto a variabilidade do posicionamento mandibular em indivíduos com discrepâncias maxilomandibulares são escassos, fruto de poucas pesquisas ou somente refletem opinião de autores. O presente estudo objetivou a avaliação da variabilidade no posicionamento mandibular entre diferentes registros oclusais e o entendimento da influência das variáveis faixa etária, gênero, tipo de deformidade ou tipo de cirurgia aos resultados. Utilizando amostra composta por 30 indivíduos com deformidade dentofacial a serem submetidos a cirurgia ortognática, estudamos o registro da oclusão dental obtido em três diferentes situações: relação cêntrica, máxima intercuspidação e sob anestesia geral. Tais referências oclusais foram utilizadas para montagem de modelos mandibulares de gesso em articulador semi-ajustável e três pontos dentais (um anterior, um posterior direito e um posterior esquerdo) foram utilizados para determinar possível variação da posição mandibular. Os resultados indicaram tendência geral, com significância estatística, para recuo da mandíbula quando comparamos sua mudança de posição de máxima intercuspidação para relação cêntrica, não havendo significância estatística para a posição mandibular sob anestesia geral quando comparada à posição em relação cêntrica. Faixa etária e tipo de deformidade demonstraram-se como variáveis de influência significante aos resultados. / Orthognathic surgery is a surgical therapeutical modality that has become more common among oral and maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists. Current data regarding variability of mandibular positioning are scarce, mainly the result of few researches or author`s opinions. The present study aimed the evaluation of the variability of mandibular positioning among different occlusal registrations and the knowledge of whether age, gender, type of deformity or type of proposed surgery would influence results. Through a sample of 30 subjects with dentofacial deformities to be submitted to orthognathic surgery, dental occlusion registrations in three different situations were evaluated: centric relation, maximum intercuspation and under general anesthesia. Such registrations were used to mount cast models on semi-adjustable articulators and three dental points (one anterior, one posterior to the right and one posterior to the left) were used to determine possible variation of the mandibular position. Results indicated overall tendency with statistical significance for mandibular retrusion of the mandible when its position in maximum intercuspation is compared with centric relation, not presenting statistical significance for the mandible position under general anesthesia when compared to centric relation. Age and type of deformity did represent themselves as variables of influence to the results.

A nasalidade da fala sofre influência de fatores como tamanho e formato da cavidade oral e da configuração da cavidade nasal. Nas deformidades dentofaciais são encontradas alterações no crescimento dos ossos da mandíbula e/ou maxila, estruturas diretamente relacionadas a estas cavidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da deformidade dentofacial e o efeito da cirurgia ortognática nos escores de nasalância, em um acompanhamento de 6 meses de pós-operatório. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foram triados 146 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idade superior a 18 anos, alfabetizados, sem distinção de raça e nível socioeconômico. Foram selecionados 91 indivíduos, sendo 53 com deformidades dentofaciais (23 classe II, idade média 27,4 anos; e 31 classe III, idade média 27,2 anos) e 37 sem deformidade dentofacial (grupo controle, idade média 25,3 anos). Os sujeitos foram submetidos inicialmente a uma entrevista e a uma avaliação miofuncional orofacial, em seguida, foi avaliado o fluxo aéreo nasal, por meio do espelho Milimetrado de Altmann®, e realizada a nasometria utilizando o Nasômetro II modelo 6400 (KayPENTAX, New Jersey - USA), durante a leitura de 10 frases padronizadas, do português brasileiro. Nos sujeitos com deformidades dentofaciais estes procedimentos foram repetidos em 3 períodos distintos do pós-operatório (P.O. I, II e III). Para a análise estatística foram utilizados os testes ANOVA two-way (p<0,05), para analisar o efeito da cirurgia nos escores de nasalância, e t de Student (p<0,05), para identificar em qual período ocorreu. No período pré-operatório os valores médios e os desvios-padrão dos escores de nasalância dos indivíduos controles e com deformidades dentofaciais classe II e III foram, respectivamente, 48.1% (5.9), 48.9% (6.7) e 45.4% (9.7) para o texto nasal e 12.0% (5.3), 14.9% (7.0) e 10.6% (5.4) para o texto oral, valores dentro dos padrões de normalidade para indivíduos brasileiros; a análise desses dados não mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos. Quanto ao efeito da cirurgia ortognática nos escores de nasalância houve diferença estatisticamente significante para os fatores tempo-grupo no texto 6 oral, diferença evidenciada entre os períodos pré-operatório e P.O. III. Diante dos achados, pode-se concluir que o tipo de deformidade dentofacial pareceu não influenciar os escores de nasalância, já a cirurgia ortognática provocou efeito nesses escores, dentro de um período de 6 meses, porém sem alterar as características da nasalidade da fala, visto que os escores de nasalância se mantiveram dentro dos padrões de normalidade. / Factors such as size and shape of the oral cavity and the nasal cavity configuration may influence nasalance scores. In dentofacial deformities the abnormal growth of jaw and maxillary bones is directly related with changes in these cavities. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of dentofacial deformity and the effect of orthognathic surgery on nasalance scores, during a 6-month post-operative followup. In order to develop this study, 146 individuals of both sexes, over 18 years older, literate, without distinction of race and socioeconomic status, were screened. Ninetyone individuals were selected, which 53 had dentofacial deformities (23 class II, mean age 27.4 years, and 31 class III, mean age 27.2 years) and 37 without dentofacial deformity (control group, mean age 25.3 years). The subjects were submitted to an interview and an orofacial myofunctional evaluation, then the nasal airflow was evaluated through the Altmann® graded mirror, and the nasometry was acquired with Nasometer II model 6400 (KayPENTAX, New Jersey - USA ) device, based on reading of 10 sentences standardized, from Brazilian Portuguese. In subjects with dentofacial deformities these procedures were repeated in 3 different postoperative periods (P.O. I, II and III). To analyze the surgery effect on nasalance scores it was used ANOVA two-way test (p<0.05) and Student\'s t test (p<0.05) was used to identify which period it occurred. In the preoperative period, the mean values and the standard deviations of the nasalance scores of the control group and groups with class II and III dentofacial deformities were, respectively, 48.1% (5.9), 48.9% (6.7) and 45.4% (9.7) for the nasal text and 12.0% (5.3), 14.9% (7.0) and 10.6% (5.4) for the oral text, values within normality standards for Brazilian individuals; analyzing these data no significant difference between the groups were found. About effect of orthognathic surgery on nasalance scores it was found a significant difference in time-group factor for the oral text and comparing the mean nasalance scores in the different periods, the difference was evidenced between the preoperative and PO III periods. Considering the findings, it can be concluded that the type of dentofacial 8 deformity did not appear to influence the nasalance scores, whereas the orthognathic surgery had an effect on these scores within a period of 6 months, but did not changing the nasality characteristics of the speech, because groups had scores within the normal range.

Orientador: Frab Norberto Boscolo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:02:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manzi_FlavioRicardo_D.pdf: 8326674 bytes, checksum: 99330b2ff05f7ff15fe1b4a09ce74602 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os efeitos da radiação ionizante no desenvolvimento dentário têm demonstrado grande interesse, e avalia-Ios foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 21 ratas, divididas em 7 grupos de forma aleatória. Por meio de esfregaço vaginal diário, foi determinado o ciclo estral das ratas para a avaliação do período fértil das mesmas e uma vez comprovado este período, as ratas foram isoladas em gaiolas individuais. Efeito da radiação ionizante no desenvolvimento dentário em ratos com um macho para o acasalamento, durante o período noturno. Ao amanhecer, foi determinado o 10 dia de gestação pela presença do plug vaginal e visualização de espermatozóides em outro esfregaço vaginal. A região abdominal das ratas dos grupos La1 e La4 foi irradiada aos 13 dias de gestação com dose de 1 Gy e 4Gy de raios X, respectivamente. Nesta fase, os 1°S molares dos embriões se encontravam no estágio de lâmina. Utilizando-se as mesmas doses, os grupos Br1 e Br4 foram irradiados aos 16 dias de gestação e os grupos Si1 e Si4 aos 19 dias, correspondendo assim, aos estágios de broto e sino. O grupo Co foi formado por animais não irradiados. Após 30 dias do nascimento, foram sacrificados 3 filhotes de cada ninhada para avaliação quantitativa e ualitativa dos molares por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram avaliados 36 1°S molares em cada grupo, sendo 18 superiores e 18 inferiores. Pela análise dos resultados dos a radiação X promove efeito deletério nas dimensões oclusais dos molares em desenvolvimento, em todos os estágios iniciais estudados (lâmina, broto e sino) na dose de 4 Gy, principalmente no estágio de sino, os quais apresentaram fusão de. cúspides, fraturas coronárias e canalículos dentinários levemente mais delgados e dispersos. Na dose de 1 Gy verificou-se alterações dimensionais apenas nos molares irradiados no estágio de sino (p<O,01) / Abstract: The effects of ionizing radiation on molar development in mice were examined in this study. Forty-two female rats were divided into 7 groups. Vaginal secretion was collected to determine the estrous cycle phases, to ascertain the reproductive status of the female period. When this period was confirmed, the female rats were isolated in individual cages with a male for coitus during the night. In the morning, the 1 st day of gestation was confirmed by presence of the vaginal plug and observation of sperms in another vaginal smear. The abdominal region of the rats of Groups La1 and La4 was irradiated on the 13th gestational day, with a 1 Gy and 4Gy dose of X-rays, respectively. In this phase, the 1 st molars of the embryos were in the dental lamina stage. Using the same doses, Groups Br1 and Br4 were irradiated on the 16th gestational day and Groups Si1 and Si4 on the 19th gestational day, corresponding to the dental bud and bell stage, respectively. The Group Co was formed by un-irradiated animais. Thirty (30) days after birth, 3 nestlings of each brood were sacrificed for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the molars, through the scanning electronic microscopy. Thirty-six 1st molars were evaluated in each group, 18 top and 18 botiom. In these results, X-ray radiation had a deleterious effect on the occlusal dimensions of the molars in development at ali initial dental stages studied (Iamina, bud and bell) exposed to 4 Gy, mainly in the bell stage, which presented fusions of cusps, coronal fractures and slightly thinned and dispersed dentinal tubules. In molars exposed to 1 Gy, only dimensional alterations were observed in the dental bell stage (p <0.01) / Doutorado / Radiologia Odontologica / Doutor em Radiologia Odontológica

Title: Effect of mechanical correction and active exercise in the treatment of deformity of the fifth toe - Tailor's bunion Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to identify the effect of mechanical correction and active physiotherapeutic intervention in the treatment of deformity Tailor's bunion. Methods: This is a quantitative-qualitative experimental study involving 10 probands aged 19 to 25 with flexible Tailor's bunion deformity, 6 out of 10 probands had bilateral deformity and the remaining probands unilateral deformity. In this thesis, passive intervention in the form of mechanical axial correction of V. MTP joint by strapping tape was used and active intervention in the form of selected active exercise aimed at evaluating (identifying) the effect on selected foot parameters. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of five. Group 1 was subjected to active therapeutic intervention and Group 2 was subjected to passive therapeutic intervention for 4 weeks. Before and after the therapeutic intervention, the probands were examined clinically, followed by a postural stability test in static standing on the tensometric plate RS Footscan ® Balance and pressure distribution testing of individual foot segments while walking on a Footscan Gait plate. At the end of the examination we did...

No description available.

No / BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency rickets is associated with skeletal deformities including swollen rib junctions, bowing of the legs, and the flaring and fraying of the wrist and long-bone metaphyses. There is, however, scarce information on the direct effect of rickets on skeletal growth in either present or past populations. AIM: The study investigated the effect of vitamin D deficiency rickets on long-bone growth in two post-medieval skeletal populations from East London (Broadgate and Christ Church Spitalfields). Subsequently, inter-population growth variations in relation to non-specific environmental stress (dental enamel defects), industrialization, urbanization and socio-economic status during infancy (birth to 3 years) and early childhood (3-7 years) were examined. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data on long-bone diaphyseal length dimensions and stress indicators of 234 subadults from Anglo-Saxon, late medieval and post-medieval archaeological skeletal samples were analysed using both linear and non-linear growth models. RESULTS: Rickets had no effect on the growth curves for any of the long bones studied. However, pronounced variations in growth between the four populations were noted, mainly during infancy. The diaphyseal length of long bones of Broadgate were significantly smaller-per-age than those of Spitalfields and the other samples up to the age of 4 years, and were associated with a high prevalence of enamel defects during early infancy. CONCLUSION: Socio-economic status, rather than urbanization, industrialization or rickets, was the central factor behind the observed differences in growth among the post-medieval populations. The observed inter-population growth variations were only significant during infancy.