As atividades antrópicas vêm continuamente influenciando as transformações no ordenamento do solo. A mineração, em suas fases de operação e desativação, é um dos maiores agentes de mudança do uso do solo e alteração da paisagem, o que, consequentemente, resulta em modificações na dinâmica das funções ecológicas, interferindo na oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos. Considerando a inclusão da abordagem dos serviços ecossistêmicos na avaliação ambiental de empreendimentos, a partir de um estudo de caso em uma mineração de rocha fosfática (apatita), localizada no município de Cajati - SP, o presente estudo teve como objetivo responder a seguinte questão: a atividade de mineração interfere na oferta local de serviços ecossistêmicos? Para isso, o método de análise utilizado foi fundamentado em um modelo de avaliação não monetária, com base nos padrões da atividade de mineração ao longo do tempo e do espaço, bem como na capacidade das diferentes classes de uso e ocupação do solo dessa atividade em fornecer serviços ecossistêmicos. O estudo concluiu que todos os serviços ecossistêmicos avaliados são afetados pelos impactos ambientais gerados pela atividade minerária, sendo que a alteração na extensão da área ocupada por floresta nativa - tanto redução quanto aumento - é o que mais influenciou no fornecimento de serviços ecossistêmicos potenciais. Além disso, a atividade minerária ao alterar o padrão de uso e ocupação do solo e, consequentemente, alterar as funções ecológicas locais, reduziu progressivamente a oferta de múltiplos serviços ecossistêmicos e, por outro lado, a recuperação das áreas degradadas pela atividade minerária, recobrindo o solo com espécies de gramíneas e promovendo o plantio de espécies arbóreas nativas, resultou no aumento da oferta local dos serviços ecossistêmicos potenciais. A partir destes resultados fica evidente a importância das ações de recuperação de áreas degradadas pela atividade minerária para o aumento da oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos. Dessa forma, recomendou-se inserir a análise de serviços ecossistêmicos na avaliação de impactos ambientais de empreendimentos minerários, visto que a ferramenta de avaliação baseada em serviços ecossistêmicos permite identificar conflitos e sinergias entre as atividades antrópicas e os ecossistemas, fornecendo subsídios para identificar medidas adicionais de mitigação de impactos e de compensação ambiental. / Human activities have continuously influenced changes in land management. Mining in its operational and decommissioning stages, is one of the biggest agents of change in the landscape and land use, which consequently results in changes in the dynamics of the ecological functions, interfering with the supply of ecosystem services. Taking into account the ecosystem services approach in environmental project assessments and based on a case study of a rock phosphate mining operation, located in the town of Cajati - SP, this study aimed to answer the following question: does the mining activity interfere in the local supply of ecosystem services? As such, the method of analysis was based on a framework of non-monetary assessment itself based on the established patterns of the mining activity over time and space, as well as the ability of different land uses to provide ecosystem services. The result of the study was that all the analyzed ecosystem services are affected by the environmental impacts of the mining activity, and that change in the extension of the native forest (as decrease as increase) is what most affects the potential supply of ecosystem services. Moreover, as the mining activity alters the pattern of land use and occupation and consequently alters the local ecological functions, it progressively reduces the provision of multiple ecosystem services. On the other hand, the recovery of degraded areas by mining activities, covering the soil with grass species and promoting the planting of native species, allowed for the growth of the local supply of potential ecosystem services. From these results, the importance of area recovery actions is evident in increasing the supply of ecosystem services. Thus, the inclusion of the analysis of ecosystem services in the environmental impact assessment of projects is recomended, as the assessment tool based on ecosystem services allows us to identify synergies and conflicts between human activities and ecosystems, providing input to identify additional actions for impact mitigation and environmental compensation.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de biossólido sobre as taxas de mineralização e de lixiviação de N, as modificações de fertilidade do solo, a nutrição e o crescimento de povoamentos de Eucalyptus grandis plantados em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico não-degradado (sob cultivo mínimo) e outro degradado. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Salto de Pirapora, SP. A área experimental foi constituída de quatro blocos e nove tratamentos; em três tratamentos, a camada superficial do solo (0-20cm) foi removida (solo degradado). Os tratamentos na área com solo não-degradado, cultivado no sistema de cultivo mínimo, foram: (1) Controle, (2) Fertilização mineral, (3) 10 t ha-1, (4) 20 e (5) 40 t ha-1 de biossólido (base seca), todos com suplementação de P e K, e (6) 10 t ha-1 de biossólido, sem suplementação de P e K; na área com solo degradado, os tratamentos foram: (7) Controle, (8) 20 e (9) 40 t ha-1 de biossólido, todos com suplementação de P e K. Nos tratamentos 1, 4 e 8 foram monitoradas as taxas de mineralização e de lixiviação de N no solo. No solo não-degradado, nos primeiros sete meses pós-aplicação do biossólido (PAB), houve aumento das taxas de mineralização de N, do pH, da concentração de P resina, e diminuição das concentrações de K, Ca e Mg trocáveis. Aos doze meses PAB, as concentrações de P-resina aumentaram, e as de matéria orgânica e N total diminuíram. As concentrações foliares de N aumentaram aos três meses, de N e P aos sete meses, e as de K diminuíram aos doze meses PAB. No solo degradado que recebeu 20 t ha-1 de biossólido, as quantidades de N mineralizadas, em sete meses, foram semelhantes às obtidas no não-degradado sem biossólido, e as taxas de lixiviação de N foram maiores do que no solo não-degradado com a mesma dose. Nesta época, no solo degradado, o biossólido aumentou concentrações de P-resina, Ca, Mg e S, o pH somente na camada 0-3 cm e, aos doze meses, aumentou as concentrações de C, N totais, de matéria orgânica, de P-resina, de Ca trocável, e diminuiu e aumentou, respectivamente, as concentrações de S nas camadas 0-3 e 3-30 cm do solo. Houve aumento das concentrações foliares de N, aos três meses, de N, P, Mg e S aos sete meses, e de Ca aos doze meses PAB. O biossólido aumentou as taxas de crescimento do E. grandis, aos sete meses PAB, nas duas condições de solo e, aos doze e aos vinte e dois meses PAB, nos tratamentos em solo degradado. No tratamento em solo degradado que recebeu 40 t ha-1 de biossólido, as árvores tiveram crescimento semelhante ao dos tratamentos em solo não-degradado. Nas duas condições de solo, as variâncias entre tratamentos relativas ao crescimento das árvores foram explicadas principalmente pela maior absorção de N pelas plantas. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biosolid application on the mineralization and leaching rates of N, the changes of soil fertility, nutrition and growth of Eucalyptus grandis cultivated in a non-degraded (under minimum tillage) and in a degraded Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxissol). It was carried out in Salto do Pirapora district, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental area included four blocks and nine treatments; in three of them, the topsoil (0-20cm) was removed (degraded soil). Treatments in the non-degraded soil area, cultivated under minimum-tillage system, were: (1) Control, (2) Mineral fertilization, (3) 10 t ha-1, (4) 20 and (5) 40 t ha-1 of biosolid, all supplemented with P and K and (6) 10 t ha-1 of biosolid with no P and K supplementation; in the degraded soil area, the treatments were: (7) Control, (8) 20 and (9) 40 t ha-1 of biosolid, all supplemented with P and K. Mineralization and leaching rates of N in the soil were monitored in treatments 1, 4 and 8. In non-degraded soils, on the first seven months after biosolid application (ABA), increasing of N mineralization rates, pH, concentration of the soil P-resin, and decreasing concentrations of exchangeable K, Ca and Mg were observed. Twelve months ABA, P-resin concentrations increased, and organic matter and total N decreased. N concentration in foliage increased at three months, N and P at seven months and K decreased at twelve months FBA. The amounts of mineralized N in the degraded soil with biosolid (20 t ha-1), at seven months, were similar to those achieved in the Control under non-degraded soil; N leaching was higher in degraded than those in non-degraded soil with the same amount of biosolid. In that age, in degraded soil, the biosolid increased the concentrations of P-resin, Ca, Mg and S and pH, only at 0-3 cm layer and, at twelve months, increased the total C and N, organic matter, P-resin, exchangeable Ca, and S concentrations decreased in 0-3 and increased in 3-30 cm layers. N, P, Mg and S concentrations in foliage increased at seven months and Ca at twelve months ABA. The biosolid increased the growth rates of E. grandis at seven months ABA in both soil conditions, and at twelve and twenty-two months ABA in degraded soil. In degraded soil treatment that received 40 t ha-1 of biosolid, the growth of trees was similar to those of non-degraded soil treatments. In both soil conditions, the variances between treatments regarding tree growth were explained mainly by higher plants N uptake.

A geração de resíduos orgânicos juntamente com a erosão, são dois grandes problemas ambientais mundiais. São responsáveis pela redução da produtividade agrícola e pelos altos impactos ambientais. O presente projeto teve como objetivo a utilização de resíduos orgânicos gerados na agropecuária, na forma de composto orgânico, para a recuperação de áreas degradadas pela erosão hídrica. Foram avaliados os efeitos de quatro doses de composto (0, 20, 40 e 100 Mg.ha-1) na recuperação dos solos degradados por erosão. Somado a isto foi também avaliado o efeito da dose de composto sobre o processo de encrostamento superficial do solo. O projeto foi composto por dois experimentos, um com a ausência da erosão e o outro com presença de erosão (remoção de uma camada de 50 cm de solo), sendo realizados concomitantemente na mesma área. O delineamento experimental usado para cada experimento foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos (0, 20, 40 e 100 Mg.ha-1) e 4 repetições. Para o monitoramento da recuperação do solo e do processo de encrostamento em função das diferentes doses de composto, amostras deformadas e indeformadas de solo foram coletadas para análises físicas e químicas de rotina, para medidas da densidade do solo, para confecção de curvas características de retenção de água, e para análises micromorfológicas e de imagens. No campo foram realizados o monitoramento da chuva, da condutividade hidráulica e da infiltração de água no solo. Ficou claro que com o aumento da dose de composto orgânico aplicado no solo, melhor era a condição química do mesmo. Os valores dos elementos aumentavam conforme a dose de composto era também aumentada. A ação da matéria orgânica no solo colaborou com um aumento na retenção de água no solo a partir das doses de 40 e 100 Mg.ha-1. Esta melhor retenção de água favoreceu juntamente com a química, o crescimento das culturas no período seco garantindo assim uma maior produção de matéria seca das culturas implantadas, principalmente na dose de 100 Mg.ha-1. Com o aumento da porosidade do solo ao longo do tempo estudado em todas as doses de composto aplicado, a densidade do solo diminuiu onde o composto estava presente, se tornando mais constante em altas doses seus valores. A condutividade hidráulica do solo foi reduzida ao longo dos dois experimentos para todas as doses de composto aplicado. Essa redução pode ser explicada pelo aumento do encrostamento superficial do solo ao longo do tempo principalmente nas doses de 0 e 20 Mg.ha-1, dificultando a infiltração de água no solo. Portanto, a aplicação de altas doses de composto orgânico aceleram a recuperação dos atributos químicos e físicos do solo, assim como colaboram na redução da formação de vesículas nas crostas superficiais e diminuem os efeitos do impacto das gotas de chuvas na formação do encrostamento. / The generation of organic waste along with soil erosion are two major environmental problems worldwide. They are responsible for the reduction of agricultural productivity and high environmental impacts. The objective of this dissertation is the use of organic waste generated in agriculture, in the form of organic compost, for the recovery of degraded areas by water erosion. The effects of four doses of compost (0, 20, 40 and 100 Mg.ha-1) in the recovery of degraded soils by erosion, was tested. Added to this, the effect of the dose of compost on the process of soil surface crusting surface was also tested. The project was composed of two experiments, one with no erosion and the other with erosion (removal of a layer of 50 cm of soil), conducted concurrently in the same area. The experimental design for each experiment was completely randomized with 4 treatments (0, 20, 40 and 100 Mg.ha-1) and 4 replications. For the monitoring of the recovery of soil and the process of crusting according to the different doses of compost, deformed and undeformed soil samples were collected for routine physical and chemical analyses soil density evaluation, determination of the characteristic water retention curve, and for micromorphological and image analysis. In the field, rain, hydraulic conductivity and soil water infiltration were monitored. It was clear that with the increasing doses of organic compost used in the soil, the chemical condition meliorated. The content of the nutrients increased as the dose of compost was also increased. The action of organic matter in the soil collaborated with an increase in its water retention mainly for doses of 40 and 100 Mg.ha-1. This better water retention helped, together with the chemical recuperation, in the growth of the crops in the dry season thereby ensuring a higher dry matter yield, mainly in the dose of 100 Mg.ha-1. The increasing soil porosity over time observed in all doses of compost applied, led to a decrease in the soil density. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was reduced in both experiments for all the applied compost doses. This reduction can be explained by the increase of the soil crusting process over time, especially in the doses of 0 and 20 Mg.ha-1, hampering the water infiltration in the soil. Therefore, the application of high doses of organic compost accelerates the recuperation of the chemical and physical attributes of the soil. It also collaborates in reducing the formation of vesicles in the superficial crust and decreases the effects of the impact of the raindrops on the crust formation.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-04T21:00:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Joventino Fernandes Moreira.pdf: 3401468 bytes, checksum: 9e89bb418c26be61f0e61413f30a9f7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T21:00:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Joventino Fernandes Moreira.pdf: 3401468 bytes, checksum: 9e89bb418c26be61f0e61413f30a9f7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / CAPES / Bio-indicators are frequently used for environmental quality studies, monitoring of degraded areas and recovery processes, because they are intimately associated to specific landscape characteristics and respond to environmental changes by alterations in vital functions. In this sense, the study of the behaviour of edaphic organisms can contribute significantly to the evaluation of the environmental quality and to strategies and processes aiming the recovery and rehabilitation of areas affected by some type of degradation. This study aimed monitoring the colonisation by the soil fauna community of areas degraded by bauxite mining activities and revegetated with a mixture of native and leguminous species in the municipality of Porto Trombetas-PA, Brazil. Material was sampled in the years 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2008, in a chronosequence of regenerated areas of bauxite waste covered or not with topsoil, and in plantings in former bauxite tailing ponds. The individuals were captured in pitfall traps and separated in the Laboratory of Soil Fauna of the Embrapa Agrobiologia Research Centre. The evaluated parameters were abundance, richness, Shannon index, Pielou?s equitability index and the colonization patterns of fauna groups. The soil fauna profiles were obtained by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination, and the response of soil fauna community was evaluated using principal response curves (PRC). The results showed that the time from planting and the nutrient availability were determining factors during the environmental recovery of the system, especially in the bauxite waste areas revegetated in 1984, 1992 and 1994, and in the tailing pond areas that received higher amounts of fertilizers. In these areas, the vegetation development caused a better colonization and structuring of the soil fauna community, increasing its diversity and reestablishing the ecological processes. / Bioindicadores s?o frequentemente utilizados para estudos de avalia??o da qualidade ambiental, como no monitoramento de ?reas degradadas e de processos de recupera??o, uma vez que est?o intimamente associados a caracter?sticas espec?ficas da paisagem e respondem ?s mudan?as ambientais por meio de altera??es na composi??o e estrutura das comunidades. Neste sentido, o estudo do comportamento de organismos ed?ficos pode contribuir significativamente para a avalia??o da qualidade ambiental assim como de estrat?gias e processos destinados ? recupera??o e reabilita??o de ?reas que sofreram algum tipo de degrada??o. Este trabalho teve por objetivo acompanhar a coloniza??o da comunidade da fauna ed?fica em ?reas degradadas pela minera??o de bauxita e revegetadas com a mistura de esp?cies nativas e leguminosas arb?reas e arbustivas em Porto Trombetas-PA. As amostragens foram feitas nos anos 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 e 2008 em reflorestamentos de diferentes idades plantados sobre material est?ril com e sem cobertura de solo superficial e em plantios em tanque de rejeito da lavagem da bauxita. Os indiv?duos foram capturados em armadilhas do tipo ?pitfall? e triados no Laborat?rio de Fauna de Solo da Embrapa Agrobiologia. Os par?metros usados para avalia??o foram: a abund?ncia, a riqueza, o ?ndice de diversidade Shannon, o ?ndice de Equabilidade de Pielou e o padr?o de coloniza??o dos indiv?duos da fauna do solo. Os perfis da fauna do solo foram obtidos pelo ordenamento multivariado atrav?s da t?cnica de escalonamento multidimensional n?o m?trico (NMS) e a resposta da comunidade de fauna ed?fica ?s varia??es ambientais foram avaliadas por meio de curvas de respostas principais (PRC). Os resultados mostraram que a idade do plantio e a disponibilidade de nutrientes foram fatores determinantes na recomposi??o da comunidade de fauna de solo, a qual foi maior nos reflorestamentos de 1984, 1992 e 1994 no est?ril e nas ?reas do tanque de rejeito que receberam maiores quantidades de fertilizantes. Nessas ?reas, o desenvolvimento da vegeta??o levou ? maior coloniza??o e a melhor estrutura??o da comunidade de fauna ed?fica, aumentando a sua diversidade e o restabelecimento de processos ecol?gicos.

O aumento da concentração de CO2 na atmosfera nas últimas décadas e sua relação com o aquecimento global tem sido amplamente debatido nos meios acadêmicos. Paralelamente, o Brasil aparece como um dos grandes responsáveis pela emissão de gases estufa em decorrência do desmatamento. Buscando apoiar ações públicas, privadas e sociais e responder a questões ligadas ao papel de reflorestamentos mistos na absorção de carbono atmosférico e nas mudanças dos atributos do solo, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o estoque de carbono, o desenvolvimento florestal e os atributos edáficos em dois sistemas contrastantes de restauração florestal (Floresta Estacional Semidecidual). Foi analisado um experimento implantado em 1997, em Nitossolo Vermelho e Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, avaliando três tratamentos em blocos casualizados, com três repetições em cada sítio: Controle (regeneração natural), Baixa Diversidade (semeadura direta) e Alta Diversidade (plantio por mudas). Dois locais com Floresta Nativa serviram de referência para os atributos do solo. Na camada de 0-40 cm, o Nitossolo tem textura argilosa e boa fertilidade e o Argissolo é arenoso com média fertilidade. Os atributos físicos e químicos do solo apresentaram alterações entre 1998 e 2010, com diferenças entre a Floresta Nativa e os demais tratamentos. Para as duas áreas experimentais, a relação C:N e o carbono da biomassa microbiana dos solos nos modelos de restauração se assemelharam ao Floresta Nativa, indicando que as atuais condições favorecem a ciclagem de nutrientes. Apesar disto, para os atributos químicos do solo avaliados, as diferenças entre a Floresta Nativa e os demais tratamentos continuam a existir, mesmo após 10 anos da implantação, devendo ser gradativo o retorno da fertilidade à condição pré-existente, com influência dos plantios. Os modelos de reflorestamento tiveram diferença significativa quanto ao desenvolvimento florestal. Nos primeiros dez anos, além de incrementar os processos de sucessão natural, o sistema de Baixa Diversidade proporcionou uma maior e melhor edificação da estrutura horizontal e vertical que o de Alta Diversidade, refletida numa maior produção de biomassa seca. O desenvolvimento das árvores no Alta Diversidade foi favorecido em solo de boa fertilidade. Numa análise conjunta, os solos de boa e média fertilidade não se diferenciaram em termos de desenvolvimento arbóreo, que pode estar mais relacionado à alta competição com invasoras. A partir do décimo ano a produtividade primária líquida se estabilizou para o modelo de reflorestamento com baixa diversidade de espécies sobre o solo arenoso de média fertilidade, indicando a necessidade de intervenção. A biomassa arbórea em sítio de média fertilidade com baixa diversidade de espécies nativas se apresentou como um importante reservatório de carbono. Em solo argiloso de boa fertilidade o principal reservatório de carbono foi o abaixo do solo. O reflorestamento com baixa diversidade de espécies arbóreas mostrou um elevado potencial e capacidade de estoque de carbono em sistemas florestais, maior do que o reflorestamento com alta diversidade. Ambos os modelos/técnicas de restauração têm suas vantagens e desvantagens, as quais devem ser consideradas nos processos de mitigação do aquecimento global e da restauração da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica em larga escala. / The increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere over the last decades and its relation to global warming has been largely documented by scientists. In parallel, deforestation in Brazil accounts for most emissions of greenhouse gases. Attempting to support public, private and social actions as well as to answer the questions concerning the role of mixed reforestation in the absorption of CO2 and changes of soil attributes, this study aimed to assess the carbon stock, forest development and soil changes in two different systems of forest restoration. We evaluated an experiment undertaken in 1997, in a red Alfisol and a red-yellow Ultisol, evaluating three treatments in a randomized block design with three replications in each site: Control (natural regeneration), Low Diversity (direct seeding) and High Diversity (seedlings). Two sites with Native Forest were used as reference for the soil attributes. In the first layer (0-40 cm) the Alfisol has a clay texture with good fertility and Ultisol is sandy with medium fertility. The physical and chemical soil properties showed changes from 1998 to 2010 and differences between the Native Forest and the other treatments were evident. For both experimental areas, the C:N ratio of soils in reforestation models is similar to that in the native forest. The increase in carbon in soil microbial biomass indicates that current conditions may favor the decomposition of soil organic matter. For the soil properties evaluated, the differences between the Native Forest and the other treatments still exist and leading to a gradual return of fertility to the pre-existing condition, influenced by plantations. The forestry development had significant differences among the reforestation models. In the first ten years, besides increasing the processes of natural succession, the lower diversity model provided a better horizontal and vertical structure than the high diversity model, reflected in increased biomass production. The development of trees in the high diversity model was favored in soil of good fertility. In a pooled analysis, the high and medium fertility soil do not differ in terms of tree development, which may be more related to weed competition. After the tenth year, the net primary production has stabilized in the low diversity restoration model on the medium fertility sandy soil, requiring management intervention. The tree biomass in the site of medium fertility with low diversity of native species is presented as a major carbon pool. In clayey soil of good fertility the main carbon pool is underground. Reforestation with low diversity of tree species has a high potential and capacity of carbon stocking in forest ecosystems, higher than that of high diversity reforestation model. Both models and restoration techniques have advantages and disadvantages, which should be considered in the process to mitigate global warming and to restore biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest on a larger scale.

Orientador: Kátia Luciene Maltoni / Resumo: Na região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, divisa com Mato Grosso do Sul, a construção da Usina Hidrelétrica-UHE de Ilha Solteira, em 1965, deu origem a extensas áreas degradadas, devido à remoção da vegetação e utilização do solo para formação do barramento do Rio Paraná. O subsolo exposto resultou em insignificante recuperação do Cerrado, ao longo do tempo, pois o material exposto é edaficamente insuficiente para dar suporte ao estabelecimento e desenvolvimento da vegetação, além da ausência de fatores como o banco de sementes e microrganismos, comuns nos 0,10 m superficiais dos solos. Com o objetivo de recuperar as condições ecológicas da área, em 2011/2012 deu-se início ações de restauração por meio da revegetação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) da UNESP de Ilha Solteira, situada no Município de Selvíria, MS. Inicialmente a área foi mecanizada (escarificação a 0,40 m de profundidade), como condicionantes do subsolo foram incorporados resíduo orgânico - RO (macrófitas aquáticas) nas doses 0, 16, e 32 Mg ha-1 e resíduo agroindustrial - RA (cinza), nas doses 0, 15, 30 e 45 Mg ha-1, e parcialmente revegetada, com o plantio de mudas de 10 diferentes espécies arbóreas nativas do Cerrado (espaçamento 4,0 x 5,0 m). Transcorridos 5 anos da intervenção, avaliou-se o desempenho da técnica proposta por meio da Portaria CBRN 1/2015 do Estado de São Paulo, a qual estabelece o Protocolo de Monitoramento de Projetos de Restauração Ecológica, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the Northwest region of São Paulo State, on the border of Mato Grosso do Sul, the construction of Ilha Solteira Hydroelectric Power Plant, in 1965, give rise to extensives degradades areas, due to vegetation removal and soil use as part of rockfill material of Paraná River. The exposed subsoil resulted in negligible Cerrado recovery over time as the exposed material is edaphically unsuitable to support the establishment and development of the vegetation, besides the absence of factors such as seed bank and microorganisms, common in the 0.10 m superficial of the soil. In order to restore the area ecological conditions, in 2011/2012 restoration actions were initiated through revegetation. The work was developed at the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm (FEPE) of UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, located in Selvíria, MS. Initially the area was mechanized (chisel plowing at 0.37 m depth), the soil conditioners were incorporated, organic residue - RO (aquatic macrophytes) at doses of 0, 16, and 32 Mg ha-1 and agroindustrial residue - RA (ash from sugar cane), at doses of 0, 15, 30 and 45 Mg ha-1, and seedlings of 10 different native tree species of the Cerrado were introduced in the area (4.0 x 5.0 m spacing). After 5 years of intervention, the performance of the proposed technique was evaluated through the Ordinance CBRN 1/2015 of São Paulo State, which establishes the Protocol for Monitoring Ecological Restoration Projects, using as ecological indicators: land cover with native... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

<p>The objective of this study was to develop and validate a six Non-CODIS miniSTR genotyping system and to determine its suitability for forensic casework in South Africa. In Non-CODIS miniSTR genotyping systems, smaller PCR products are amplified and the primers are positioned as close as possible to the repeat region. For this reason, these systems can be valuable in a variety of scenarios including complex paternity cases, missing persons work, and mass fatality disasters.</p>

With the proliferation of smart devices that require Internet connectivity anytime, anywhere, and the recent technological advances that make it possible, current networked systems will have to provide a various range of services, such as content distribution, in a wide range of settings, including wireless environments. Wireless links may experience temporary losses, however, TCP, the de facto protocol for robust unicast communications, reacts by reducing the congestion window drastically and injecting less traffic in the network. Consequently the wireless links are underutilized and the overall performance of the TCP protocol in wireless environments is poor. As content delivery (i.e. multicasting) services, such as BBC iPlayer, become popular, the network needs to support the reliable transport of the data at high rates, and with specific delay constraints. A typical approach to deliver content in a scalable way is to rely on peer-to-peer technology (used by BitTorrent, Spotify and PPLive), where users share their resources, including bandwidth, storage space, and processing power. Still, these systems suffer from the lack of incentives for resource sharing and cooperation, and this problem is exacerbated in the presence of heterogenous users, where a tit-for-tat scheme is difficult to implement. Due to the issues highlighted above, current network architectures need to be changed in order to accommodate the users¿ demands for reliable and quality communications. In other words, the emergent need for advanced modes of information transport requires revisiting and improving network components at various levels of the network stack. The innovative paradigm of network coding has been shown as a promising technique to change the design of networked systems, by providing a shift from how data flows traditionally move through the network. This shift implies that data flows are no longer kept separate, according to the ¿store-and-forward¿ model, but they are also processed and mixed in the network. By appropriately combining data by means of network coding, it is expected to obtain significant benefits in several areas of network design and architecture. In this thesis, we set out to show the benefits of including network coding into three communication paradigms, namely point-topoint communications (e.g. unicast), point-to-multipoint communications (e.g. multicast), and multipoint-to-multipoint communications (e.g. peer-to-peer networks). For the first direction, we propose a network coding-based multipath scheme and show that TCP unicast sessions are feasible in highly volatile wireless environments. For point-to-multipoint communications, we give an algorithm to optimally achieve all the rate pairs from the rate region in the case of degraded multicast over the combination network. We also propose a system for live streaming that ensures reliability and quality of service to heterogenous users, even if data transmissions occur over lossy wireless links. Finally, for multipoint-to-multipoint communications, we design a system to provide incentives for live streaming in a peer-to-peer setting, where users have subscribed to different levels of quality. Our work shows that network coding enables a reliable transport of data, even in highly volatile environments, or in delay sensitive scenarios such as live streaming, and facilitates the implementation of an efficient incentive system, even in the presence of heterogenous users. Thus, network coding can solve the challenges faced by next generation networks in order to support advanced information transport.

Information-theoretic arguments focus on modeling the reliability of information transmission, assuming availability of infinite data at sources, thus ignoring randomness in message generation times at the respective sources. However, in information transport networks, not only is reliable transmission important, but also stability, i.e., finiteness of mean delay in- curred by messages from the time of generation to the time of successful reception. Usually, delay analysis is done separately using queueing-theoretic arguments, whereas reliable information transmission is studied using information theory. In this thesis, we investigate these two important aspects of data communication jointly by suitably combining models from these two fields. In particular, we model scheduled communication of messages , that arrive in a random process, (i) over multiaccess channels, with either independent decoding or joint decoding, and (ii) over degraded broadcast channels. The scheduling policies proposed permit up to a certain maximum number of messages for simultaneous transmission. In the first part of the thesis, we develop a multi-class discrete-time processor-sharing queueing model, and then investigate the stability of this queue. In particular, we model the queue by a discrete-time Markov chain defined on a countable state space, and then establish (i) a sufficient condition for c-regularity of the chain, and hence positive recurrence and finiteness of stationary mean of the function c of the state, and (ii) a sufficient condition for transience of the chain. These stability results form the basis for the conclusions drawn in the thesis. The second part of the thesis is on multiaccess communication with random message arrivals. In the context of independent decoding, we assume that messages can be classified into a fixed number of classes, each of which specifies a combination of received signal power, message length, and target probability of decoding error. Each message is encoded independently and decoded independently. In the context of joint decoding, we assume that messages can be classified into a fixed number of classes, each of which specifies a message length, and for each of which there is a message queue. From each queue, some number of messages are encoded jointly, and received at a signal power corresponding to the queue. The messages are decoded jointly across all queues with a target probability of joint decoding error. For both independent decoding and joint decoding, we derive respective discrete- time multiclass processor-sharing queueing models assuming the corresponding information-theoretic models for the underlying communication process. Then, for both the decoding schemes, we (i) derive respective outer bounds to the stability region of message arrival rate vectors achievable by the class of stationary scheduling policies, (ii) show for any mes- sage arrival rate vector that satisfies the outer bound, that there exists a stationary “state-independent” policy that results in a stable system for the corresponding message arrival process, and (iii) show that the stability region of information arrival rate vectors, in the limit of large message lengths, equals an appropriate information-theoretic capacity region for independent decoding, and equals the information-theoretic capacity region for joint de-coding. For independent decoding, we identify a class of stationary scheduling policies, for which we show that the stability region in the limit of large maximum number of simultane-ous transmissions is independent of the received signal powers, and each of which achieves a spectral efficiency of 1 nat/s/Hz in the limit of large message lengths. In the third and last part of the thesis, we show that the queueing model developed for multiaccess channels with joint decoding can be used to model communication over degraded broadcast channels, with superposition encoding and successive decoding across all queues. We then show respective results (i), (ii), and (iii), stated above.

<p>The objective of this study was to develop and validate a six Non-CODIS miniSTR genotyping system and to determine its suitability for forensic casework in South Africa. In Non-CODIS miniSTR genotyping systems, smaller PCR products are amplified and the primers are positioned as close as possible to the repeat region. For this reason, these systems can be valuable in a variety of scenarios including complex paternity cases, missing persons work, and mass fatality disasters.</p>