Une nouvelle notion d'enlacement pour les paires d'ensembles $A\subset B$, $P\subset Q$ dans un espace de Hilbert de type $X=Y\oplus Y^{\perp}$ avec $Y$ séparable, appellée $\tau$-enlacement, est définie. Le modèle pour cette définition est la généralisation de l'enlacement homotopique et de l'enlacement au sens de Benci-Rabinowitz faite par Frigon. En utilisant la théorie du degré développée dans un article de Kryszewski et Szulkin, plusieurs exemples de paires $\tau$-enlacées sont donnés. Un lemme de déformation est établi et utilisé conjointement à la notion de $\tau$-enlacement pour prouver un théorème d'existence de point critique pour une certaine classe de fonctionnelles sur $X$. De plus, une caractérisation de type minimax de la valeur critique correspondante est donnée. Comme corollaire de ce théorème, des conditions sont énoncées sous lesquelles l'existence de deux points critiques distincts est garantie. Deux autres théorèmes de point critiques sont démontrés dont l'un généralise le théorème principal de l'article de Kryszewski et Szulkin mentionné ci-haut. / A new notion of linking for pairs of sets $A\subset B$, $P\subset Q$ in a Hilbert space of the form $X=Y\oplus Y^{\perp}$ with $Y$ separable, called $\tau$-linking, is defined. The model for this definition is the generalization of homotopical linking and linking in the sense of Benci-Rabinowitz made by Frigon. Using the degree theory developped in an article of Kryszewski and Szulkin, many examples of $\tau$-linking pairs are given. A deformation lemma is established and used jointly with the notion of $\tau$-linking to prove an existence theorem for critical points of a certain class of functionals defined on $X$. Moreover, a characterization of a minimax nature for the corresponding critical value is given. As a corollary of this theorem, conditions are stated under which the existence of two distinct critical points is guaranteed. Two other critical point theorems are demonstrated, one of which generalizes the main theorem of the article of A new notion of linking for pairs of sets $A\subset B$, $P\subset Q$ in a Hilbert space of the form $X=Y\oplus Y^{\perp}$ with $Y$ separable, called $\tau$-linking, is defined. The model for this definition is the generalization of homotopical linking and linking in the sense of Benci-Rabinowitz made by Frigon~\cite{frigon:1}. Using the degree theory developped in~\cite{szulkin:1}, many examples of $\tau$-linking pairs are given. A deformation lemma is established and used jointly with the notion of $\tau$-linking to prove an existence theorem for critical points of a certain class of functionals defined on $X$. Moreover, a characterization of a minimax nature for the corresponding critical value is given. As a corollary of this theorem, conditions are stated under which the existence of two distinct critical points is guaranteed. Two other critical point theorems are demonstrated, one of which generalizes the main theorem of the article by Kryszewski and Szulkin cited above.

Neste trabalho estenderemos os resultados obtidos por Hara [34] e J. Jaworowski [38] substituindo as G-variedades por G-variedades generalizadas sobre Z. Além disso, provamos uma fórmula de comparação geral para grau de aplicações de uma variedade generalizada sobre uma esfera que são equivariantes com respeito a ações de grupos finitos, obtendo uma generalização do resultado de A. Kushkuley e Z. Balanov [40] / In this work, we extend the results obtained by Y. Hara [34] and J. Jaworowski [38] by replacing the free G-manifolds by free generalized G-manifolds over Z. Moreover, we prove a general comparison formula for degrees of equivariant maps from a generalized manifold to a sphere which are equivariant with respect to finite group actions, obtaining a generalization of the result of A. Kushkuley and Z. Balanov [40]

Une nouvelle notion d'enlacement pour les paires d'ensembles $A\subset B$, $P\subset Q$ dans un espace de Hilbert de type $X=Y\oplus Y^{\perp}$ avec $Y$ séparable, appellée $\tau$-enlacement, est définie. Le modèle pour cette définition est la généralisation de l'enlacement homotopique et de l'enlacement au sens de Benci-Rabinowitz faite par Frigon. En utilisant la théorie du degré développée dans un article de Kryszewski et Szulkin, plusieurs exemples de paires $\tau$-enlacées sont donnés. Un lemme de déformation est établi et utilisé conjointement à la notion de $\tau$-enlacement pour prouver un théorème d'existence de point critique pour une certaine classe de fonctionnelles sur $X$. De plus, une caractérisation de type minimax de la valeur critique correspondante est donnée. Comme corollaire de ce théorème, des conditions sont énoncées sous lesquelles l'existence de deux points critiques distincts est garantie. Deux autres théorèmes de point critiques sont démontrés dont l'un généralise le théorème principal de l'article de Kryszewski et Szulkin mentionné ci-haut. / A new notion of linking for pairs of sets $A\subset B$, $P\subset Q$ in a Hilbert space of the form $X=Y\oplus Y^{\perp}$ with $Y$ separable, called $\tau$-linking, is defined. The model for this definition is the generalization of homotopical linking and linking in the sense of Benci-Rabinowitz made by Frigon. Using the degree theory developped in an article of Kryszewski and Szulkin, many examples of $\tau$-linking pairs are given. A deformation lemma is established and used jointly with the notion of $\tau$-linking to prove an existence theorem for critical points of a certain class of functionals defined on $X$. Moreover, a characterization of a minimax nature for the corresponding critical value is given. As a corollary of this theorem, conditions are stated under which the existence of two distinct critical points is guaranteed. Two other critical point theorems are demonstrated, one of which generalizes the main theorem of the article of A new notion of linking for pairs of sets $A\subset B$, $P\subset Q$ in a Hilbert space of the form $X=Y\oplus Y^{\perp}$ with $Y$ separable, called $\tau$-linking, is defined. The model for this definition is the generalization of homotopical linking and linking in the sense of Benci-Rabinowitz made by Frigon~\cite{frigon:1}. Using the degree theory developped in~\cite{szulkin:1}, many examples of $\tau$-linking pairs are given. A deformation lemma is established and used jointly with the notion of $\tau$-linking to prove an existence theorem for critical points of a certain class of functionals defined on $X$. Moreover, a characterization of a minimax nature for the corresponding critical value is given. As a corollary of this theorem, conditions are stated under which the existence of two distinct critical points is guaranteed. Two other critical point theorems are demonstrated, one of which generalizes the main theorem of the article by Kryszewski and Szulkin cited above.

Neste trabalho estenderemos os resultados obtidos por Hara [34] e J. Jaworowski [38] substituindo as G-variedades por G-variedades generalizadas sobre Z. Além disso, provamos uma fórmula de comparação geral para grau de aplicações de uma variedade generalizada sobre uma esfera que são equivariantes com respeito a ações de grupos finitos, obtendo uma generalização do resultado de A. Kushkuley e Z. Balanov [40] / In this work, we extend the results obtained by Y. Hara [34] and J. Jaworowski [38] by replacing the free G-manifolds by free generalized G-manifolds over Z. Moreover, we prove a general comparison formula for degrees of equivariant maps from a generalized manifold to a sphere which are equivariant with respect to finite group actions, obtaining a generalization of the result of A. Kushkuley and Z. Balanov [40]

Neste trabalho, veremos que a noção de número de Nielsen pode ser estendida para aplicações entre variedades topológicas não necessariamente orientáveis ou compactas, com ou sem fronteira. / In this work, we are going to see that the concept of Nilsen Root Number can be extended to maps between not necessarily orientable nor compact manifolds, with or without boundary.

Neste trabalho, veremos que a noção de número de Nielsen pode ser estendida para aplicações entre variedades topológicas não necessariamente orientáveis ou compactas, com ou sem fronteira. / In this work, we are going to see that the concept of Nilsen Root Number can be extended to maps between not necessarily orientable nor compact manifolds, with or without boundary.

L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude qualitative de certains modèles de la dynamique et la distribution des bactéries dans une rivière. Il s'agit de la stabilité des états stationnaires et l'existence des solutions périodiques. Nous considérons, dans la première partie de la thèse, un système d'équations différentielles ordinaires qui modélise les interactions et la dynamique de quatre espèces de bactéries dans une rivière. Nous avons étudié le comportement asymptotique des états stationnaires. L'étude de la stabilité des états stationnaires est essentiellement faite par la construction d'une fonction de Lyapunov combinée avec le principe d'invariance de LaSalle. D'autre part, l'existence des solutions périodiques est démontrée en utilisant le théorème de continuation de Mawhin. La deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude d'un système de convection-diffusion non-autonome. Ce modèle tient compte du transport des bactéries. Nous étudions l'analyse qualitative des solutions, nous déterminons l'ensemble limite du système et nous démontrons l'existence des états stationnaires positifs. L'étude de l'existence des états stationnaires (les seuls qu'il soit possible d'obtenir) est basée sur le théorème de Leray-Schauder. / The objective of this thesis is the qualitative study of some models of the dynamic and the distribution of bacteria in a river. We are interested in the stability of equilibria and the existence of periodic solutions. The thesis can be divided into two parts; the first part is concerned with a mathematical analysis of a system of differential equations modelling the dynamics and the interactions of four species of bacteria in a river. The asymptotic behavior of equilibria is established. The stability study of equilibrium states is mainly done by construction of Lyapunov functions combined with LaSalle's invariance principle. On the other hand, the existence of periodic solutions is proved under certain conditions using the continuation theorem of Mawhin. In the second part of this thesis, we propose a non-autonomous convection-reaction diffusion system with nonlinear reaction source functions. This model refers to the quantification and the distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in a river. Our main contributions are : (i) the determination of the limit set of the system; it is shown that it is reduced to the solutions of the associated elliptic system; (ii) sufficient conditions for the existence of a positive solution of the associated elliptic system based on the Leray Schauder's degree theory.

Abstract The dissertation considers a degree theory and the index of a critical point of demi-continuous, everywhere defined mappings of the monotone type. A topological degree is derived for mappings from a Banach space to its dual space. The mappings satisfy the condition (S+), and it is shown that the derived degree has the classical properties of a degree function. A formula for the calculation of the index of a critical point of a mapping A : X→X* satisfying the condition (S+) is derived without the separability of X and the boundedness of A. For the calculation of the index, we need an everywhere defined linear mapping A' : X→X* that approximates A in a certain set. As in the earlier results, A' is quasi-monotone, but our situation differs from the earlier results because A' does not have to be the Frechet or Gateaux derivative of A at the critical point. The theorem for the calculation of the index requires a construction of a compact operator T = (A' + Γ)-1Γ with the aid of linear mappings Γ : X→X and A'. In earlier results, Γ is compact, but here it need only be quasi-monotone. Two counter-examples show that certain assumptions are essential for the calculation of the index of a critical point.

[pt] Esse trabalho tem como objetivo reunir os teoremas topológicos de ponto fixo clássicos e seus corolários, além de teoremas de ponto fixo provenientes da teoria do grau e algumas importantes aplicações desses teoremas a variadas áreas - desde as clássicas aplicações à teoria de EDOs e EDPs à uma aplicação à teoria dos jogos. Um exemplo é o Teorema do Ponto Fixo de Schauder-Tychonoff, para aplicações compactas em convexos de espaços localmente convexos, do qual segue como corolário que todo compacto convexo de um espaço vetorial normado (não necessariamente de dimensão finita) possui a propriedade do ponto fixo. No que se refere à teoria dos jogos em particular, foi deduzido o Teorema de Nash, que determina condições sobre as quais certos jogos possuem equilíbrios nos seus espaços das estratégias. Toda a topologia geral necessária nas demonstrações foi desenvolvida extensiva e detalhadamente a partir de topologia elementar, seguindo algumas das referências bibliográficas. O Teorema de Extensão de Dugundji - uma extensão do Teorema de Extensão de Tietze a fechados de espaços métricos sobre espaços localmente convexos -, por exemplo, é demonstrado com detalhes e usado diversas vezes ao longo da dissertação. / [en] The goal of the present work is to gather the classical fixed-point theorems and their corollaries, as well as other fixed-point theorems arising from degree theory, and some important applications to diverse fields - from the classical applications to ODEs and PDEs to an application to the game theory. An example is the Schauder-Tychonoff Fixed-Point Theorem, 1 concerning compact mappings in convex subsets of locally convex spaces, from which it follows as a corollary that every compact convex subset of a normed vector space is a fixed-point space. In regard to game theory in particular, we obtained Nash s theorem, 2 which ascertains conditions over which certain games have equilibria in their strategy spaces. All general topology necessary in the proofs was developed extensively and in details from a basic topology starting point, following some of the bibliographic references. Dugundji s Extension Theorem 3 - an extension of Tietze s Extension Theorem 4 for closed subsets of metric spaces into locally convex spaces-, for instance, is obtained with detais and used throughout the dissertation.