A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine in the branch of Paediatrics Johannesburg, 2017 / Introduction: Diarrhoeal illness is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in children under five years. Hypernatraemia is a serious electrolyte disturbance associated with diarrhoea. There is a paucity of data of the incidence and possible risk factors of hypernatraemia in acute gastroenteritis amongst the paediatric population in South Africa. Objective: To document the incidence of hypernatraemia in children admitted with diarrhoea and any associations between hypernatraemia and potential risk factors. Method: This study used a prospective cross - sectional convenience sample of children between the ages of one and 24 months, who were admitted for diarrhoea complicated by dehydration. Caregivers were interviewed and demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were obtained. Results: A total of a 125 children were included into the study. Fifty one of the 125 children (41%) had hypernatraemia. Their serum sodium levels ranged between 154 and 171 mmol/l. Age below one year (p< 0.001) and severe dehydration (p = 0.003) were risk factors for hypernatraemia in the univariate analysis but only infancy remained significant after the multivariate analysis (Odds ratio 10.6, 95% CI: 3.5 – 32.6, p<0.001). Three patients demised and all were part of the hypernatraemic group (6% vs. 0%, p = 0.24). Hypernatraemia was significantly associated with neurological deficits (14% vs. 0%, p = 0.013). Conclusion: This study illustrated a high incidence of paediatric hypernatraemic dehydration, which has not been reported in other studies. An age of less than one year old was a statistically significant risk factor. / MT2017

Submitted by Élida Maeli Fernandes Quirino (maely_sax@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-15T18:49:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARMELITA DE FÁTIMA AMARAL RIBEIRO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2004..pdf: 33723212 bytes, checksum: fad7e8ae9b6ebe264a6a71d2aababe92 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T18:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARMELITA DE FÁTIMA AMARAL RIBEIRO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2004..pdf: 33723212 bytes, checksum: fad7e8ae9b6ebe264a6a71d2aababe92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03 / A manga (Mangifera indica L) é uma das frutas tropicais mais populares do mundo, ela se destaca pelo sabor, aroma e valor nutritivo. Apesar da alta tecnologia utilizada na produção de manga, ainda existem grandes perdas pós-colheitas, devido a fatores climáticos, físicos e químicos. Uma das principais causas da deterioração de alimentos frescos e também conservados é a quantidade de água livre presente nos mesmos. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar o processo de desidratação osmótica e cinética de secagem para obtenção de produtos secos de manga Tommy Atkins. As soluções utilizadas no processo de desidratação osmótica foram de sacarose e xarope de milho. A desidratação osmótica foi realizada de acordo com um planejamento fatorial completo 23, com pontos centrais e axiais, totalizando 17 ensaios. A influência dos fatores (temperatura, concentração e tempo) e suas interações sobre as respostas foram analisadas através de análise de variância (ANOVA), teste F e coeficiente de determinação (R2). Verificou-se que estes fatores mostraram ter efeito significativo sobre a perda de peso, perda de água e ganho de sólidos de manga desidratada, dentro das faixas estudadas, ou seja, com aumento desses fatores maior foi a influencia sobre as respostas estudadas. Neste estudo os fatores concentração e temperatura foram os de maior influência no processo de desidratação osmótica. As condições ótimas encontradas de desidratação osmótica utilizada como pré-tratamento para obtenção de uma maior perda de água e um menor ganho de sólidos foram: temperaturas de 50 e 40°C, concentração de 40 e 50% e tempo de imersão de 90 e 160 minutos, para a manga desidratada em solução de sacarose e xarope de milho, respectivamente. A etapa de secagem convencional das amostras in natura e desidratadas foi realizada em secador de leito fixo, nas temperaturas de 30, 40 e50°C e velocidade do ar de 2,1 m/s"1. Os dados experimentais de secagem convencional foram ajustados pelo modelo de Page. O produto final foi avaliado pelo pH, acidez e açúcares totais e redutores. / The mango {Mangifera indica. L) it is one of the more popular tropical fruits of the world, she stands out for the flavor, smell and nutritious value. In spite of the high technology used in the production of mango, great losses powder-crops still exist, due to climatic, physical and chemical factors. One of the main causes of the deterioration of fresh and also conserved victuals is the amount of present free water in the same ones. This work was driven with the objective of studying the process of osmotic and kinetic dehydration of drying conventional for obtaining of dry products of mango Tommy Atkins. The solutions used in the process of osmotic dehydration were of sucrose and corn syrup. The osmotic dehydration was accomplished in agreement with a planning complete fatorial 23, with central and axial points, totalizando 17 rehearsals. The influence of each variable and its interactions on the answers were analyzed through variance analysis (ANOVA), test F and determination coefficient (R2). It was verified that the factors (temperature, concentration and time) showed to have significant effect on the weight loss, loss of water and gain of solids of dehydrated sleeve, inside of the studied strips, that is to say, with those factors adulfs increase it went to it influences on the studied answers. In this study the factors concentration and temperature were the one of larger influence in the process of osmotic dehydration. The found great conditions of osmotic dehydration used as pré-treatment for obtaining of a larger loss of water and a smaller gain of solids were: temperatures of 50 and 40°C, concentration of 40 and 50% and time of immersion of 90 and 160 minutes, for the mango dehydrated in sucrose solution and corn syrup, respectively. The stage of drying conventional of the samples in natura and dehydrated it was accomplished in dryer of fixed bed, in the temperatures of 30, 40 and 50°C and speed ofthe air of 2,1 m/s"1. The experimental data of were drying conventional adjusted by Page model. The final product was evaluated by the pH, acidity and total sugars and reducers.