Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and introduction of nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods after 6 months with continued breastfeeding to 2 years and beyond. A variety of foods in the diet is needed to ensure that the nutrient needs of breastfed and non-breastfed children are met. Price of food and affordability are the main barriers of accessing sufficient, safe and nutritious diets to meet dietary needs for an active and healthy life. Many low-income households cannot afford a healthy nutritionally adequate diet, because of the cost of nutrient-rich foods relative to income. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine whether cost of the diet is associated with dietary diversity, energy and nutrient density, and nutrient adequacy in breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding children aged 12 to 24 months. Objectives: For breastfed and non-breastfed children age 12 to 24 months, to determine: (i) dietary diversity, nutrient adequacy and cost of total dietary intake; (ii) dietary diversity, nutrient density, energy density and cost of the complementary diet; (iii) the association of cost of the diet with dietary diversity and nutrient adequacy; and (iv) the association of cost of the complementary diet with dietary diversity, nutrient density and energy density of the complementary Study design: The study is a descriptive study and used an existing dataset consisting of pooled previously collected 24-hour dietary recalls for children age 12 to 24 months from the two most recent independent studies (n=1064). The dataset included data on dietary energy and nutrients, mean adequacy ratio, nutrient adequacy ratios, micronutrient density per 100 kcal of the complementary diet and cost of food per 100g edible portion.

The histologic distinction of follicular patterned lesions of thyroid, that is follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, and the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma can be extremely difficult. The differential diagnostic criteria regarding nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma are subjective, resulting in high interobserver variability. Although papillary thyroid carcinoma metastasizes mainly via lymphatic vessels, whereas follicular carcinoma spreads mostly hematogenously, there are no data regarding utility of objective quantitative criteria such as lymphatic and general blood vessel density for the differential diagnosis of these lesions. In this study, 35 follicular patterned lesions of thyroid (14 follicular adenomas, 10 follicular carcinomas, and 11 of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas) were evaluated immunohistochemically. An assessment of intra- and peritumoral lymphatic vessel density was performed using novel lymphatic endothelium-specific marker D2-40, and the intra- and peritumoral general vessel density was determined by the panendothelial marker CD31. There were no significant differences in the intra- and/or peritumoral general vessel densities, and peritumoral lymphatic vessel densities among follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma and the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. In contrast, the intratumoral lymphatic vessel density was significantly higher in the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma than in either follicular adenoma or follicular carcinoma (34.63, 15.04, and 0.11 respectively; P<0.0001). The results of the study show that intratumoral lymphatic vessel density may serve as a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of follicular patterned lesions of thyroid. © 2005 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved.

Subroutines are written to generate random numbers on the computer. Depending on the subroutine used, the generated random numbers follow the uniform, binomial, normal, chi-square, t, F, or gamma distribution. Each subroutine is tested using the chi-square goodness of fit test to verify that the random numbers generated by each subroutine follow the statistical distribution for which it is written. The interpretation of the test results indicates that each subroutine generates random numbers which closely approximates the theoretical distribution for which it is designed. The approach used in the subroutine which generates gamma distributed random numbers involves the use of numerical integration, whereas simpler techniques are used in all the other subroutines. Each subroutine is documented with a description of how to use it and an explanation of the methods used to obtain the random numbers which it is designed to generate. (77 pages)

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19702号 / 工博第4157号 / 新制||工||1641(附属図書館) / 32738 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科マイクロエンジニアリング専攻 / (主査)教授 立花 明知, 教授 木村 健二, 教授 伊藤 秋男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Despite the growing applications of silver nanoparticles, toxicity information on this nanomaterial is still deficient. Conclusions on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles vary and atomic level toxicity mechanisms are not yet achieved. Consequently, our group conducted combined computational and experimental toxicity studies of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Toxicity of 10 nm citrate stabilized AgNPs on HepG2 cells were investigated. Experimental results show that the 10 nm citrate stabilized AgNPs begin to be toxic to HepG2 cells at a dosage that exceeds 1 ppm and LD50 was observed at 3 ppm. Elevated reactive oxygen species levels were seen upon exposure to AgNPs with the maximum at the LD50 concentration of 3 ppm. Normal protein regulation of HepG2 cells were affected by exposure to AgNPs. TEM images of HepG2 cells exposed to AgNPs reveal that AgNPs can penetrate and agglomerate inside the cells. Our preliminary computational study was guided by one of the widely accepted toxicity mechanism of AgNPs in which the nanoparticles dissolute to Ag+. The computational model was composed of a 1:1 ratio of silver and phospholipid head. The silver employed are in atomic and anionic form while the phospholipid head are the phosphocholine (PC) and phosphoethanolamine (PE), which are abundant in HepG2 cells. Computational study shows that the presence of Ag+ results in partial oxidation of both the phospholipid heads. Our preliminary experimental and computational studies lead us to develop new computational methods that can accurately predict oxidation potentials (HOMO), reduction potentials (LUMO), and absorption spectra that can be used in studying toxicity mechanism of AgNPs through the oxidation pathway. Thus, computational methods for cyclic voltammetry and absorption spectroscopy that use DFT and TD-DFT, respectively, were improved to provide more accurate electronic and optical properties. Cyclopenta-fused polycyclic hydrocarbons (CP-PAHs) with available experimental data for HOMO, LUMO, ΔEgap and absorption spectra and have potential application as AgNP stabilizers were used in developing the improved computational methods for cyclic voltammetry and absorption spectroscopy. The improved computational method for cyclic voltammetry was developed by accounting for the anion species that occur experimentally and by using B3LYP the best density functional in predicting the HOMO, LUMO and ΔEgap of CP-PAHs with overall MAE of 014 eV. The best absorption spectra otef CP-PAHs were predicted using B3LYP for geometry optimizations followed by TD-CAMB3LYP with MAE of 29 nm. All calculations of CP-PAHs were implemented using the 6-311g (d,p) basis set and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent. These two developed computational methods were tested on a group of methyl triphenyl amine (MTPA) derivatives with available experimental data for HOMO, LUMO, ΔEgap and absorption spectra and have potential application as AgNP stabilizers. The new computational methods for cyclic voltammetry and absorption spectroscopy also provided the most accurate predicted electronic and optical properties of MTPA derivatives. Among the ten density functionals employed, prediction of HOMO, LUMO and ΔEgap were most accurate using B3LYP and B3PW91 with overall MAE of 0.31 eV and 0.27 eV, respectively. Absorption spectra of MTPA derivatives were still best predicted using the B3LYP/TD-CAMB3LYP method with MAE of 13 nm. All calculations of MTPA were implemented using the 6-31+g (d,p) basis set and dichloromethane as solvent.

Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT) is one of the most widely used electronic structure methods. It is used to find the various properties of atoms, molecules, clusters, and solids. In principle, results for these properties can be found by solving self-consistent one-electron Schrödinger-like equations based on density functionals for the energy. In practice, the density functional for the exchange-correlation contribution to the energy must be approximated. The accuracy of practical DFT depends on the choice of density functional approximation (DFA) and also on the electron density produced by the DFA. The SCAN(strongly constrained and appropriately normed) functional developed by Sun, Ruzsinszky, and Perdew is the first meta-GGA (meta-generalized gradient approximation) functional that is constrained to obey all 17 known exact constraints that a meta-GGA can. SCAN has been found to outperform most other functionals when it is applied to aqueous systems. However, density-driven errors (energy errors occurring from an inexact density produced by a DFA) hinder SCAN from achieving chemical accuracy in some systems, including water. Density-corrected DFT (DC-DFT) can alleviate this shortcoming by adopting a more accurate electron density which, in most applications, is the electron density obtained at the Hartree-Fock level of theory, due to its relatively low computational cost. In the second chapter, calculations to determine the accuracy of the HF-SCAN functional for water clusters are performed. The interaction and binding energies of water clusters in the BEGDB and WATER27 data sets are computed, and then the spurious charge transfer in deprotonated, protonated, and neutral water dimer is interpreted. The density-corrected SCAN (DC-SCAN) functional elevates the accuracy of SCAN toward the CCSD(T) limit, not only for the neutral water clusters but also for all considered hydrated ion systems (to a lesser extent). In the third chapter, the barrier heights of the BH76 test set are analyzed. Three fully non-local proxy functionals (LC-ωPBE, SCAN50%, and SCAN-FLOSIC) and their selfconsistent proxy densities are used. These functionals share two important points of similarity to the exact functional. They produce reasonably accurate self-consistent barrier heights and their self-consistent total energies are nearly piecewise linear in fractional electron number. Somewhat-reliable cancellation of density - and functional-driven errors for the energy has been established. / Physics

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24392号 / 理博第4891号 / 新制||理||1699(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)教授 玉川 安騎男, 教授 並河 良典, 教授 望月 新一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

A real-space time-domain calculation of the frequency-dependent dielectric constant of nonmetallic crystals is outlined and the integrals required for this calculation are computed. The outline is based on time dependent current density functional theory and is partially implemented in the ab initio density functional theory FIREBALL program. The addition of a vector potential to the Hamiltonian of the system is discussed as well as the need to include the current density in addition to the particle density. The derivation of gradient integrals within a localized atomic-like orbital basis is presented for use in constructing the current density. Due to the generality of the derivation we also give the derivation of the kinetic energy, dipole, and overlap interactions.

The City of San Luis Obispo faces an ongoing housing production shortage and housing affordability crisis that has been afflicting jurisdictions across State of California for a prolonged period of time. The City faces many of the same housing availability and affordability challenges as the rest of the State, but also has distinct characteristics that necessitate unique policies and strategies, such as the concurrent presence of both a large student and young professional population as well as a wealthy retirement community, which drastically drives up housing prices and demand. The Flexible Density Program is proposed by the City of San Luis Obispo as a potential strategy to facilitate growth of the City’s overall housing stock, incentivize development of smaller and potentially more affordable residential units, and provide a viable housing option for young professionals seeking to live in the City’s downtown. The City’s envisioned program approach allows flexibility in residential density limits to certain mixed-use residential projects in order to stimulate production of more, smaller, residential units in the Downtown and Upper Monterey areas of the City. This report describes the initial development of the proposed Flexible Density Program as follows. First, the report reviews the ongoing housing shortage and its impact on the City and the local demographic and housing context to identify community housing needs. Next, the report refers to relevant literature and research on small residential units as a housing typology, provides examples of inventive city development programs and mixed-use residential projects featuring small units. Research findings are used to develop the structure of the Flexible Density Program in alignment with the identified community housing needs. This culminating draft ordinance specifies the parameters of the program and imbeds the program in the City’s Zoning Regulations. Current conditions of the Downtown and Upper Monterey areas of the City are then analyzed to identify potential development constraints and evaluate the potential residential capacity of these areas to accommodate small residential units. The results of the residential capacity analysis indicate that the Downtown and Upper Monterey areas have a significant capacity to accommodate additional smaller residential units in addition to those that are able to be developed under standard maximum residential density limits. These results validate that the Flexible Density Program has the potential to help grow the City’s housing stock as well as to provide a unique housing typology option to community residents in these areas.

No description available.