Graduation date: 1994

Der Band fasst den Kenntnisstand zu den Komplexlagerstätten östlich von Pöhla zusammen. Behandelt werden die Nebengesteinsverhältnisse mit der Tektonik, die Vererzungsverhältnisse und Fragen zu den geophysikalischen Arbeiten in der Lagerstätte, zur Hydrogeologie und zur Ingenieurgeologie. Die Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der Rohstoffbasis zeigen, dass noch beträchtliche Vorräte in der Tiefe verblieben sind, insbesondere an Zinn.

Graduation date: 1992

Power generation through decentralized small scale CHP would facilitate the use of biomass as an energy source, with the externally fired gas turbine (EFGT) being a promising technology due to its high electrical efficiency. In an EFGT hot flue gases are heat-exchanged with an air cycle, driving the turbine. The operation requires higher flue gas temperatures than other technologies, for example steam turbines, to achieve optimal performance.  The operating conditions subjects the high temperature heat exchanger (HT-HE) to both physical and chemical stress, with the corrosion related issues yet to be solved. Problems concerning deposit formation and corrosion, on for example super heaters and heat exchangers, when firing biomass are important issues even in commercially available technologies, where the choice of fuel and fuel additives together with component design and choice of material plays important roles in order to minimize the problems. The significantly higher temperatures of the heat transferring surfaces for an EFGT entails combustion deposit related problems less studied. The evaluation of turbine control, deposit formation and corrosion as well as design of the HT-HE and system integration will enable the development of the EFGT technology for applications with small- and medium-size biomass combustion. In this work four potential HT-HE alloys of various grades have been evaluated with respect to corrosion resistance, when exposed to alkali salts and salt mixtures in the KCl-K2CO3-K2SO4 system. The exposures were done in a tube furnace during 24 h for each experiment at four temperature levels between 700–1000oC. Morphological and elemental analysis of the alloy surface and corrosion layers was performed with SEM-EDS. The presence of KCl in the salt caused the most severe corrosion attacks while the corrosion attacks of the pure sulfate and carbonate were more modest. Significant differences between the four materials were observed. X20 experienced severe corrosion, with corrosion scale formation in most cases. The KCl-containing salts caused 253MA to form corrosion scales at all temperatures, while the corrosion resistance to other salts was fairly good. Inconel 600 had the second best overall corrosion resistance. However, it should be pointed out that in some cases the alloy was surpassed by 253MA. Kanthal showed the best overall performance, with limited corrosion scale formation and surprisingly high corrosion resistance to the KCl-containing ternary salt mixture at 900°C and 1000°C.

The Batopilas Mining District was a major silver producer, with estimated historic production of more than 300 million ounces. Orebodies consist of high-grade silver in the forms of native silver, acanthite and proustite hosted dominantly in calcite veins. Recent exploration has facilitated the reexamination of the geologic features and origin of the enigmatic native silver district. Sulfur, lead, and strontium isotopic studies have been conducted to constrain the fluid and metal sourcing. [delta]³⁴SvCDT isotope signatures for galena, sphalerite and pyrite range from -8 to -2, -6 to 0, and -5 to 3°/₀₀, respectively. A fractionation temperature of 227±25 °C can be obtained using average sulfur isotope values for galena and sphalerite. Galena lead isotopic values show two distinct signatures. Samples of massive-replacement style mineralization have ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values of 18.742 and 18.747, 15.611 and 15.618, and 38.512 and 38.535, respectively. For vein samples, the corresponding values range from 18.799 to 18.817, 15.623 to 15.639, and 38.603 to 38.655. The lead isotopic signatures for vein galena have lower thorogenic lead content than other ore deposits in the Sierra Madre Occidental, suggesting a different source of metals. Vein calcite samples have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic compositions ranging from 0.707551 to 0.70590 (±0.000009) and Sr concentrations ranging from 51 to 246 ppm. These vein components may reflect mixed deep-marine sedimentary and Precambrian basement sources. A reconnaissance fluid inclusion study was conducted to better constrain fluid temperature and composition. The minerals studied included quartz, fluorite, and two types of sphalerite. The average eutectic temperatures obtained are -38°C, -31°C, and -43°C, respectively, indicating a complex mineralizing brine. Homogenization temperatures averaged 143°C, 165°C, and 174°C, and the NaCl equivalent weight percents averaged 4, 7, and 17, respectively. Fluids involved in vein mineralization are different from those typical of epithermal vein Ag-Au deposits, and may represent sedimentary brines that have circulated through the underlying basement. / text

Hydrocarbon exploration involves drilling into or near salt deposits in the Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, Egypt, and the Middle East. Drilling these systems has proven to be quite dangerous, challenging, and expensive due to the pressure and stress perturbations that exist around the salt. My study focuses on characterizing the pressure and stress distribution at the Mad Dog field, which is a large oil field below an allochthonous salt body in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The Mad Dog field lies beneath the Sigsbee Escarpment, which represents the surface and seaward-most indicator of a mobile salt in Green Canyon blocks 781, 782, 825, and 826, 190 miles southwest of New Orleans in 4,500-6,500 feet of water. I characterize the pressure distribution within the Lower Miocene sandstone reservoir which has produced over 100 million barrels to date. I map the reservoir horizon using 3D seismic data and that the reservoir is a complex regional anticlinal structure that is separated by numerous normal faults that cause it to be segmented into compartments. The in-situ pore pressures show that the compartments are not in pressure communication across the field and that multiple aquifer phase pressures are present. The in-situ pore pressure measurements are used to characterize the pressure distribution in the Miocene sediments below the salt body and in front of the mobile salt body. These measurements show that between the upper Miocene to middle Miocene there is an absolute pressure decrease and between the middle to lower Miocene there is a large pressure increase. This pressure distribution is seen both within the Miocene sediments below salt and in front of salt. A porosity and effective stress relationship from shallow Pleistocene sediments was developed to predict the pressure behavior observed within the Miocene and compare the predicted pressure with in-situ pore pressure measurements. The mudstone pressure prediction overestimates the in-situ sand pore pressure. The mudstones bounding regional sandstone have a constant porosity throughout the field, suggesting that the vertical effective stress is constant. These observations can be used to estimate the mudstone pore pressure in a new well location. If the vertical effective stress in an offset well is known and given knowledge of the total vertical stress in the new well location, the mudstone pore pressure can be estimated. / text

The Indian Creek subdistrict is the northernmost mineralized area in the Southeast Missouri district and is unique because ore-grade concentrations of sulfides occur within the Lamotte Sandstone. The Lamotte Sandstone-hosted Goose Creek mine is located on the northern end and the Bonneterre Dolomite-hosted Indian Creek mine on the northwestern side of a N30°E-trending, Precambrian rhyolite ridge. A saddle on the northern end of the ridge separates the Indian Creek subdistrict from another probable high along the same trend to the north. Lamotte deposition was influenced by pre-Lamotte basement topography, and local thickness ranges from 0 where it pinches out against the ridge to over 100 ft toward the basin. It is comprised of a thin, discontinuous basal cobble conglomerate overlain by a medium-grained, moderately to poorly sorted, well-rounded quanzarenite. Fourteen authigenic minerals, plus hydrocarbons cement the Lamotte Sandstone at Goose Creek in the following paragenetic sequence: dolomite - framboidal pyrite - marcasite - cuboctahedral pyrite - bravoite - bladed marcasite - pyrite - quartz dissolution - brecciation - siegenite - marcasite - dolomite - brecciation - chalcopyrite - quartz dissolution - sphalerite - galena (cuboctahedral) - quartz - galena (cubic) - dolomite - gypsum - hydrocarbon - kaolinite - illite - calcite - hydrocarbon. Primary and secondary porosity in the Lamotte vary between 1 and 20 volume percent and authigenic cements account for up to 35 volume percent of the sandstone. Quartz overgrowths are the most common cement in the Lamotte Sandstone at Goose Creek, comprising from 1 to 11 volume percent of the rock. Galena is the most abundant sulfide and commonly occurs in 1 to 3 mm blebs, averaging 3-4 volume percent. Chalcopyrite averages 0.5 volume percent, but high grade concentrations reach 8-10 volume percent locally. Sulfides in the Lamotte Sandstone in the Indian Creek subdistrict commonly occur within 40 ft of the Bonneterre-Lamotte contact, with the highest concentrations within 20 ft or less of the contact. Structure maps of the lead- and copper- bearing-zones mimic the basement topography, suggesting that the Precambrian basement was the major controlling factor on ore deposition in the Indian Creek subdistrict. Vertical tubes of sulfides, which cross-cut bedding near the Lamotte pinchout in the Goose Creek mine, suggest that the ore-bearing fluids moved through the sandstone aquifer until the pinchout forced them into the overlying Bonneterre. There the fluids were channeled through the grainstone-algal reef complex along the N30°E-trending Precambrian ridge. Limited fluid inclusion data for Bonneterre-hosted sphalerite indicate that the mineralizing fluid was a Na-Ca-Cl brine with temperatures between 105 and 120° C. / text

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