Submitted by Rafael Vieira (vieira.rafa1986@gmail.com) on 2016-01-06T18:57:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao final rafael.pdf: 11211535 bytes, checksum: e982b9dd12cb7bf43a451db3f5e30076 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-06T19:24:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_r_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1125273 bytes, checksum: 201f41df3c870e0118ce7d37d6eca396 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-06T19:24:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_r_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1125273 bytes, checksum: 201f41df3c870e0118ce7d37d6eca396 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho de mestrado tem, como foco principal, analisar o comportamento do fungo Xylaria sp. perante variações físico-químicas, através da abordagem OSMAC (One Strain, Many Compounds). Para realizar tais induções e explorar a variabilidade da rede metabólica deste micro-organismo, um planejamento fatorial foi desenhado visando induzir a variabilidade (ou a potencialização) de metabólitos. Diante de respaldos quimiométricos, induções planejadas foram impostas ao micro-organismo e observou-se variações no perfil químico nos extratos brutos. Somado a isso, técnicas de desreplicação foram usadas a fim de estudar quimicamente as matrizes complexas produzidas por este fungo visando a produção de metabólitos de alto valor agregado e determinou-se condições específicas para produção de moléculas de citocalasina D e de griseofulvina. / This work has as its main focus, analyze the behavior of the fungus Xylaria sp. before physicochemical variations via the OSMAC approach (One Strain, Compounds Many). To achieve such induction and exploit the variability of the metabolic network of this micro-organism, a factorial design was designed to induce variability (or potentiating) metabolites. Before chemometric backrests, planned inductions were imposed on the micro-organism and it was observed variations in the chemical profile in crude extracts. Added to this, dereplication techniques were used to study the chemically complex matrices produced by this fungus aimed at producing high added value and metabolites was determined specific conditions for the production of molecules cytochalasin D and griseofulvin.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-05-15T19:21:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMAT.pdf: 10785085 bytes, checksum: 69ccc2d94ef0cf944d85e6cf91c78d59 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-12T19:55:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMAT.pdf: 10785085 bytes, checksum: 69ccc2d94ef0cf944d85e6cf91c78d59 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-12T19:55:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMAT.pdf: 10785085 bytes, checksum: 69ccc2d94ef0cf944d85e6cf91c78d59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-12T20:03:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMAT.pdf: 10785085 bytes, checksum: 69ccc2d94ef0cf944d85e6cf91c78d59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Alternanthera brasiliana is a plant widely used by Brazilian people as a folk medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases, especially due to its antibiotic properties. Using dereplication strategies, we identified antibiotic compounds as modified fatty acids, which are closely related to oxylipins. The biosynthesis of these compounds could be related with the presence of endophytic bacteria. Thus, we established axenic cultures of A. brasiliana and developed methods for detection and quantification of bacterial cells in plant tissues. We also performed initial re-inoculation experiments with endophytic bacteria isolated from A. brasiliana. In addition, method for quantification of phytohormones and oxylipins in plant tissues were developed. The results reinforced the correlation between both the amount of bacteria and oxylipins in A. brasiliana tissues. / Alternanthera brasiliana é uma planta amplamente utilizada na medicina popular brasileira para o tratamento de diversas doenças, principalmente devido a suas propriedades antibióticas. Durante este trabalho, utilizou-se estratégias de desreplicação a fim de se identificar os compostos antibióticos presentes nesta planta. Esses compostos foram identificados como ácidos graxos oxidados pertencentes a classe das oxilipinas. A biossíntese destes compostos esta comumente relacionada a situações de estresse biótico e abiótico em plantas. Dessa forma, nos estabelecemos métodos para a detecção e quantificação de células bacterianas em tecidos vegetais. Também foram realizados experimentos iniciais de re-inoculação de bactérias endofíticas isoladas de A. brasiliana. Além disso, foram desenvolvidos métodos para a quantificação de fitohormônios e oxilipinas em tecidos vegetais. Os resultados obtidos até o momento ressaltam a possibilidade de bactérias endofíticas influenciarem a produção de oxilipinas (compostos antibióticos) na planta A. brasiliana.. / FAPESP: 2007/03771-7 / FAPESP: 2008/07494-0 / FAPESP: 2010/17925-9 / FAPESP: 2012/20932-2

O objetivo deste trabalho é isolar e identificar os compostos que apresentem atividade fitotóxica presente nos extratos produzidos por actinobactérias isoladas da rizosfera do milho. Para isso foram realizados estudos de derreplicação, baseados nas informações estruturais obtidas por diversas técnicas analíticas. Em especial foi aplicada a espectrometria de massas acoplada a técnicas de purificação, como HPLC e UPLC, com a finalidade de acelerar as análises dos estudos de caracterização estrutural. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que os extratos oriundos de processos fermentativos apresentam potencial aplicação herbicida, uma vez que mais de 60% das amostras ensaiadas apresentaram atividade fitotóxica. Além disso, foi possível identificar nestes extratos vários compostos com atividades biológicas e estruturas diversas, já descritos na literatura. No extrato da actinobactéria 36 (50 PL) foram encontradas as leucinostatinas que apresentam diversas atividades biológicas como antiviral e antitumoral, além da atividade fitotóxica. Já no extrato da actinobactéria 17 (39 PL) foram encontradas as julicromas, descritas como pigmentos intensos e em geral amarelos, com atividade antibiótica, porém não apresentaram atividade fitotóxica. O composto ativo presente neste extrato pertence à classe das luminacinas, que inibem a formação de tubos capilares, interrompendo o ciclo celular, podendo ser utilizada no tratamento de angiogêneses. A luminacina C, composta por dois epímeros (C1 e C2), apresentou excelente atividade fitotóxica que foi verificada nos bioensaios de fitotoxicidade realizados com Lemna minnor. / Microorganisms, in particular actinomycetes are known to produce a vast number of bioactive secondary metabolites of interesting pharmaceuticals and agrochemical industry. Bioherbicides, especially the micoherbicides, which are highly effective on weed control and are environmentally friendly as well, are very attractive for research and application. This means that direct metabolite profiling techniques such as direct injection mass spectrometry or LC-MS/MS can easily be used for chemotyping/metabolomics of strains from culture collections. In this report we discuss metabolomics as part of intelligent screening for the discovery of phytotoxic compounds when used in combination with modern methods for dereplication. As result, two microorganisms were studied and 23 metabolite peaks were identified. The metabolite profiling was then conducted using the m/z value, and MS/MS fragmentation pattern analyses. Among the peaks, one unknown compound peak was identified and it was analogous to the Luminacins series. In order to render this approach in a more rapid and efficient way, the dereplication of crude microbial extracts with LC-hyphenated techniques (LC/UV-DAD and LC/MS) represented a strategic element to avoid finding known constituents and to target the isolation of new bioactive compounds. The development of simple and rapid phytotoxic bioassays which employed Lemna minor was also crucial to find the active principles efficiently.

Esponjas do gênero Aplysina (Ordem: VERONGIDA) são conhecidas por apresentarem em seu metabolismo secundário compostos derivados da dibromotirosina, os quais são um importante aliado para o processo de identificação dessas esponjas. Este trabalho descreve o estudo do perfil químico de 14 espécimens de esponjas do gênero Aplysina, coletadas na Bahia de Todos os Santos-BA, no ano de 2007. Também foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de desreplicação, utilizando-se da técnica hifenada HPLC-PDA-MS(ESI), busca na literatura (MarinLit) e comparação com padrões. Os resultados obtidos demonstram claramente que essas esponjas apresentam os derivados da dibromotirosina e que a metodologia de desreplicação permitiu confirmar e/ou prever possíveis estruturas desses compostos com eficiência e sem a necessidade do seu isolamento. Entretanto, não foi possível distinguir as espécies dos organismos estudados através do seu perfil químico, uma vez que eles apresentaram praticamente os mesmos metabólitos em todas as frações analisadas. Isto demonstra que a classificação taxonômica em nível de espécie requer, necessariamente, a análise do esqueleto (espículas) das esponjas e possivelmente análises genômicas. A análise das frações aquosas permitiu apenas confirmar a presença desses derivados através da análise das absorções típicas no espectro de UV. Também, este é o primeiro trabalho sobre o estudo do perfil químico dessas esponjas com a utilização de um sistema de desreplicação que inclui a técnica hifenada HPLC-PDA-MS(ESI). / Sponges of the genus Aplysina (Order: VERONGIDA) are commonly recognized by the presence of dibromotyrisine derivates at their secondary metabolites, compounds which are an important tool for their taxonomic identification. The present study describes the chemical profile of 14 sponges of Aplysina sp., collected in Bahia de Todos os Santos-BA. We developed a dereplication methodology using the hyphenated technique HPLC-PDA-MS(ESI), a database research (MarinLit) and comparison with chemical standards. The results showed that the 14 sponges analysed present dibromotyrisine derivates and that the dereplication methodology enabled the prediction and/or confirmation of such structures without their previous isolation. However, the taxonomic identification of the 14 individual sponges at the species level was impossible due to the fact that chemical profile was of the sponges too similar. This result demonstrates that the taxonomic identification Aplysina sponges at the species level also requires the skeleton analysis and possibly genomic studies. Analyses of aqueous fraction confirmed the presence of dibromotyrisine derivates. Furthermore, this is the first study of the chemical profile of Aplysina sponges that utilizes a dereplication methodology which includes the hyphenated technique HPLC-PDA-MS(ESI).

No description available.

Natural products as sources of novel therapeutic agents experienced a steady increase from around the turn of the twentieth century until it peaked in the 1970s and 1980s. However since this time pharmaceutical research in natural products has experienced a decline. Despite this trend the natural products industry now seems to be experiencing a revival of sorts. This thesis represents a continuation of the work on the isolation and structure elucidation of potential drug leads from terrestrial fungal sources that the natural products group at the University of Canterbury is engaged in. The known compound, pseurotin A (2.7) and two novel diastereomers, pseurotin A2 (2.8) and pseurotin A3 (2.9) were isolated from the extract of a Penicillium sp. of fungus collected from the foreshore of a beach in Vancouver, Canada. The absolute stereochemistry of pseurotin A2 and proposed absolute stereochemistry for A3 were elucidated using a combination of X-ray crystallography (A2 only), circular dichrosim, oxidative cleavage reactions, and J2-resoved 2D NMR experiments. The extract of an as yet unidentified endophytic fungus has yielded eight novel compounds related to the spirobisnaphthalene class of compounds. These eight compounds fall into to distinct groupings. The spiro-mamakones, distinguished by a structurally unprecedented oxygenated spiro-nonene skeleton, comprise five compounds, spiro-mamakones A-E (3.11, 3.15-3.18). In addition to these naturally occurring compounds, the semi-synthetic compounds, 4-oxo-spiro-mamakone A (3.12) and O-acetyl-spiro-mamakone A (3.21), were also synthesised. spiro-Mamakone A was found to be racemic, while X-ray crystallography and optical rotation revealed spiro-mamakone C (3.15) to be present as an enantiomeric mixture (4S*, 5S*, 9R*). Unfortunately the enantiomeric excess was unable to be elucidated. NOE experiments revealed spiro-mamakone B (3.16) to have the relative stereochemistry 4S*, 5S*, 9S*. The relative stereochemistry of spiro-mamakones D (3.17) (4S*, 5S*, 8S*, 9S*) and E (3.18) (4S*, 5S*, 8S*, 9R*) was proposed from comparison of coupling constant calculations from energy-minimised models with those of the experimentally determined values. The second group, comprising three novel compounds named the mamakunoic acids, mamakunoic acid A-C (3.8, 3.7, 3.10), are characterised by their acid substituted dihydro benzofuran system. The low yield obtained of these compounds, unfortunately prevented their stereochemical elucidation. In addition to structure elucidation, biosynthetic studies on spiro-mamakone A and mamakunoic acid B were also carried out. Analysis of the NMR spectra derived from spiro-mamakone A, labelled with isotopic acetate, revealed a situation complicated by the presence of isotopomers and racemisation, resulting in NMR spectra that were somewhat anomalous in appearance. These irregularities however, were resolved leading to the proposal that spiro-mamakone A was derived from a dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) intermediate, which proceeds through to spiro-mamakone via an epoxide intermediate. Despite problems with purity and low yields of isotopically labelled mamakunoic acid B, it was proposed that like spiro-mamakone A, it proceeded via a DHN intermediate. The extract derived from a Malaysian Scleroderma sp. was found to contain a new dichlorinated pulvinic acid derivative, methyl-3',5'-dichloro-4,4'-di-O-methylatromentate (4.14), the structure of which was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. In addition three previously reported compounds, 4,4'-dimethoxyvulpinic acid (4.11), methyl-3'-chloro-4,4'-di-O-methylatromentate (4.12) and methyl-4,4'-dimethoxyvulpinate (4.13), were also isolated. The extract of another, as yet unidentified endophytic fungus was found to contain the new acetogenin, 1,5-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methoxyacetophenone (5.7), differing from the known compound, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methoxyacetophenone (5.8) only by virtue of the substitution pattern. The structure of 5.7 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The implementation of efficient dereplication procedures is paramount for those working in the field of natural products. The recent advances that have been made in the dereplication process in the natural products group at the University of Canterbury are given using examples from this research and where necessary from other group members.

La cosmétique valorise des extraits de plantes en les intégrant dans des produits de soin. Ces extraits constituent les ingrédients actifs de la formule cosmétique. Les plantes sont diverses, riches et contiennent de nombreux composés d’intérêt biologique. La phytochimie s’intéresse à décrire le contenu métabolique d’extraits de plantes. Mais la caractérisation moléculaire de ces matrices complexes reste un défi majeur aujourd’hui. En effet, les étapes de traitements de données sont longues et laborieuses. Un outil de profilage métabolique, GAINS, a ainsi été développé afin de traiter de façon automatisée les données issues d’analyses en chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse haute résolution. Il constitue un support au phytochimiste car le traitement automatisé des données permet de gagner du temps par rapport à un traitement manuel. Cet outil associé à une vaste base de données de produits naturels permet d’attribuer des candidats potentiels aux pics détectés. GAINS fait aussi appel à un module de fragmentation in silico afin d’étayer les propositions de candidats. Cela permet de comparer le spectre de fragmentation modélisé des candidats avec le spectre de fragmentation expérimental.L’ensemble des études phytochimiques réalisées pour identifier ou isoler des composés va de pair avec l’étude du potentiel d’effet biologique des extraits sur la peau, organe ciblé par les cosmétiques. Cela sert à découvrir les actions bénéfiques que peut avoir l’extrait. En connaissant le contenu phytochimique, on peut expliquer et rationaliser les tests d’activités biologiques. Le développement d’un actif anti-âge à partir de la salicaire, une plante de la région Centre-Val de Loire, en est l’exemple. / The cosmetic field valorizes plant extracts by integrating them in care products. These extracts constitute the active ingredients of the cosmetic formulation. Plants are diverse, rich and contain numerous compounds of biological interest. Phytochemistry is a way to describe the metabolic content of plant extracts. But molecular characterization of these complex matrices remains a major challenge nowadays. Indeed,steps of data treatment are time-consuming and laborious. In this way, a tool of metabolic profiling, GAINS, has been developed in order to treat in an automatized way data from analyses performed in liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. It constitutes a real support for phytochemists because automatized data treatment allows gaining time compared to manual treatment. This tool, associated with a large database of natural compounds make possible to assign potential candidates to detected peaks. GAINS appeals a module of in silico fragmentation for holding candidates assignments up.This permits to compare modeled spectrum of fragmentation of candidates with experimental spectrum off ragmentation.The whole set of phytochemical studies realized to identify or isolate compounds goes hand in hand with the study of potential biological effects of extracts to the skin, targeted organ by skin-care products. This allows the discovery of beneficial actions that the extract could have. By knowing the phytochemical content, it is possible to explain and rationalize assays about biological activities. The development of an anti-aging ingredient from purple loosestrife, a plant occurring in the region Centre-Val de Loire, is an example of it.

Os micro-organismos são profícuas fontes de produtos naturais bioativos. Diversos fármacos de importância clínica são de origem microbiana, sendo que a maioria dos antibióticos usados clinicamente é produzida por actinobactérias, principalmente do gênero Streptomyces. A resistência a múltiplas drogas por microorganismos patogênicos e também pelas células tumorais leva à necessidade por novos fármacos antibacterianos e antitumorais. Actinobactérias endofíticas têm demonstrado grande potencial para a busca de produtos naturais bioativos. O presente trabalho relata o estudo químico de duas linhagens de actinobactérias endofíticas, Streptomyces sp. RTd 22 e Streptomyces sp RTd 31, isoladas das raízes de Tithonia diversifolia. As frações ativas nos ensaios biológicos foram fracionadas para a identificação dos compostos bioativos, sendo eles os antibióticos macrolídeos concanamicinas A (S31-1) e B (S31-2), anidro-agliconas das concanamicinas A (S31-3) e B (S31-4), todos produzidos por Streptomyces sp RTd31, e o ionóforo poliéter grisorixina (S22-2), produzido por Streptomyces sp. RTd22. Foi realizado o monitoramento da produção desses compostos bioativos por UPLC-MS através do modo SIM. As concanamicinas A e B tiveram um máximo de produção com 96h, já a grisorixina obteve um máximo com 192h. Outros compostos identificados por desreplicação dos extratos butanólicos de ambas as actinobactérias foram os sideróforos norcardamina (S31-7) e desoxi-nocardamina (S31-8), já o sideróforo desferrioxamina B (S31-9) foi identificado apenas nos extratos butanólicos de Streptomyces sp RTd31. Experimentos de variação do meio de cultivo e co-cultura com bactérias patogênicas foram empregados a fim de estimular a biossíntese de novos compostos, porém nenhum novo metabólito foi identificado. O sequenciamento genético da actinobactéria Streptomyces sp. RTd22 permitiu verificar a presença de vários clusters biossintéticos nesse micro-organismo através da análise feita pelo antiSMASH. Foi possível identificar o cluster da himastatina (S22-4) e da coeliquelina (S22-5), sendo que ambos os compostos não foram biossintetizados nas condições de cultivo utilizadas. O cluster biossintético da grisorixina foi determinado e o experimento de recombinação homóloga para a deleção do gene análogo a flavina mono-oxigenase da nigericina nigC foi realizado. Dois mutantes foram obtidos e um deles foi cultivado para a análise do perfil metabólico por espectrometria de massas. Não houve a produção da grisorixina nem do seu possível precursor pelo mutante, mas outros metabólitos foram produzidos / Microorganisms are prolific sources of bioactive natural products. Several clinically important drugs have microbial origin, and most of the therapeutically used antibiotics are produced by actinobacteria, mainly from the genus Streptomyces. The multidrug resistance observed in pathogenic microorganisms and tumor cells lead to the need for new antibacterial and antitumor drugs . Endophytic actinobacteria have shown great potential in the search for bioactive natural products. This work describes the chemical study of two endophytic actinobacteria strains: Streptomyces sp. RTd 22 and Streptomyces sp RTD 31, isolated from Tithonia diversifolia roots. Active fractions in biological assays were further fractionated for identifying the bioactive compounds, which are: the macrolide antibiotics concanamycins (S31-1) and B (S31-2), anhydrous aglycones of concanamycins A (S31-3) and B (S31-4), all four produced by Streptomyces sp. RTd31, and the ionophore polyether grisorixin (S22-2), produced by Streptomyces sp. RTd22. The production of these bioactive compounds was monitored by UPLC-MS via the SIM mode. Concanamycins A and B had maximum production at 96 h, and grisorixin at 192 h. Other compounds identified by the dereplication of buthanolic extracts of both actinobacteria were the siderophore norcardamine (S31-7) and deoxy-nocardamine (S31-8), the siderophores desferrioxamine B (S31-9) was identified only in buthanolic extracts of Streptomyces sp RTd31. Experiments varying media and co-culture were tested to stimulate the biosynthesis of novel compounds, but nothing new was identified. By genome sequencing of Streptomyces sp RTd22 and antiSMASH analysis it was possible to verify the presence of several biosynthetic clusters in the genome of this strain. It was possible to identify the biosynthetic clusters of himastatin (S22-4) and its analogous compound coelichelin (S22-5); however, these compounds were not biosynthesized in the culture conditions used. The grisorixin biosynthetic cluster was determined, and homologous recombination was performed for deleting the analogue gene of nigericin flavin monooxygenase nigCI. Two mutants were obtained, and one of them was cultured for analyzing its metabolic profile by mass spectrometry. There was no production of grisorixin or its possible precursor by the mutant, but others compounds were produced.

Natural products as sources of novel therapeutic agents experienced a steady increase from around the turn of the twentieth century until it peaked in the 1970s and 1980s. However since this time pharmaceutical research in natural products has experienced a decline. Despite this trend the natural products industry now seems to be experiencing a revival of sorts. This thesis represents a continuation of the work on the isolation and structure elucidation of potential drug leads from terrestrial fungal sources that the natural products group at the University of Canterbury is engaged in. The known compound, pseurotin A (2.7) and two novel diastereomers, pseurotin A2 (2.8) and pseurotin A3 (2.9) were isolated from the extract of a Penicillium sp. of fungus collected from the foreshore of a beach in Vancouver, Canada. The absolute stereochemistry of pseurotin A2 and proposed absolute stereochemistry for A3 were elucidated using a combination of X-ray crystallography (A2 only), circular dichrosim, oxidative cleavage reactions, and J2-resoved 2D NMR experiments. The extract of an as yet unidentified endophytic fungus has yielded eight novel compounds related to the spirobisnaphthalene class of compounds. These eight compounds fall into to distinct groupings. The spiro-mamakones, distinguished by a structurally unprecedented oxygenated spiro-nonene skeleton, comprise five compounds, spiro-mamakones A-E (3.11, 3.15-3.18). In addition to these naturally occurring compounds, the semi-synthetic compounds, 4-oxo-spiro-mamakone A (3.12) and O-acetyl-spiro-mamakone A (3.21), were also synthesised. spiro-Mamakone A was found to be racemic, while X-ray crystallography and optical rotation revealed spiro-mamakone C (3.15) to be present as an enantiomeric mixture (4S*, 5S*, 9R*). Unfortunately the enantiomeric excess was unable to be elucidated. NOE experiments revealed spiro-mamakone B (3.16) to have the relative stereochemistry 4S*, 5S*, 9S*. The relative stereochemistry of spiro-mamakones D (3.17) (4S*, 5S*, 8S*, 9S*) and E (3.18) (4S*, 5S*, 8S*, 9R*) was proposed from comparison of coupling constant calculations from energy-minimised models with those of the experimentally determined values. The second group, comprising three novel compounds named the mamakunoic acids, mamakunoic acid A-C (3.8, 3.7, 3.10), are characterised by their acid substituted dihydro benzofuran system. The low yield obtained of these compounds, unfortunately prevented their stereochemical elucidation. In addition to structure elucidation, biosynthetic studies on spiro-mamakone A and mamakunoic acid B were also carried out. Analysis of the NMR spectra derived from spiro-mamakone A, labelled with isotopic acetate, revealed a situation complicated by the presence of isotopomers and racemisation, resulting in NMR spectra that were somewhat anomalous in appearance. These irregularities however, were resolved leading to the proposal that spiro-mamakone A was derived from a dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) intermediate, which proceeds through to spiro-mamakone via an epoxide intermediate. Despite problems with purity and low yields of isotopically labelled mamakunoic acid B, it was proposed that like spiro-mamakone A, it proceeded via a DHN intermediate. The extract derived from a Malaysian Scleroderma sp. was found to contain a new dichlorinated pulvinic acid derivative, methyl-3',5'-dichloro-4,4'-di-O-methylatromentate (4.14), the structure of which was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. In addition three previously reported compounds, 4,4'-dimethoxyvulpinic acid (4.11), methyl-3'-chloro-4,4'-di-O-methylatromentate (4.12) and methyl-4,4'-dimethoxyvulpinate (4.13), were also isolated. The extract of another, as yet unidentified endophytic fungus was found to contain the new acetogenin, 1,5-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methoxyacetophenone (5.7), differing from the known compound, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methoxyacetophenone (5.8) only by virtue of the substitution pattern. The structure of 5.7 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The implementation of efficient dereplication procedures is paramount for those working in the field of natural products. The recent advances that have been made in the dereplication process in the natural products group at the University of Canterbury are given using examples from this research and where necessary from other group members.

Os micro-organismos são profícuas fontes de produtos naturais bioativos. Diversos fármacos de importância clínica são de origem microbiana, sendo que a maioria dos antibióticos usados clinicamente é produzida por actinobactérias, principalmente do gênero Streptomyces. A resistência a múltiplas drogas por microorganismos patogênicos e também pelas células tumorais leva à necessidade por novos fármacos antibacterianos e antitumorais. Actinobactérias endofíticas têm demonstrado grande potencial para a busca de produtos naturais bioativos. O presente trabalho relata o estudo químico de duas linhagens de actinobactérias endofíticas, Streptomyces sp. RTd 22 e Streptomyces sp RTd 31, isoladas das raízes de Tithonia diversifolia. As frações ativas nos ensaios biológicos foram fracionadas para a identificação dos compostos bioativos, sendo eles os antibióticos macrolídeos concanamicinas A (S31-1) e B (S31-2), anidro-agliconas das concanamicinas A (S31-3) e B (S31-4), todos produzidos por Streptomyces sp RTd31, e o ionóforo poliéter grisorixina (S22-2), produzido por Streptomyces sp. RTd22. Foi realizado o monitoramento da produção desses compostos bioativos por UPLC-MS através do modo SIM. As concanamicinas A e B tiveram um máximo de produção com 96h, já a grisorixina obteve um máximo com 192h. Outros compostos identificados por desreplicação dos extratos butanólicos de ambas as actinobactérias foram os sideróforos norcardamina (S31-7) e desoxi-nocardamina (S31-8), já o sideróforo desferrioxamina B (S31-9) foi identificado apenas nos extratos butanólicos de Streptomyces sp RTd31. Experimentos de variação do meio de cultivo e co-cultura com bactérias patogênicas foram empregados a fim de estimular a biossíntese de novos compostos, porém nenhum novo metabólito foi identificado. O sequenciamento genético da actinobactéria Streptomyces sp. RTd22 permitiu verificar a presença de vários clusters biossintéticos nesse micro-organismo através da análise feita pelo antiSMASH. Foi possível identificar o cluster da himastatina (S22-4) e da coeliquelina (S22-5), sendo que ambos os compostos não foram biossintetizados nas condições de cultivo utilizadas. O cluster biossintético da grisorixina foi determinado e o experimento de recombinação homóloga para a deleção do gene análogo a flavina mono-oxigenase da nigericina nigC foi realizado. Dois mutantes foram obtidos e um deles foi cultivado para a análise do perfil metabólico por espectrometria de massas. Não houve a produção da grisorixina nem do seu possível precursor pelo mutante, mas outros metabólitos foram produzidos / Microorganisms are prolific sources of bioactive natural products. Several clinically important drugs have microbial origin, and most of the therapeutically used antibiotics are produced by actinobacteria, mainly from the genus Streptomyces. The multidrug resistance observed in pathogenic microorganisms and tumor cells lead to the need for new antibacterial and antitumor drugs . Endophytic actinobacteria have shown great potential in the search for bioactive natural products. This work describes the chemical study of two endophytic actinobacteria strains: Streptomyces sp. RTd 22 and Streptomyces sp RTD 31, isolated from Tithonia diversifolia roots. Active fractions in biological assays were further fractionated for identifying the bioactive compounds, which are: the macrolide antibiotics concanamycins (S31-1) and B (S31-2), anhydrous aglycones of concanamycins A (S31-3) and B (S31-4), all four produced by Streptomyces sp. RTd31, and the ionophore polyether grisorixin (S22-2), produced by Streptomyces sp. RTd22. The production of these bioactive compounds was monitored by UPLC-MS via the SIM mode. Concanamycins A and B had maximum production at 96 h, and grisorixin at 192 h. Other compounds identified by the dereplication of buthanolic extracts of both actinobacteria were the siderophore norcardamine (S31-7) and deoxy-nocardamine (S31-8), the siderophores desferrioxamine B (S31-9) was identified only in buthanolic extracts of Streptomyces sp RTd31. Experiments varying media and co-culture were tested to stimulate the biosynthesis of novel compounds, but nothing new was identified. By genome sequencing of Streptomyces sp RTd22 and antiSMASH analysis it was possible to verify the presence of several biosynthetic clusters in the genome of this strain. It was possible to identify the biosynthetic clusters of himastatin (S22-4) and its analogous compound coelichelin (S22-5); however, these compounds were not biosynthesized in the culture conditions used. The grisorixin biosynthetic cluster was determined, and homologous recombination was performed for deleting the analogue gene of nigericin flavin monooxygenase nigCI. Two mutants were obtained, and one of them was cultured for analyzing its metabolic profile by mass spectrometry. There was no production of grisorixin or its possible precursor by the mutant, but others compounds were produced.