This thesis is a descriptive analysis of Wano, a Trans-New Guinea language found in West Papua which is spoken by approximately 7,000 native speakers. The thesis includes: (i) an introduction of Wano topography and demography; a brief ethnographic sketch; some sociolinguistic issues such as name taboo, counting system and kinship terms; and typological profile of the language in chapter 1; (ii) morphophonological properties in chapter 2; (iii) forms and functions of nouns in chapter 3; (iv) verbs in chapter 4; (v) deixis in chapter 5; (vi) clause elements in chapter 6; and (vii) intransitive/transitive non-verbal predication in chapter 7; (viii) clause combination is consecutively observed in terms of coordination and subordination in chapter 8; serial verb constructions in chapter 9; clause linking in chapter 10; and bridging linkage in chapter 11. Chapter 12 sums-up the overall thesis. Wano has 11 consonantal and 5 vocalic phonemes expressed through their allophonic variations, consonantal assimilation and vocalic diphthongs. The only fricative phoneme attested is bilabial fricative /Î2/. There are two open and two closed syllable patterns where all consonants are syllable-onset, while approximants can also be syllable-coda. Vowels are syllable-nucleus. Stress is syllable-final which will be penultimate in cliticization. The phonology-morphology interface provides a significant contribution to the shaping of conjugational verbs, which, in turn, plays an essential role to an understanding of Wano verbal system where distinction between roots, stems, citation forms, sequential forms and tense-aspect-mood is defined. Wano is a polysynthetic language that displays an agglutinative-fusional morphology. Although the alienable-inalienable noun distinction is essentially simple in its morphology, the sex-distinction of the possessor between kin terms allows room for semantic-pragmatic complexity in the interpretation of their various uses. Wano has four non-verbal predications, consists of experiential event, nominal, adjectival, and deictic predicates. Wano is a verb-final language that allows pronominal pro-drop and has no rigid word order for arguments. A clause may consist only of (i) a single verb, (ii) a single inalienable noun, (iii) a serial verb construction, (iv) a combination of an inalienable noun with a verb, and or (v) a combination of an inalienable noun with a serial verb construction. To maintain discourse coherency, Wano makes use of tail-head linkage construction. The thesis consists of: pre-sections (i-xxxiii), contents (1-478), bibliography (479-498), and appendices (499-594) that include verb paradigms, noun paradigms, some oral texts and dialectal wordlist.

This dissertation is a comprehensive description of the grammar of Sierra Popoluca (SP, aka Soteapanec), a Mixe-Zoquean language spoken by approximately 28,000 people in Veracruz, Mexico. This grammar begins with an introduction to the language, its language family, a typological overview of the language, a brief history of my fieldwork, and the methodology undertaken in this study. The grammar continues with a description of the phonology of SP, followed by an overview of the word classes, including verbs, nouns, relational nouns/postpositions, adjectives, adverbs, and numbers, and formative types. The bulk of this grammar is devoted to the morphosyntax of Sierra Popoluca, including nouns and nominal morphology, verbs and verbal morphology, and the mechanisms for expressing tense, aspect, mood, and modality. The grammar also describes the complex predicate formation strategies and sentence-level syntax. A compilation of interlinearized texts appears in the appendix. Sierra Popoluca is an agglutinating, polysynthetic, head-marking language with a complex verbal system. It has ergative-absolutive alignment and its grammar is sensitive to animacy and saliency hierarchies, evident in the case marking and `split' plural systems. Its constituent order is verb-initial, although word order is pragmatically determined. Sierra Popoluca has a number of strategies to form complex predicates, which include verb serialization, noun incorporation, and dependent verb constructions. The data available in this grammar contributes a body of data and descriptive analysis to broad theoretical areas of linguistics as well as existing research on the Mixe-Zoquean language family, languages throughout Mesoamerica, and especially the Gulf branch of the Zoquean family. / text

This dissertation aims to provide a grammatical description of Dameli (ISO-639-3: dml), an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 5 000 people in the Domel Valley in Chitral in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in the North-West of Pakistan. Dameli is a left-branching SOV language with considerable morphological complexity, particularly in the verb, and a complicated system of argument marking. The phonology is relatively rich, with 31 consonant and 16 vowel phonemes. This is the first extensive study of this language. The analysis presented here is based on original data collected primarily between 2003-2008 in cooperation with speakers of the language in Peshawar and Chitral, including the Domel Valley. The core of the data consists of recorded texts and word lists, but questionnaires and paradigms of word forms have also been used. The main emphasis is on describing the features of the language as they appear in texts and other material, rather than on conforming them to any theory, but the analysis is informed by functional analysis and linguistic typology, hypotheses on diachronical developments and comparisons with neighbouring and related languages. The description is divided into sections describing phonology, morphology and syntax, with chapters on a range of individual subjects such as particular word classes and phrase types, phonological and syntactical phenomena. This is not intended to be an exhaustive reference grammar; some topics are only touched upon briefly while others are treated in more detail and suggestions for further research are given at various points throughout the work.

The thesis provides a detailed grammatical and lexical description of Vend Romani, an under- described dialect of Romani spoken in the Transdanubian region of Hungary, and describes its current sociolinguistic situation. The linguistic data are based on recordings of spontaneous narratives, semi-structured interviews, and linguistic elicitation by means of standardized dialectological questionnaires acquired during linguistic field research. The thesis is structured into six main chapters: The first chapter deals with the sources of data and methods. The second chapter examines the factors that influence the sociolinguistic vitality of the dialect. The following three chapters are devoted to the grammatical description. The sixth chapter analyses the layers of borrowings in Vend Romani. The thesis also includes the basic vocabulary of Vend Romani translated to English.

This dissertation is a description of the grammar of Belep [yly], an Austronesian language variety spoken by about 1600 people in and around the Belep Isles in New Caledonia. The grammar begins with a summary of the cultural and linguistic background of Belep speakers, followed by chapters on Belep phonology and phonetics, morphology and word formation, nouns and the noun phrase, verbs and the verb group, basic clause structure, and clause combining. The phonemic inventory of Belep consists of 18 consonants and 10 vowels and is considerably smaller than that of the surrounding languages. This is due to the fact that Belep consonants do not contrast in aspiration and Belep vowels do not contrast in length, unlike in Belep’s closest relative Balade Nyelâyu. However, like-vowel hiatuses—sequences of heterosyllabic like vowels—are common in Belep, where the stress correlates of vowel length, intensity, and pitch do not generally coincide. Belep morphology is exclusively suffixing and fairly synthetic; it is characterized by a large disconnect between the phonological and the grammatical word and the existence of a number of proclitics and enclitics. Belep nouns fall into four noun classes, which are defined by their compatibility with the two available (alienable and inalienable) possessive constructions. Belep transitive verbs are divided into bound and free roots, while intransitive verbs are divided between those which require a nominative argument and those which require an absolutive argument. While the surrounding languages have a split-ergative argument structure, Belep has an unusual split-intransitive nominative-absolutive system, with the further complication that transitive subjects may be marked as genitive depending on the specificity of the absolutive argument. Belep case marking is accomplished through the use of cross-linguistically unusual ditropic clitics; clitics marking the function of a Belep noun phrase are phonologically bound to whatever element precedes the noun phrase. In general, Belep lacks true complementation, instead making use of coordinate structures with unique linkers as a complementation strategy.

This dissertation is a descriptive grammar of Yongning Na (Mosuo), a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in southwestern China. The theoretical approaches taken are functional syntax and the discourse-based approach to language description and documentation. The aim of this dissertation is to describe the ways that the language's features and subsystems intersect to make Na a unique entity: analyticity; zero anaphora; OV word order; topic/comment information structure; a five-part evidential system; a conjunct/disjunct-like system that intersects with evidentiality and verbal semantics; prolific grammaticalization; overlap between nominalization and relativization and associated structures; representation of time through aspect, Aktionsarten, adverbials, and discourse context; and the Daba shamanic register. / text

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-08-10T13:16:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Neide Domingues da Silva - 2017.pdf: 3033414 bytes, checksum: ea590a60e658ad2d3dd4be7a4119b1af (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-08-10T13:16:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Neide Domingues da Silva - 2017.pdf: 3033414 bytes, checksum: ea590a60e658ad2d3dd4be7a4119b1af (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T13:16:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Neide Domingues da Silva - 2017.pdf: 3033414 bytes, checksum: ea590a60e658ad2d3dd4be7a4119b1af (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-26 / The main objective of this research is to investigate, in Modern Portuguese, the heterogeneity of the adverbs with -mente and the form (-)ment(e). We question the homogeneous categorization of the adverbs as “adverbial adjuncts”, included among the “accessory terms of the sentence” which, according to Faraco and Moura (1988, p. 328), “are not indispensable for the understanding of the statement” and, according to Nicola and Infante (1991, p. 280), “it is not in them that one finds the significant nucleus of the various parts that form the sentence”. We assume that adverbs constitute a heterogeneous category of words that can not be generalized either as “adjuncts” or as “accessories”. We base this study, on quantitative and qualitative descriptive character, especially in Quirk et al. (1985) and Kovacci (1999), who recognize the adverbial heterogeneity, respectively, in English and Spanish, postulates that allow to analyze adverbs in Modern Portuguese. Also, based on Karlsson (1981), we present reflections on the adverbs heterogeneity with -mente and the form (-)ment(e) in Latin and Neolatine languages. From the concept of “phrasal affix” (TORNER, 2005a), we compared -mente to other affixes in Modern Portuguese. Thus, we demonstrated -mente functional traits that allow its categorization as “almost affix” (TORNER, 2005a). Concerning this, according to Bechara (2009, p. 293), adverbs with -mente “are halfway, phonologically and morphologically, of derivation and composition”. In order to prove the heterogeneity of the adverbs with -mente, we have selected 165 adverbial occurrences with -mente in Letters to the Reader, from Veja Magazine, published from 2001 to 2015, allocated at <https://acervo.veja.abril.com.br/#/editions>. We described and analyzed these data from the adverbial adjunctivity tests proposed by Quirk et al. (1985). According to this theoretical support, we categorized the research data as adverbial adjunct (51,51%), adverbial subjunct (38,18%), adverbial disjunct (9,69%) and adverbial conjunct (0,62%). Thus, we concluded that the adverbs with -mente in Letters to the Reader, from Veja Magazine, function, predominantly, as an adverbial adjunct, more concrete, more lexical than the other parametrized adverbial categories. Besides this quantitative reflection, we recognized that the adverbs with -mente can subjectivate journalistic discourse, which is based on the premise of the objective placement of the facts. We also noted that adverbs with -mente are words formed by pseudoderivation, an oscillating process between derivation and composition. Therefore, we ratified our adverbial heterogeneity hypothesis, specially, in respect to -mente adverbs and the form (-)ment(e). / O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é investigar, em Português Moderno, a heterogeneidade dos advérbios com -mente e da forma (-)ment(e). Questionamos a homogênea categorização dos advérbios como “adjuntos adverbiais”, incluídos entre os “termos acessórios da oração” que, de acordo com Faraco e Moura (1988, p. 328), “não são indispensáveis para o entendimento do enunciado” e, conforme Nicola e Infante (1991, p. 280), “não é neles que se encontra o núcleo significativo das várias partes que formam a oração”. Cogitamos que os advérbios constituem uma categoria heterogênea de palavras que não podem ser generalizadas nem como “adjuntos”, nem como “acessórios”. Restringimos nosso recorte epistemológico aos advérbios com -mente e à forma (-)ment(e). Fundamentamos esse estudo, de cunho descritivista quantitativo e qualitativo, sobretudo, em Quirk et al. (1985) e Kovacci (1999), que reconhecem a heterogeneidade adverbial, respectivamente, em Inglês e Espanhol, postulações que permitem analisar advérbios em Português Moderno. Outrossim, com base em Karlsson (1981), apresentamos reflexões sobre a heterogeneidade dos advérbios com -mente e da forma (-)ment(e) em Latim e línguas neolatinas. A partir do conceito de “afixo frasal” (TORNER, 2005a), comparamos -mente a outros afixos em Português Moderno. Assim, demonstramos traços funcionais de -mente que permitem categorizá-lo como “quase afixo” (TORNER, 2005a). Acerca disso, de acordo com Bechara (2009, p. 293), os advérbios com -mente “ficam a meio caminho, fonológica e morfologicamente, da derivação e da composição”. A fim de comprovarmos a heterogeneidade dos advérbios com -mente, selecionamos 165 ocorrências de advérbios com -mente em Cartas ao Leitor, da Revista Veja, publicadas de 2001 a 2015, alocadas em <https://acervo.veja.abril.com.br/#/editions>. Descrevemos e analisamos esses dados a partir de testes de adjuntividade adverbial propostos por Quirk et al. (1985). De acordo com esse suporte teórico, categorizamos os dados de pesquisa como adjunto adverbial (51,51%), subjunto adverbial (38,18%), disjunto adverbial (9,69%) e conjunto adverbial (0,62%). Assim, concluímos que os advérbios com -mente em Cartas ao Leitor, da Revista Veja, funcionam, predominantemente, como adjunto adverbial, mais concreto, mais lexical do que as demais categorias adverbiais parametrizadas. Além dessa reflexão quantitantiva, reconhecemos que os advérbios com -mente podem subjetivar o discurso jornalístico, que se fundamenta na premissa da veiculação objetiva dos fatos. Constatamos também que os advérbios com -mente são palavras formadas por pseudoderivação, um processo oscilante entre a derivação e a composição. Por conseguinte, ratificamos nossa hipótese de heterogeneidade adverbial, principalmente, no que concerne aos advérbios com -mente e à forma (-)ment(e).

This thesis describes certain areas in the grammar of the little-known Kuot language, spoken by some 1,500 people in New Ireland Province in Papua New Guinea. Kuot is an isolate, and is the only non-Austronesian (Papuan) language of that province. The analyses presented here are based on original data from 18 months of linguistic fieldwork. The first chapter provides an overview of Kuot grammar, and gives details of earlier mentions of the language, and of data collection and the fieldwork situation. The second chapter presents information about the prehistory and history of the area, the social system, kinship system and culture of Kuot speakers, as well as dialectal variation and prognosis of survival of the language. Chapter three treats Kuot phonology, with particular emphasis on the factors that govern allophonic variation, and on the expression of word stress and the functions of intonation. Word classes and the criteria used to define them are presented in Chapter four, which also contains a discussion of types of morphemes in Kuot. The last chapter describes in some detail the class of nouns in Kuot, their declensions, non-singular formation, and the properties of grammatical gender. Appendices give the full set of person-marking forms in Kuot, a transcription of a recorded text with interlinear glossing and translation, the Swadesh 100-word list for Kuot, and diagrams of kin relations and terminology / <p>För att köpa boken skicka en beställning till exp@ling.su.se/ To order the book send an e-mail to exp@ling.su.se</p>