This report describes a Bachelor Degree project in product development completed in co-operation with the Royal Parks in London and submitted to the University of Skövde. The aim of the project was to design and develop a removable bollard intended to separate traffic in a bi-direction cycle lane in central London. The goal was to develop a lightweight yet robust removable bollard that complimented the historical surroundings and had a simple storage solution. With thorough background research, established ideation methods and strategic evaluation a suitable solution was found. The final design was an innovative bollard made out of recycled plastic and specially adapted for simple removal and storage. It is a bollard that would successfully mark the cycle lane and is both lightweight and stackable. / Denna rapport beskriver ett examensarbete i produktutveckling som utfört var i samarbete med the Royal Parks i London och inlämnat till Högskolan i Skövde. Syftet med projektet var att utforma och utveckla en borttagbar pollare tilltänkt för att separera trafik i en dubbelriktad cykelbana i centrala London. Målet var att utveckla en lätt men samt robust borttagbar pollare som passar in i Londons historiska miljö och har en enkel lagringslösning. Genom en detaljerad förstudie, kända idégenereringsmetoder och strategisk utvärdering hittades en lämplig lösning. Den slutliga designen var en innovativ pollar gjord av återvunnen plast och speciellt anpassad för enkel flyttning och förvaring. Pollaren är både lätt och stapelbar samt kan användas för att markera cykelbanor.

Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μία βιβλιογραφική διερεύνηση του σχεδιασμού και ανάπτυξης νέων υπηρεσιών με βάση τις απαιτήσεις των καταναλωτών που ανάγονται ως κριτήρια απόφασης για την πραγματοποίηση ή όχι του εκάστοτε εγχειρήματος. Το πιο κατάλληλο μοντέλο για να μεταφράσει τις απόψεις των καταναλωτών σε τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά της νέας υπηρεσίας προτάθηκε ότι είναι το Quality Function Deployment. Το μοντέλο Quality Function Deployment αναδιπλώνεται με αναλυτικό τρόπο στο σύνολο των ενοτήτων της εργασίας. Η παρουσίασή του γίνεται προσεκτικά καθώς κάθε του πτυχή αναδεικνύει τον δρόμο προς την ανάπτυξη νέων υπηρεσιών και κατ επέκταση της λήψης της απόφασης μέσω κριτηρίων (των απαιτήσεων των καταναλωτών). Σαφώς επειδή επιθυμούμε να διευρύνουμε τον κλάδο της επιχειρησιακής έρευνας και της πολυκριτήριας ανάλυσης αποφάσεων, έγινε μια προσπάθεια να συγκεραστεί η επιχειρησιακή έρευνα και η πολυκριτήρια ανάλυση αποφάσεων με το μοντέλο Quality Function Deployment προκειμένου να διαπιστώσουμε αν υπάρχει σύνδεση και αλληλουχία. Ή σύνδεση αυτή κατέστη δυνατή με τη χρησιμοποίηση δύο μοντέλων, τα Analytical Hierarchy Process και Quality Function Deployment που μονοπωλούν το ενδιαφέρον μας. Οφείλουμε να τονίσουμε ότι, η αρθρογραφία πάνω στον Σχεδιασμό και Ανάπτυξη νέων προϊόντων και υπηρεσιών είναι πλούσια και συνεχώς αυξανόμενη. Αυτό οφείλεται στην ανάγκη των επιχειρήσεων να πρωταγωνιστήσουν σε ένα συνεχώς μεταβαλλόμενο και πλήρως ανταγωνιστικό επιχειρησιακό περιβάλλον, μέσω της εξέλιξης. Παρόλα αυτά, αντιμετωπίσαμε δυσκολία να βρούμε στοιχεία εφαρμογής της μεθόδου όσον αφορά την ανάπτυξη νέων υπηρεσιών στον ελληνικό χώρο και δη στον τραπεζικό κλάδο, μιας και βρίσκεται σε πρώιμο στάδιο. Προκειμένου να διεξάγουμε ορισμένα συμπεράσματα αναφερθήκαμε σε δυο παραδείγματα περιπτώσεων που αφορούν τράπεζες που δραστηριοποιούνται σε ξένες χώρες, αλλά η οικονομία τους είναι παρεμφερή με την ελληνική. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο καταφέραμε να βγάλουμε τα απαραίτητα συμπεράσματα να κάνουμε τις προστάσεις μας σε τρία επίπεδα: (1) ανάπτυξη και σχεδίαση νέων προϊόντων (2) πολυκριτήρια ανάλυση αποφάσεων (3)μοντέλο Quality Function Deployment. Η παρούσα εργασία απαρτίζεται από πέντε βασικά κεφάλαια. Στο 1ο Κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται η έννοια του σχεδιασμού και ανάπτυξης νέων προϊόντων και υπηρεσιών και αναφερόμαστε για πρώτη φορά στην επιχειρησιακή έρευνα και στα μοντέλα Quality Function Deployment και Analytical Hierarchy Process, τα οποία προσπαθούμε να συγκεράσουμε στην τελευταία υποενότητα του κεφαλαίου αυτού. Το 2ο Κεφάλαιο είναι αφιερωμένο στους προβληματισμούς και θέματα που ανακύπτουν κατά τη διαδικασία ανάπτυξης νέων προϊόντων και δη των υπηρεσιών. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 εξειδικεύουμε περισσότερο στον σχεδιασμό και ανάπτυξη νέων τραπεζικών προϊόντων και υπηρεσιών. Μιλάμε εκτενέστερα για την καινούργια τραπεζική υπηρεσία, Internet Banking και αναφερόμαστε στον σχεδιασμό της μέσω της μεθόδου Quality Function Deployment. Στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μία σύνοψη και ακολουθεί συζήτηση και κριτική και προτείνεται από την εργασία ένα πλαίσιο μεθοδολογίας. / The present study is a theoretical approach concerning the design and development of new services based on consumer requirements which are raised to decision criteria whether accomplishing or not, breakthrough undertakings. It is suggested that the Quality Function Deployment model is the most suitable technique to translate voices of customers into technical characteristics of the new service. The Quality Function Deployment model is revealed in details in each chapter. We carefully present every aspect of the model because we believe that the model procedure is significant. Our contribution is to expand operation research and multicriteria decision analysis by determining the connections and cohesions with the Quality Function Deployment model. This connection is realized with the reciprocal use of the two below models: Analytical Hierarchy Process and Quality Function Deployment which attract our attention. We should stress that the current bibliography on design and development of new products and services is rich and continuous. This happens because enterprise activity takes place in a continuous and extremely changing environment. However, we faced the difficulty on finding real implementation case of the QFD in Greece and in particular on banking branch, as it is in premature condition. In order to come to useful conclusions, we mention two case studies on internet banking and QFD whose data concern foreign banks, though the economical environment is comparative to the Greek one. By this manner, we could come to useful conclusions on three levels: (1) design and development of new products (2) multi criteria analysis (3) Quality Function Deployment model. The present study consists of five basic chapters. In the first chapter, we describe the concept of design and development of new services and we mention, for the first time, the operational research, the Quality Function Deployment and Analytical Hierarchy Process, which we attempt a connection between them. In the second chapter, we mention all matters that come to surface regarding developing new products and mostly new services. In the third chapter, we mostly talk about designing and developing new banking products and services. We specialize in the new banking service, Internet banking whose designing method is examined through the method Quality Function Deployment. In the last chapter we summarize, we discuss in a critical manner our conclusions and a new methodology framework is suggested.

The thesis is focused on the construction of cartographic systems not only as a tool for environmental representation, but also for shaping practices, values, technologies, and cultural narratives around sustainable development of human landscapes in non- Western contexts. Cartographic theory is employed to question existing mapping techniques, especially in relation to documenting sustainable development. The thesis investigates the merging of technology, science and art in the process of making maps and explores the possibility to represent several spheres of reality in cartographic elements. Representation concepts and methodologies were tested around the Mexican settlement of Ciudad Obregon, within the bioregion of the Gulf of California. Parts of the agendas for sustainable development revised stimulate the collection of dreams, images, and fantasies about non-Western human agglomerations and their ecosystems, critically informing sustainable narratives framed in other contexts. The works reviewed reveal an absence of complex cartographic and visual systems, portraying instead emerging landscapes in growing economies as exotic, mysterious, folkloric, chaotic, less developed, and in need of corrective study and supervision from a Western viewpoint. Interpretive, visual, and technological instrumentations were utilized with the aim of constructing a cartographic system that exposes dynamics of sustainable development in emerging settlements. The methodological scheme considers a series of associations between quantitative and qualitative approaches, employing eighteen dialectical negotiations in the representation of six ecologies. The outcome was a hybrid system of representation concerning bi-dimensional maps, photography, and chronicles from local newspapers. Two fieldtrips to Mexico were completed in 2012 and 2013, visiting and studying eighteen human agglomerations in total. The outcomes (measured and gathered data, perceptions, bibliography, photographs, and cartographic evidences) of both fieldtrips were linked to the hypothesis previously outlined in the literature review. The methodological structure was influenced by the cartographic representation interpretation of the biosphere of Ciudad Obregon and its natural ecosystems. On the other hand, the cartographic representation-interpretation of different networks resulted in the study of polymorphous infrastructures that facilitate the flow of goods, capital and people throughout the same territory. The correlation of the research interrogates the paradigmatic challenges of the ‘network society’ in developing contexts. It questions the notion that human settlements develop sophisticated infrastructure networks, selectively connecting together the most favoured users and places, linking valuable segments and discarding irrelevant habitats, locales and people. As the cartographic and visual evidences gathered by this research suggest, these commodity landscapes allow terrestrial and aerial flow of physical and knowledge resources (food, water, gasoline, telecommunications, transport, information, services, waste) in granulated and disseminated environments of buildings and networks, materializing a palimpsest of infrastructures. The research finds that the assessment of social, cultural, and environmental sustainability in emerging and dispersed landscapes requires an adjacent design of cartographic and visual frameworks that represent the complexity found in developing locations.

abstract: The purpose of this instructional design and development study was to describe, evaluate and improve the instructional design process and the work of interdisciplinary design teams. A National Science Foundation (NSF) funded, Transforming Undergraduate Education in Science (TUES) project was the foundation for this study. The project developed new curriculum materials to teach learning content in unsaturated soils in undergraduate geotechnical engineering classes, a subset of the civil engineering. The study describes the instructional design (ID) processes employed by the team members as they assess the need, develop the materials, disseminate the learning unit, and evaluate its effectiveness, along with the impact the instructional design process played in the success of the learning materials with regard to student achievement and faculty and student attitudes. Learning data were collected from undergraduate geotechnical engineering classes from eight partner universities across the country and Puerto Rico over three phases of implementation. Data were collected from students and faculty that included pretest/posttest scores and attitudinal survey questions. The findings indicated a significant growth in the learning with the students of the faculty who were provided all learning materials. The findings also indicated an overall faculty and student satisfaction with the instructional materials. Observational and anecdotal data were also collected in the form of team meeting notes, personal observations, interviews and design logs. Findings of these data indicated a preference with working on an interdisciplinary instructional design team. All these data assisted in the analysis of the ID process, providing a basis for descriptive and inferential data used to provide suggestions for improving the ID process and the work of interdisciplinary instructional design teams. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Educational Technology 2015

The decline of the requisite linguistic skills of law students around the world has been documented comprehensively through legal scholarship. While ameliorating initiatives attempt to remedy law school education, the curriculization of English for academic legal purposes (EALP) has been neglected, resulting in the absence of a principled curricular framework for developing EALP syllabi. The proliferation of legal English communication across the circles of world English has accentuated the deterioration of students’ linguistic skills and exacerbated the educational challenges confronting law schools. These premises were influenced and validated by the researcher’s experiences as student and teacher of law and language. Three research questions address the rationale and guide the research: (1) Which curricular principles can be deduced from theoretical linguistics, second language (L2) pedagogy, and legal education to constitute a framework for EALP? (2) Which legal linguistic skills clusters can be identified from a typology of EALP-type textbooks? (3) As research outcome, how can the literature review and textbook analysis be synthesized into a cohesive curricular framework for EALP that can be applied across the circles of world English? The cyclical research strategy that underpinned this qualitative study relied on a social constructionist worldview, case study methodology, and qualitative content analysis method. The literature review probed theoretical linguistics, L2 pedagogy, and legal education as tributary disciplines of EALP. Insights gleaned from the literature review informed the qualitative content analysis of a purposive sample of EALP-type textbooks (N = 44). The textbooks were coded to create a typology and to determine the clusters of linguistic skills introduced during law school and across the circles of world English. The literature review led to the formulation of theoretically informed, curricular principles from the three disciplines that underpin EALP. The qualitative content analysis resulted in the creation of a typology of textbooks that exhibits clusters of linguistic skills that are scaffolded throughout law school. While academic communication skills were accentuated, legal linguistic skills incorporate additional clusters of thinking, research, and pedagogic skills. Together these skills constitute the skill of “thinking like a lawyer.” A synthesis of the theoretical principles and skills clusters provides a holistic curricular framework for EALP that is sensitive to the local diversity within the circles of world English. The curricular framework for EALP draws legal English from the periphery to the center of law school education by accentuating the legal linguistic skills needed both in academia and in legal practice. The main limitations of the study are the challenges posed by the inclusion of original EALP syllabi and the manual coding of the textbook sample. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Humanities Education / Unrestricted

M.Comm. / The traditional mode of distance education has been correspondence teaching. This mode makes use of study guides which can be authoritarian, pedantic and not learner-centered (Buitendacht, 1994: 2). Minimal use is made of media other than the written word and teaching flows mainly one way: from the lecturer to the student (lecture centered instead of student/learner centered). In the past Technikon SA's study material was no exception. When Technikon SA adopted the ILCDE model, the need for quality courseware was immediately identified. This led to the establishment of the Centre for Courseware Design and Development (CCDD). The task of the CCDD is to develop quality interactive, learnercentered, needs-driven distance education courseware for Technikon SA's learners. Courseware is designed in accordance with the needs and expectations of industry, always taking into account the learner profile. The project team approach is utilized in the management of course development. This approach incorporates business principles such as contracting, cost-effective production, effective scheduling, maintaining quality products and project management techniques. Each project team is multi-skilled and consist of a course writer, a moderator, editor, translator, graphic designer, graphic artist, DTP (Desk fop Publisher) operator and didactic adviser (i.e. instructional designer). The objective is to produce quality courseware for distance education. Quality courseware is defined as courseware that is interactive, reader-friendly, learnercentered and related to the needs of the workplace. Emphasis is shifted from a productorientated approach (where students were expected to memorize most of the work and to reproduce it as such) to the process-orientated approach focusing on mastery of subject content (CCDD Information Guidelines, 1995:1).

Engineering changes are unavoidable and occur throughout the lifecycle of products. Due to the high interconnectivity of engineering products, a single change to one component usually has knock-on effects on other components causing further changes. This change propagation significantly affects the success of a product in the market by increasing development cost and time-to-market. As such engineering change management is essential to companies, but it is a complex task for managers and researchers alike. To address this challenge, the thesis at hand investigates the state-of-the-art of research in engineering change management and develops a method to support engineering change propagation analysis, termed FBS Linkage. This method integrates functional reasoning with change prediction. A product is modelled as a network of its functional, behavioural, and structural attributes. Change propagation is then described as spread between the elements along the links of this network. The FBS Linkage concept is designed based on a comprehensive set of requirements derived from both the literature and industry practices as well as a comparative assessment of existing change methods and functional reasoning schemes. A step-by-step technique of building and using an FBS Linkage model is demonstrated. The method’s potential benefits are discussed. Finally, the application of the method to two industrial case studies involving a diesel engine and a scanning electron microscope is presented. The method evaluation indicates that the benefits of the method outweigh its application effort and pinpoints areas for further refinement.

Treffen unterschiedliche Welten und Meinungsbilder aufeinander, so sind Missverständnisse und Kommunikationsprobleme unvermeidbar. Während Erstere aus den unterschiedlichen Wissensständen und Randbedingungen resultieren, ergeben sich die Kommunikationsprobleme aus den differenzierten Definitionen und Einstellungen der jeweiligen Fronten. Dieser Umstand lässt sich durch einem Blick auf die Weltgeschichte an vielen, teilweise äußerst dramatischen und einflussreichen Ereignissen leicht belegen. In der Auswirkung deutlich kleiner, aber dennoch nicht unkomplizierter sind aus Missverständnissen und Kommunikationsproblemen resultierende Konflikte im beruflichen Umfeld (Badke-Schaub & Frankberger 2004). Beispiel hierfür ist die Zusammenarbeit von Konstruktion und Design, zweier verwandter aber dennoch verständnisverschiedener Fachdisziplinen, die in der Entwicklung technischer Produkte ihren Ursprung haben. [... aus dem Text]

Because of the rapid development of the use of computers in education, as well as the introduction of the World Wide Web (WWW), a growing number of web-based educational applications/tools have been developed and implemented to help both educators and administrators in the field of education. In order to assist program directors and faculty members in determining whether or not there is a gap between the current situation of the program and the desired situation of the program and whether or not program objectives meet accreditation standards, there is a need for a tool that works effectively and efficiently. However, literature review showed that there is no automated tool specifically used for determining strengths and weaknesses of an academic program, and there is a lack of research in this area. In Chapter 1, the author's intent is to discuss the purpose behind this developmental research and to provide a literature review that serves as the basis for the design of such an automated tool. This review investigates the following issues: objectives related to programs and courses, taxonomies of educational objectives, curriculum evaluation, accreditation and standards, automated tools, and a brief collaborative create-adapt-generalize model. Chapter 2 discusses the design and development of the automated tool as well as methodology focusing on the instructional design model and its steps. Chapter 3 presents the results of the expert review process and possible solutions for the problems identified during the expert review process. Also the Appendices include the documentation used during the expert review process. / Ph. D.

This study develops a computer-based interactive content design framework to guide the design of metacognitive scaffolds in ill-structured problem-solving instruction. It adopts Type II design and development research approach to create a comprehensive and generalizable instructional design framework. The framework was composed by synthesizing research and practical literature, and then evaluated by experts in related fields. The completed framework includes metacognitive strategies, instructional design strategies, interactive media types, question prompts, and feedback. Instructional designers, instructors, and other key stakeholders could follow the guidelines proposed in this framework to create metacognitive-based ill-structured problem-solving instruction using e-Learning authoring tools. On one hand, this study bridges the gap between theory and practice; on the other hand, it adds to literature in media research with focusing on utilizing various media types to create effective learning materials. / Doctor of Philosophy / This study aims to develop an interactive content design framework to guide the design of metacognitive scaffolds in ill-structured problem-solving instruction. It applies the Type II design and development research method. The framework was proposed by synthesizing pertinent literature, and then evaluated by experts in related fields. The completed framework includes metacognitive strategies, instructional design strategies, interactive media types, question prompts, and feedback. Instructional designers, instructors, and other key stakeholders could follow the guidelines to create computer-mediated instruction using e-Learning authoring tools. On one hand, this study bridges the gap between theory and practice; on the other hand, it adds to literature in media research with implementing various media types to create effective learning materials.