<p> Cognitive aids have long been used by industries such as aviation, nuclear, and healthcare to support operator performance during nominal and out of the ordinary, or off-nominal, events. The aim of these aids is to support decision-making by providing users with critical information and procedures in complex environments. The Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) is exploring the concept of a cognitive aid for future Deep Space Network (DSN) operations to help manage operator workload and increase efficiency. The current study examines the effects of a cognitive aid on expert and novice operators in a simulated DSN environment. Results found that task completion times were significantly lower when cognitive aid assistance was available compared to when it was not. Furthermore, results indicate numerical trends that distinguish experts from novices in their system interactions and efficiency. Novice operators, on average, had higher acceptance ratings and greater agreement for a DSN cognitive aid when compared those of expert participants. Lastly, participant feedback identified the need for a reliable, robust, and transparent system.</p><p>

<p> In the United States, the number of people in the over 65 year category will rise to 80 million, or 20% of the total population by 2040 (Palmore, 2009). This older group traditionally requires more services ranging from healthcare to housing than younger generations. Skilled nursing facilities provide long-term care for older adults who need around the clock nursing support, and are likewise increasing in number to accommodate this change. </p><p> One of the challenges facing retirement communities is respecting residents&rsquo; rights of autonomy and control while still following the many required laws and regulations placed on skilled nursing establishments (Frank, 2002). Administrators often desire to create a home-like environment, but the setting may still interfere with residents&rsquo; ability to make personal choices, which is an essential component associated with empowerment in the home (Frank, 2002). Given the value of stories in revealing hopes, dreams and perceptions, some researchers suggest that narrative inquiry is a valuable technique for gathering data in studies of the elderly. There is an advantage of older adults presenting their views on life: researchers can gain a better grasp of the needs of any individual by accessing his or her personal accounts of the aging experience (Harrigan &amp; Raiser, 1998). </p><p> This study explored the built environment&rsquo;s role in perceived empowerment by skilled nursing residents. Literature suggests that a sense of control, choice, and autonomy are factors that can determine if an older resident is satisfied with their living conditions that, in turn, may facilitate empowerment and overall well-being. This concept is the foundation for the study&rsquo;s primary research question: What role do empowering elements in the built environment play in supporting quality of life for skilled nursing residents? The Person-Environment (P-E) Fit Theory by Kahana, Lovegreen, Kahana, &amp; Kahana shaped the study&rsquo;s approach (2003), which evaluates the interaction of personal preferences and environmental characteristics along the following four physical and two social domains: Physical Amenities/Aesthetics, Resource Amenities, Safety, Stimulation/Peacefulness, Homogeneity/Heterogeneity, and Interaction/Solitude. As the name suggests, the goal is to have a positive &ldquo;fit&rdquo; of the preferences and characteristics that leads to resident satisfaction and psychological well-being (Kahana et al., 2003). </p><p> The research study was comprised of two phases. The first phase involved interviewing skilled nursing residents which allowed them to share stories with the researcher of their lived experience in their long-term care facilities. They were asked about their perceptions of the spaces in the facilities that the residents determined to be empowering. The second phase took the form of observation mapping in which the researcher tracked the movement and activities of the general population of residents in the common areas of the study&rsquo;s two site facilities. </p><p> Through the residents&rsquo; stories and site observations, this study reviewed a range of residents&rsquo; lived experiences from roommate relations to favorite pastimes to quiet moments. The P-E Fit theory domains proved a helpful model to understand certain physical aspects of empowerment in skilled nursing facilities. However, those domains were not able to fully explain some of the psychosocial concepts that residents expressed, which they perceived to be beneficial. The researcher discovered emerging themes for empowerment that combined both the physical findings as supported by the P-E Fit domains and these additional psychosocial findings that included personal relationships, sense of belonging, sense of identity, and knowledge of community culture. The emerging themes lead to the development of ten guidelines for skilled nursing facilities that identify and recommend empowering elements in the built environment. These included resident room equals home; centralized place to access resources, freedom to access community spaces, centralized social gathering spaces, places for retreat, connection to nature, off-campus adventures, places to explore personal interests, sense of belonging, and safety. The intent is that these guidelines will benefit skilled nursing facility administrators, staff, and other design professionals who seek to empower and improve quality of life for older adults.</p>

O design social é um tema que a literatura do design trata desde a década de 60, contudo até hoje existem lacunas teóricas e metodológicas que afetam a prática profissional e o ensino do design, reduzindo o seu impacto social. Neste trabalho o design social é entendido como uma área maior que engloba o projeto de produtos e serviços e, portanto, tem contribuição direta para o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida das pessoas, através da resolução de problemas sociais. O trabalho se sustenta em dois grandes grupos de dados: as abordagens de design social, reunidas a partir de levantamento bibliográfico; e os kits de ferramentas voltados ao tema, reunidos através de pesquisa documental. A partir de uma revisão de literatura sistemática e integradora destes grupos, o trabalho se propõe a reunir e organizar o conhecimento destas áreas a fim de gerar um quadro teórico que colabore para o incentivo à pesquisa e ao ensino do design, mais adequado à realidade de crises humanitárias, políticas e econômicas com a qual se convive em nível global. / Social design is a theme that the design literature talks from the 60s, but until today are theoretical and methodological gaps that affect professional practice and teaching of design, reducing their social impact. In this work the social design is understood as a larger area that includes the design of products and services and therefore has direct contribution to people’s well-being and quality of life, by solving social problems. The work is grounded on two groups of data: the social design approaches, gathered from bibliographic research; and the toolkits geared to the theme, gathered through documental research. From a systematic and integrating literature review of these groups, the study aims to gather and organize the knowledge of these areas in order to generate a theoretical framework to collaborate to encourage the research and education in this field, as well the professional practice, more suited to the reality of humanitarian, political and economic crises with which we live globally.

This study concerns itself with the relationship between game design and emergent social behaviour in massively multiplayer online games and virtual worlds. This thesis argues for a legitimisation of the study of ‘communities of play’, alongside communities perceived as more ‘serious’, such as communities of interest or practice. It also identifies six factors that contribute to emergent social behaviour and investigates the relationship between group and individual identity, and the emergent ways in which these arise from and intersect with the features and mechanics of the game worlds themselves. Methodology: Under the rubric of ‘design research’, this study was conducted as an ethnographic intervention, an anthropological investigation that deliberately privileged the online experience whilst acknowledging the performative nature of both game play and the research process itself. The research was informed by years of professional practical experience in game design and playtesting, as well as by qualitative methods derived from the fields of Anthropology, Sociology, Computermediated Communications and the emerging field of Game Studies. The process of conducting the eighteen-month ethnographic study followed the progress of a sub-set of members of the ‘Uru Diaspora,’ a group of 10,000 players who were made refugees when the massively multiplayer game ‘Uru: Ages Beyond Myst’ was closed in February of 2004. Uru refugees immigrated into other virtual worlds, using their features and capabilities to create ethnic communities that emulated the culture, artefacts and environments of the original Uru world. Over time, players developed ‘hybrid’ cultures, integrating the Uru culture with that of their new homes, and eventually creating entirely new Uru and Myst-inspired content. The outcome is the identification of six factors that serve as ‘engines for emergence’ and discusses their relationship to each other, to game design, and to emergent behaviour. These include: • Play Ecosystems: Fixed-Synthetic vs. Co-Created Worlds: Online games and virtual worlds exist along a spectrum, with environments entirely authored by the designer at one end, and those comprised primarily of player-created content and assets on the other, with a range of variations between. The type of world will impact the sort of emergent behaviour that occurs, and worlds that include player-created content will be more inclined to promote emergent behaviour. • Communities of Play: Distributed groups formed around play demonstrate distinct characteristics based on shared values and play styles. The study describes in detail one such play community, and analyses the ways in which its characteristic play styles drove its emergent behaviours. • The Social Construction of Avatar Identity: Individual avatar identity is constructed through an emergent process engaging social feedback. • Intersubjective Flow: A social reading of the psychological notion of ‘flow’ that describes the way in which flow dynamics occur in a social context through play. • Productive Play: Countering the traditional contention that play is inherently ‘unproductive’ as some scholars suggest, the thesis argues that play can be seen as a form of cultural production, as well as fulcrum for creative activity. • Porous Magic Circles and the ‘Ludisphere’: The magic circle, which bounds play activities, is more porous than game scholars had previously believed. The term ‘ludisphere' is used to describe the larger context of aggregated play space via the Internet. Also identified are leakages between ‘virtual worlds’ and ‘real life’. By identifying these factors and attempting to trace their roots in game design, the study aims to contribute a new approach to the making and analysis of user experience and creativity ‘in game’. The thesis posits that by achieving a deeper cultural understanding of the relationship between design and emergent behaviour, it is possible to make steps forward in the study of ‘emergence’ itself as a design material.

O design social é um tema que a literatura do design trata desde a década de 60, contudo até hoje existem lacunas teóricas e metodológicas que afetam a prática profissional e o ensino do design, reduzindo o seu impacto social. Neste trabalho o design social é entendido como uma área maior que engloba o projeto de produtos e serviços e, portanto, tem contribuição direta para o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida das pessoas, através da resolução de problemas sociais. O trabalho se sustenta em dois grandes grupos de dados: as abordagens de design social, reunidas a partir de levantamento bibliográfico; e os kits de ferramentas voltados ao tema, reunidos através de pesquisa documental. A partir de uma revisão de literatura sistemática e integradora destes grupos, o trabalho se propõe a reunir e organizar o conhecimento destas áreas a fim de gerar um quadro teórico que colabore para o incentivo à pesquisa e ao ensino do design, mais adequado à realidade de crises humanitárias, políticas e econômicas com a qual se convive em nível global. / Social design is a theme that the design literature talks from the 60s, but until today are theoretical and methodological gaps that affect professional practice and teaching of design, reducing their social impact. In this work the social design is understood as a larger area that includes the design of products and services and therefore has direct contribution to people’s well-being and quality of life, by solving social problems. The work is grounded on two groups of data: the social design approaches, gathered from bibliographic research; and the toolkits geared to the theme, gathered through documental research. From a systematic and integrating literature review of these groups, the study aims to gather and organize the knowledge of these areas in order to generate a theoretical framework to collaborate to encourage the research and education in this field, as well the professional practice, more suited to the reality of humanitarian, political and economic crises with which we live globally.

O design social é um tema que a literatura do design trata desde a década de 60, contudo até hoje existem lacunas teóricas e metodológicas que afetam a prática profissional e o ensino do design, reduzindo o seu impacto social. Neste trabalho o design social é entendido como uma área maior que engloba o projeto de produtos e serviços e, portanto, tem contribuição direta para o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida das pessoas, através da resolução de problemas sociais. O trabalho se sustenta em dois grandes grupos de dados: as abordagens de design social, reunidas a partir de levantamento bibliográfico; e os kits de ferramentas voltados ao tema, reunidos através de pesquisa documental. A partir de uma revisão de literatura sistemática e integradora destes grupos, o trabalho se propõe a reunir e organizar o conhecimento destas áreas a fim de gerar um quadro teórico que colabore para o incentivo à pesquisa e ao ensino do design, mais adequado à realidade de crises humanitárias, políticas e econômicas com a qual se convive em nível global. / Social design is a theme that the design literature talks from the 60s, but until today are theoretical and methodological gaps that affect professional practice and teaching of design, reducing their social impact. In this work the social design is understood as a larger area that includes the design of products and services and therefore has direct contribution to people’s well-being and quality of life, by solving social problems. The work is grounded on two groups of data: the social design approaches, gathered from bibliographic research; and the toolkits geared to the theme, gathered through documental research. From a systematic and integrating literature review of these groups, the study aims to gather and organize the knowledge of these areas in order to generate a theoretical framework to collaborate to encourage the research and education in this field, as well the professional practice, more suited to the reality of humanitarian, political and economic crises with which we live globally.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

No description available.

Com este projeto de pesquisa, que faz parte do Programa de Mestrado em Ciências da Comunicação, na Área de Concentração III - Interfaces Sociais da Comunicação da Linha de Pesquisa Políticas e Estratégias de Comunicação, buscou-se identificar e analisar os conteúdos verbais e imagéticos de campanhas na área de educação em saúde, em especial, sobre o diabetes, presentes em eventos do Dia Mundial do Diabetes ou relacionados a este, nos anos de 2010 e 2011. Essas campanhas foram realizadas por instituições de saúde públicas e privadas da cidade de São Paulo com materiais patrocinados e/ou veiculados por empresas farmacêuticas e de alimentos que utilizaram o design para organizar as mensagens sobre prevenção de enfermidades e/ou adoção de comportamentos saudáveis. A análise dos conteúdos das peças impressas das campanhas teve por base as teorias de comunicação social e linguagem visual. / With this research project, that participates in the Master Program in Communication Sciences, in the III Area of Concentration - Social Interfaces of Communication from the Main Line of Research Policy and Strategies of Communication, we sought to identify and analyze the content of verbal and pictorial campaigns in the health education area, particularly about diabetes, present in the World Diabetes Day events or related to this, occurred in 2010 and 2011. These campaigns were carried out by public and private health institutions of the city of São Paulo with materials sponsored and/or distributed by pharmaceutical and food companies that used the design to organize the messages about disease prevention and/or adoption of healthy behaviors. The analysis of the contents of the printed pieces of the campaigns was based on theories of social communication and visual language.