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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Diffraction Tomographic Imaging of Shallowly Buried Targets using Ground Penetrating Radar

Hislop, Gregory Francis January 2005 (has links)
The problem of subsurface imaging with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a challenging one. Due to the low-pass nature of soil sensors must utilise wave-lengths that are of the same order of magnitude as the object being imaged. This makes imaging difficult as straight ray approximations commonly used in higher frequency applications cannot be used. The problem becomes even more challenging when the target is shallowly buried as in this case the ground surface reflection and the near-field parameters of the radar need to be considered. This thesis has investigated the problem of imaging shallowly buried targets with GPR. Two distinct problems exist in this field radar design and the design of inverse scattering techniques. This thesis focuses on the design of inverse scattering techniques capable of taking the electric field measurements from the receiver and providing accurate images of the scatterer in real time. The thesis commences with a brief introduction to GPR theory. It then provides an extensive review of linear inverse scattering techniques applied to raw GPR data. As a result of this review the thesis draws the conclusion that, due to its strong foundations in Maxwell's equations, diffraction tomography is the most appropriate approach for imaging shallowly buried targets with GPR. A three-dimensional diffraction tomographic technique is then developed. This algorithm forms the primary contribution of the thesis. The novel diffraction tomography technique improves on its predecessors by catering for shallowly buried targets, significant antenna heights and evanescent waves. This is also the first diffraction tomography technique to be derived for a range of antenna structures. The advantages of the novel technique are demonstrated first mathematically then on synthetic and finally practical data. The algorithm is shown to be of high practical value by producing accurate images of buried targets in real time.
182

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds of the 11 T HL-LHC Dipole Magnets

Lorentzon, Marcus January 2018 (has links)
A routine non-destructive test method based on Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) has been developed and applied for the inspection of the first 11 T dipole prototype magnet half shell welds, and the test results are compared with the radiography and visual inspection results of the same welds. A manual scanner and alignment system have been developed and built to facilitate the inspection of the 5.5 m long welds, and to assure reproducibility of the PAUT results. Through the comparison of distance readings and signal amplitude for different focus lengths, a focal law with focus at 25 mm sound path has been selected for the routine inspection of the 15 mm thick austenitic stainless steel 11 T dipole welds. The defocusing properties (beam spread) due to the cylindrical geometry of the half shells and the sound path distance to the area of interest were taken into account. Dedicated sensitivity calibration weld samples with artificial defects (side-drilled-holes) have been designed and produced from 11 T dipole prototype austenitic stainless steel half shell welds. These provide representative calibration for the strongly attenuating and scattering austenitic stainless steel weld material. One scan with two phased array probes aligned parallel to the weld in 2 mm distance from the weld cap edge, and one scan with the probes aligned parallel to the weld in 12 mm distance from the weld cap edge are sufficient to show if the inspected welds fulfil the requirements of weld quality level B according to ISO 5817. The standard test duration for the two scans of the two 5.5 m long horizontal welds of the 11 T dipole magnets is about one day, provided that no defects are found that need to be characterized in more detail.
183

Instrumentation immergée des matériaux cimentaires par des micro-transducteurs ultrasoniques à nanotubes de carbone : perspectives pour le contrôle non destructif in-situ de durabilité / Instrumentation of cementitious materials by embedded ultrasonic micro-transducers made of carbone nanotubes : prospects for in-situ non-destructive testing of durability

Lebental, Bérengère 12 October 2010 (has links)
Le contrôle non destructif in-situ de durabilité des matériaux cimentaires est essentiel à la prédiction et la prévention des défauts de fonctionnement des constructions. Alors que les dégradations, et donc la perte de durabilité, des matériaux cimentaires sont déclenchées et contrôlées par les caractéristiques et les évolutions de leur microporosité, il n'existe pas à notre connaissance de méthode non destructive d'instrumentation in-situ de la microporosité elle-même. Nous proposons un concept innovant d'évaluation de la durabilité des matériaux cimentaires fondé sur l'instrumentation in-situ de leur microstructure. La méthode repose sur l'investigation ultrasonore haute fréquence de micropores individuels au moyen de micro-transducteurs ultrasoniques capacitifs (μ-cMUT) immergés en grand nombre dans le matériau. Le dispositif proposé pour répondre aux multiples contraintes applicatives et technologiques est un μ-cMUT dont la plaque vibrante est constituée d'une couche mince de nanotubes de carbone monoparoi densément alignés. Nous avons traité la question de la pertinence de ce principe d'instrumentation en modélisant par un problème élasto-acoustique microfluidique l'interaction entre la plaque vibrante d'un μ-cMUT et le fluide, air ou eau, contenu dans un pore de taille micrométrique. La spécificité du modèle réside dans la prise en compte du comportement dissipatif du fluide. La résolution de ce problème couplé a nécessité le développement d'une méthode numérique ad-hoc. Nous avons constaté numériquement que la dissipation cause une diminution des fréquences de résonance. La couche limite a une épaisseur importante par rapport à la taille du domaine. Les amplitudes de vibration des plaques sont particulièrement sensibles au contenu des pores et à la géométrie des pores remplis d'eau. Nous en avons déduit que les μ-cMUT proposés pourraient être pertinents dans les matériaux cimentaires pour le suivi de l'hydratation, pour la détection des dégradations et le suivi de leur évolution. Pour étudier la faisabilité d'un μ-cMUT à nanotubes opérationnel à haute fréquence dans l'air et l'eau, nous avons tout d'abord réalisé par diélectrophorèse des dépôts denses et minces de nanotubes bien alignés. Un des dépôts est monocouche, ce qui constitue une performance remarquable pour un dépôt par diélectrophorèse. Nous avons ensuite suspendu les nanotubes, obtenant ainsi des membranes rigides et longues. L'épaisseur de ces membranes suspendues est particulièrement faible et leur facteur de forme particulièrement élevé par rapport à l'état de l'art des cMUT. Nous avons enfin montré par vibrométrie laser que les membranes vibrent à basse fréquence avec des amplitudes atteignant 5 nm pic-à-pic. Il s'agit à notre connaissance de la première mise en évidence de vibrations de nanotubes de carbone monoparoi par vibrométrie laser. Ces résultats démontrent une brique de base essentielle de l'étude complète de faisabilité du dispositif imaginé. Ils indiquent aussi la faisabilité à court terme de microdétecteurs d'air pour le suivi de la microporosité gazeuse des matériaux cimentaires. En regroupant ainsi une étude numérique de pertinence et une étude technologique de faisabilité, la thèse constitue une contribution significative à la mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de suivi de durabilité de matériaux cimentaires fondé sur l'immersion au coeur du matériau d'un grand nombre de microcapteurs intégrant des nanotechnologies / In-situ non-destructive testing of durability in cementitious materials is essential to the early prediction and prevention of structural failures. Whereas degradations in cementitious materials, and henceforth durability loss, are brought about and controlled by the characteristics and evolutions of microporosity, there isn't to our knowledge any method for the in-situ non-destructive testing of microporosity itself. To evaluate in-situ the durability of cementitious materials, we put forward an innovative concept based on in-situ instrumentation of their microstructure. Individual micropores are to be probed by high-frequency ultrasonic waves generated and detected by capacitive ultrasonic microtransducers (μ-cMUT) embedded in large number within the material. The vibrating plate of the μ-cMUT devices is to be made of a thin layer of densely aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes, in order for the devices to satisfy the applicative and technological requirements. Relevance of this instrumentation method has been studied : we have used an elasto-acoustical model to describe the interaction between the vibrating plate of a μ-cMUT device and the fluid (water or air) filling a pore of micrometric size. The specificity of this model lies in the integration of fluid viscosity. It has required us to develop ad-hoc solving techniques. We have found out numerically that in this problem dissipation leads to a decrease in resonance frequency compared to non-visquous acoustics. The boundary layer is large compared to the domain size. The vibration amplitudes of the plate are very sensitive to pore content and to water-filled pore geometry. We have deduced from these results that the μ-cMUT devices we envision may be relevant to study hydration and to monitor degradations in cementitious materials. Feasibility of a high-frequency, nanotubes-based μ-cMUT device operating in water or air has also be evaluated : using first a dielectrophoretic deposition technique, we have made thin, dense membranes of well-aligned nanotubes. One of our deposition reaches mono-layer thickness, which is remarkable for dielectrophoretic depositions. We have suspended the nanotubes, thus obtaining long and rigid membranes. They are very thin and have a high form factor compared to state-of-the-art cMUT devices. Finally, we have used laser vibrometry to observe membrane vibrations. Membrane vibration amplitudes reach 5 nm at low frequency. As far as we know, it is the first time vibrations of carbon nanotubes have been successfully observed with laser vibrometry. These results prove that we have overcome one of the most significant technological bottle-neck of the whole feasibility study. Moreover, they indicate short-term feasibility of air microdetectors that could be valuably employed to monitor gaseous microporosity in cementitious materials. By associating a numerical study on relevance and a technological study on feasibility, this work contributes significantly to the development of a new durability monitoring method for cementitious materials. Central to this method is the use of a large number of embedded microsensors integrating nanotechnologies
184

Imagerie sismique appliquée à la caractérisation géométrique des fondations de pylônes électriques très haute tension / High resolution seismic imaging applied to the geometrical characterization of very high voltage electric pylons

Roques, Aurélien 15 October 2012 (has links)
L'imagerie de la proche surface est essentielle en géotechnique car la caractérisation et l'identification des premiers mètres du sol interviennent dans de nombreuses applications de l'aménagement du territoire. Les méthodes classiques d'imagerie sismique sont appréciées car elles sont simples de mise en oeuvre et d'interprétation. Utilisés en génie civil, ces outils ont généralement été développés initialement en prospection pétrolière. La problématique que nous abordons dans ce travail intéresse réseau de transport d'électricité (RTE) ; il s'agit d'identifier la géométrie des fondations de pylônes électriques très haute tension en utilisant des méthodes d'imagerie sismique qui ont fait leurs preuves dans le contexte de la géophysique de gisement. En particulier, nous évaluons les performances de l'inversion de la forme d'onde (FWI) et de la migration par retournement temporel. Nous présentons le principe de ces méthodes que nous mettons ensuite en oeuvre avec un outil basé sur une modélisation de la propagation d'ondes en milieu élastique 2D ; dans ce cadre, le temps de calcul de l'inversion est aujourd'hui raisonnable, ce qui est loin d'être le cas lorsqu'on considère un milieu élastique 3D. Ensuite, nous présentons les résultats d'imagerie sur données synthétiques puis réelles. Concernant les données synthétiques 2D, l'inversion permet d'identifier les dimensions de la fondation à condition que le rapport de vitesse entre la fondation et l'encaissant ne dépasse pas 3. La migration permet quant à elle d'imager de façon satisfaisante des contrastes beaucoup plus élevés. Sur données réelles, les tests que nous avons faits ne permettent pas d'identifier la géométrie de la fondation avec ces méthodes ; en réalisant l'inversion de données synthétiques 3D avec notre outil 2D, nous montrons que le caractère 3D des données est un obstacle important à l'utilisation de notre outil sur des données réelles contenant une forte signature 3D de la structure à imager. / Near surface imaging is essential for geotechnics purpose. Characterization and identification of the first layers - between 0 and 10m - of the ground is necessary for many applications of national and regional development. Classical methods of imagery arouse a great interest as they are easy to use. In general, these numerical tools used in civil engineering have been first developped by seismic petroleum companies. The issue we are tackling comes to identifying the geometry of the foundations of very high voltage electric pylons using seismic imagery methods for french electricity transport and network. In particular, we assess the performances of the full waveform inversion and the reverse time migration. First, we explain the principle of these methods and then we implement them with a tool based on 2D modelisation which involves a reasonable computing time, contrary to 3D inversion carried out with today's means. Next, we show imagery results on synthetic and real data. Concerning, synthetic data, inversion makes it possible to identify the dimensions of the foundation as long as the velocity ratio between the foundation and the bedrock does not exceed 3. As to migration, it has good results with even much higher contrasts. Concerning real data, these two methods don't succeed in identifying the geometry of the foundation ; we inverted 3D synthetical data with our tool and show that the 3D property of data is prohibitive to 2D-inversion of real data with such an important 3D signature as the one we get on the foundation data.
185

Avaliação das propriedades físicas dos ferros fundidos pelos métodos de ensaios não destrutivos: ultrassom e frequência de ressonância / Evaluation of physical properties of cast iron by non-destructive testing: ultrasound and resonant frequency

Martins, Laura Pires Ribeiro 27 July 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Martins.pdf: 7177519 bytes, checksum: b45e0db2f27a3c198d3ed77145efa51c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the production of automotive parts and components, nondestructive testing is of great importance for the estimation of physical and mechanical properties such as the detection of defects. This study aims the evaluation of two non-destructive tests (ultrasound and resonance frequency) by determining the elastic modulus and damping capacity in samples with different graphite morphology and also in thin wall sections of engine blocks. These techniques were also used to identify the presence of solidification microporosity. It was found that these methods allow estimating values of elastic modulus very accurately, better to that obtained with tensile test. Also the correlation between microstructure and mechanical and physical properties are better with ultrasonic and resonance frequency than with tensile test. Those tests also enable to characterize the influence of microporosities on the elastic behavior, as well as the response and sensitivity of damping capacity with the increase of interfaces in the microstructure. the resonant frequency test provide better results when compared with ultrasound, mainly for the characterization of the microstructure, the presence of defects and determination of modulus of elasticity and damping at specimens with regular geometry, since the results resonant test is affected by the total microstructure of the sample, not only by local microstructure, as in the ultrasonic testing. The study of the thin sections in cylinder blocks enabled to correlate microstructures with the thickness of the sections for both materials (gray and compacted graphite iron) and the modulus of elasticity. It also showed the influence of the graphite (morphology and nodularization) on the damping.. Due to geometric limits, the ultrasound test stood out to be more effective in the local measurement of modulus of elasticity for these samples. Thus, for the conditions of microstructure characterization, evaluation of properties and identification and determination of defects, ultrasound set to be more effective technique for scientific studies (samples with regular geometry) and direct application in the industry (thin sections of engine blocks ). / Para a produção de peças e componentes automobilísticos, a utilização de ensaios não destrutivos é de grande importância, tanto para a estimativa de propriedades físicas e mecânicas como na detecção de defeitos. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar dois métodos de ensaios não destrutivos (ultrassom e frequência de ressonância) através da determinação do módulo de elasticidade e do amortecimento de vibrações para amostras com variação de morfologia da grafita e seções de parede fina dos blocos de motor. Essas técnicas também foram empregadas para identificar a presença de microporosidades de contração na solidificação. Verificou-se que essas metodologias permitem estimar valores de módulo de elasticidade com bastante precisão, superior à obtida com ensaios de tração e estabelecem melhores correlações entre as microestruturas e as propriedades mecânico-físicas. Esses ensaios, ainda, possibilitam caracterizar a influência dos microrechupes sobre o comportamento elástico, bem como a resposta e sensibilidade da capacidade de amortecimento com o aumento de interfaces na microestrutura do material. Através dessas avaliações observou-se uma maior eficácia do ensaio de frequência de ressonância quando comparado com o ultrassom, pois através desse pode-se obter melhores resultados para a caracterização das condições da microestrutura, da presença de defeitos e na determinação do módulo de elasticidade e amortecimento em corpos de prova de geometria regular. O estudo das seções finas possibilitou correlacionar as microestruturas com as espessuras das seções para ambos os materiais (ferro fundido cinzento e vermicular). Ainda possibilitou verificar a influência da grafita (morfologia e grau de nodularização) sobre o amortecimento. Para essas análises, verificaram-se as condições e dificuldades dos ensaios não destrutivos quanto à geometria e acabamento dos corpos de prova e fatores ligados à microestrutura. Durante esse estudo, o ensaio de ultrassom destacou-se por ser mais eficaz na medição local do módulo de elasticidade para essas amostras. Assim, para as condições de caracterização de microestrutura, avaliação das propriedades, e identificação e determinação de defeitos, o ultrassom configura ser a técnica mais eficaz para estudos científicos (amostras com geometria regular) e aplicação direta na indústria (seções finas dos blocos de motor).
186

Ensaios não destrutivos aplicados à avaliação de revestimentos de argamassa. / Non-destructive testing applied to the evaluation of mortar coatings.

Marcus Coimbra Israel 13 November 2015 (has links)
Mudanças causadas pela industrialização dos canteiros de obra geram incompatibilidades executivas entre sistemas conflitantes e ininterrupção de controles com significativa variabilidade, tal como o uso do fio de prumo para controle geométrico das estruturas de concreto, responsável por acúmulo de erros com reflexo no consumo de matérias e no aumento de defeitos em revestimentos de fachada. Como alternativa, este trabalho busca colaborar com a ampliação do uso das técnicas não destrutivas no controle preventivo e corretivo das edificações em substituição aos tradicionais ensaios destrutivos, tornando o processo mais simples e confiável, além de proporcionar uma recuperação mais rápida e econômica. Para isso, analisou - através de um estudo de caso - a aplicação da tecnologia de escaneamento 3D laser para mapear a planicidade superficial da fachada de um edifício e, de forma inédita, para quantificar o volume de argamassa por intermédio da análise dos modelos 3D gerados por softwares de mercado; e através das etapas experimentais de laboratório, campo e in situ, analisou o potencial da termografia infravermelha na identificação e no mapeamento de fissuras e descolamentos ocultos nos revestimentos de argamassa e cerâmico, aplicando abordagens de aquecimento ativa ou passiva e resfriamento natural ou forçado. Os resultados do escaneamento mostraram a viabilidade da técnica como solução para identificar com precisão as áreas críticas da fachada sobre a estrutura de concreto periférica e alvenaria e, a partir da volumetria, calcular o impacto financeiro associado às sobrespessuras de argamassa nas áreas críticas comparativamente a reduções de espessura após tratamento dessas áreas. Por fim, a termografia identificou quanto à forma, tamanho e posição os defeitos de fissura e descolamento estudados, identificou influências intrínsecas ao processo de uso da tecnologia in situ e uso de recursos do equipamento para melhor visualização dos defeitos. / Changes caused by industrialization of construction sites generate executive incompatibilities between conflicting systems and uninterrupted controls with significant variability, such as the use of a plumb line for geometric control of concrete structures, responsible for error buildup with reflection in the consumption of materials and the increase of defects on facade coatings. Alternatively, this work seeks to collaborate with the expanded use of non-destructive techniques in preventive and corrective control of buildings to replace the traditional destructive testing, making the most simple and reliable process, in addition to providing a faster and economic recovery. For this analyzed by a case study the application of 3D laser scanning technology to map the surface flatness of the facade of a building, and unprecedentedly to quantify the amount of mortar through the analysis of 3D models generated by software market; and through the experimental stages of laboratory, field and in site, examined the potential of infrared thermography in the identification and mapping of hidden cracks and detachments in mortar coatings and ceramic tile, applying active or passive heating and natural cooling or forced cooling. The results of the scan showed the technical viability as a solution to accurately identify the critical areas of the facade on the peripheral concrete structure and masonry and from the volumes, calculate the financial impact associated with extra thick grout in critical areas compared the thickness reductions after treatment of these areas. Finally, thermography identified as the shape, size and position the cleft defects and detachment studied, identified influences the use of technology in situ and use of equipment resources to better visualization of defects.
187

Técnica de escaneamento contínuo com Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen para chapas aços carbono / Continuous scanning technique with Barkhausen Magnetic Noise for carbon steel sheets.

Leosdan Figueredo Noris 22 May 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho estuda a aplicação de um Ensaio Não-Destrutivo de Inspeção (ENDI), baseado na técnica Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen (RMB), na detecção de regiões não homogêneas em chapas de aços carbono. Apresentando os avanços no desenvolvimento de uma nova variante de ensaio não-destrutivo magnético, denominada Escaneamento Contínuo de Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen (ECRMB). O RMB é gerado por abruptas mudanças na magnetização de materiais magnéticos quando são submetidos a campos magnéticos variáveis. Essas mudanças são afetadas pela micro-estrutura e a presença e distribuição de tensões elásticas (compressão e tração), deformação plástica e alteração da micro-estrutura. Neste trabalho analisou-se a sensibilidade dos sinais de RMB na detecção de deformações plásticas em parâmetros tais como, frequência de campo magnético de excitação e a velocidade de movimentação da sonda. O comportamento do parâmetro RMSRMB dos sinais de RMB se correlacionou com a posição das regiões não homogêneas detectadas nas amostras. Sendo, contudo ainda feita uma avaliação da técnica aplicada para a medição, fazendo uma comparação dos resultados obtidos com a técnica de Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen Estático (RMBE) que é uma técnica já estabelecida na literatura. Os resultados mostraram, que para cada um dos casos estudados, é possível detectar a posição do dano produzido. Essa nova técnica aumenta o espectro de soluções de ENDI para problemas não contemplados pelas técnicas existentes. / This work the application of a technique of Non-Destructive Inspection Test (NDIT) based on the technical Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN), the detection of non-homogeneous regions in sheets of carbon steels. It presents advances in the development of a new technique of magnetic non-destructive testing. Particularly a variant nominated Scanning Continuous Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (SCRMB). The MBN are generated by abrupt changes in the magnetization of materials when subjected to varying magnetic fields. These changes are affected by the microstructure and the presence and distribution of elastic stresses (compression and tension). We analyzed the sensitivity of the signal MBN detection plastic deformation on parameters such as magnetic field excitation frequency and the probe movement speed. The RMSMBN parameter behavior of MBN signals correlated with the position of non-homogeneous regions detected in the samples. An evaluation of the technique applied to the measurement was performed by making a comparison of the results obtained with MBNE technique, is a technique already established in the literature. The results showed that for each of the studied cases, it is possible to detect the position of the damage produced. This new technique increases the spectrum of NDIT solutions for problems not covered by existing techniques.
188

Análise estatística multivariada para reconhecimento de padrões em ensaios não destrutivos magnéticos. / Multivariate statistical analysis for pattern recognition applied to a non destructive magnetic\'s testing.

Alexander Alvarez Rosario 01 February 2011 (has links)
Neste trabalho se estuda a aplicação de técnicas de estatística multivariada para reconhecimento de padrões em sinais de ensaios não destrutivos (END) magnéticos, baseados no Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen (RMB). O reconhecimento de padrões pode ser feito de forma não supervisionada com a técnica multivariada de Análise de Agrupamentos, conglomerados ou Clusters que definem grupos segundo critérios de similaridade. Já para reconhecimento supervisionado a Análise Discriminante procura classificar amostras novas em grupos conhecidos, a priori, usando para este propósito uma regra de classificação criada a partir desses grupos de amostras conhecidos. Foram utilizados dois casos de detecção e classificação utilizando RMB. O RMB é um fenômeno magnético gerado por abruptas mudanças na magnetização de materiais ferromagnéticos quando submetidos a campos magnéticos variáveis. Essas mudanças estão relacionadas com a microestrutura do material, presença e distribuição de tensões elásticas (tensão e compressão). No primeiro caso de estudo procura-se identificar arames quebrados em risers, através da medição de tensão mecânica. No segundo caso procura-se classificar diferentes tratamentos térmicos em Aço AISI 420. Para a análise de integridade estrutural de risers foi feita a redução da dimensionalidade dos dados via Análise de Componentes Principais e posteriormente Análise de Agrupamentos. Já para o problema de classificação de amostras de aço foi usada a técnica de Análise Discriminante Linear de Fisher e a Quadrática. Os resultados das análises mostraram que as técnicas de Estatísticas Multivariadas proporcionam ferramentas muito adequadas para aumentar a eficiência da inspeção na área de END Magnéticos em geral e RMB em particular. / The present work deals with application of multivariate statistic techniques for pattern recognition in signals from Non-Destructive Essays (NDE), based on the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN). Pattern recognition can be done in a nonsupervised way by Cluster Analysis defining similarity criteria. On the other hand, for supervised recognition, Discriminant Analysis looks for classifying new samples in known groups, a priori, by means of classification rules created for these known sample groups. Two detection and classification cases were studied by MBN. The MBN is a magnetic phenomenon generated by sudden changes in magnetization of ferromagnetic materials, when these materials are subjected to variable magnetic fields. These changes are related to material microstructure as well as to the presence of elastic stresses (tension and compression). In the first studied case, the present study searches identifying broken wires in risers through measurements of mechanical strain. In the second case, the study classifies different thermal treatments in AISI 420 steel samples. Regarding the analysis of structural integrity of risers, firstly the reduction of data dimensionality was obtained via Analysis of Main Components and, later, Cluster Analysis was performed. Concerning the classification problem of steel samples, the Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis and the Quadratic Analysis were used. Analysis results showed that Multivariate Statistic Techniques give rise to tools very appropriated for increasing the efficiency of inspection both in the Magnetic NDE area in general, and MBN in particular.
189

Caracterização de solda por resistência a ponto através de avaliações não destrutivas. / Spotweld characterization through non destructive evaluation.

Danilo Stocco 16 April 2010 (has links)
O objetivo desta dissertação é escrever sobre a técnica de ultra-sonografia, aplicada na inspeção da soldagem por resistência a ponto, e demonstrar as vantagens desta técnica em relação aos ensaios destrutivos convencionalmente normalizados e utilizados na inspeção de solda a ponto até meados de 1999, quando a técnica de ultra-som começou a ser aplicada no Brasil. Para tanto foram realizados dois procedimentos experimentais, sendo o primeiro deles utilizando a técnica de ultra-som a-scan (transdutor de simples elemento), onde foram estudados os efeitos da indentação do ponto de solda, um dos parâmetros que pode ser detectado com extrema facilidade por esta técnica. O segundo experimento visa demonstrar a capacidade de detecção da técnica de ultra-som b-scan (transdutor matricial), onde a metodologia foi aplicada visando correlacionar os resultados obtidos pelo equipamento com os resultados encontrados nas técnicas de arrancamento (peel test) e nos ensaios macrográficos convencionalmente conhecidos. Com estes experimentos, foi possível comprovar a confiabilidade e repetibilidade desta técnica, mostrando uma maior precisão em relação aos ensaios normalizados conhecidos, além da avaliação quantitativa que pode ser feita, tornando possível a coleta estatística de dados. Foi também notada grande dificuldade em interpretar os sinais gráficos emitidos pelos equipamentos, bem como atestar sua confiabilidade e capacidade de detecção de defeitos, surgindo a necessidade de intensificar o treinamento dos operadores desta técnica. De qualquer forma, esta técnica representa o estado da arte na inspeção de solda por resistência, e foi o principal motivador deste estudo. / The aim is to describe the ultrasound technique, applied to the inspection of the resistance spot welding, and to demonstrate the advantages of this technique over the conventionally standardized destructive tests used in spotweld inspections until mid 1999, when the ultrasound technique began to be applied in Brazil. For this, two experimental procedures were organized, the first using the a-scan (single element transducer) ultrasound technique, in which the effects of the indentation of the spotweld were studied, one of the parameters that can be easily detected by this technique. The second experiment seeks to demonstrate the detection capacity of the ultrasonic b-scan technique (matrix transducer), in which the methodology was applied to seek the correlation between the results obtained by the equipment with the results found in the peel test and also in the macrographic results conventionally known. With these experiments, it was possible to prove the reliability and reproductibility of this technique, showing an increase in precision when related to the normalized known tests, besides the quantitative evaluation that can be made, allowing the statistical collection of data. A great difficulty was also noticed in interpreting the graphic signs emitted by the equipment, as well as in attesting the reliability and capacity of defects detection, raising the need of operators training. In any way, this technique represents the state of the art in the resistance spotweld inspection, and this was the main motivator of this study.
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Avaliação de tensão residual gerada pelo processo de usinagem utilizando acustoelasticidade / Evaluation of residual stress generated by maching process using acustoelasticity

Buenos, Alexandre Aparecido, 1982- 16 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Auteliano Antunes dos Santos Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T08:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Buenos_AlexandreAparecido_M.pdf: 7987843 bytes, checksum: e9789b79f50624aea527663a778fd255 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O processo de usinagem de materiais metálicos causa tensões residuais que podem alcançar valores significativos e influenciar na vida em serviço de componentes mecânicos. Definir o processo adequado para cada aplicação requer a previsão de quão elevada será a tensão gerada em função das variáveis do processo utilizado. Para a usinagem de chapas planas por fresamento de topo, as tensões e deformações criadas se encontram próximas à superfície, que é onde se iniciam as principais falhas de componentes mecânicos. A fim de conhecer os valores das tensões resultantes é necessário medi-las, mas os métodos destrutivos usuais são trabalhosos, requerem a reconstrução do campo de tensões a partir do alívio das tensões e nem sempre podem ser utilizados. Os métodos não destrutivos mais comuns requerem equipamentos especializados, condições controladas e quase sempre são capazes de determinar as tensões apenas na superfície. Este trabalho propõe um método alternativo para a avaliação da intensidade das tensões geradas pelo processo de usinagem, utilizando ondas longitudinais criticamente refratadas (Lcr) e a teoria acustoelástica. O trabalho consiste em avaliar o efeito da variação dos principais parâmetros de usinagem: a velocidade de corte, o avanço e a profundidade de usinagem. Foram ensaiadas amostras de aço carbono de média resistência ASTM A36, utilizado em componentes estruturais. Tais amostras foram usinadas em diversas combinações de parâmetros, o que permitiu a criação de um conjunto de relações entre os parâmetros e a tensão resultante, e que pode ser usada para a definição do melhor ajuste dos parâmetros para cada aplicação / Abstract: The process of machining of metallic materials generates residual stresses that can reach significant values and influence the service life of mechanical components. The definition of process for every application requires a forecast of how high the stress will be generated according to the process variables used. For the machining of flat sheet using face milling, the stresses and strains are created near the surface, which is where the main failures of the mechanical components start. In order to know the magnitude of stresses it is necessary to measure them, but the usual destructive methods are complex, require the reconstruction of the stress field from the relief stress and can not always be used. The nondestructive methods frequently require specialized equipment, controlled conditions and almost always are be able to determine the stresses on the surface only. This dissertation proposes an alternative method for assessing the intensity of the residual stresses generated by the machining process, using critically refracted longitudinal waves (Lcr) and the acustoelastic theory. The work is to evaluate the effect of variation of the main machining parameters: cutting speed, feed per tooth and depth of cut in machining. We tested samples of carbon steel ASTM A36 of medium strength, used in structural components. These samples were machined in various combinations of parameters, which allowed the creation of a set of relationships between the parameters and the resulting stress. These can be used to define the best fit of the parameters for each application / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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