No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1975. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: leaves 164-172.

Fresh produce has been implicated in several foodborne outbreaks. A primary site of microbial contamination for produce occurs on the surface during production and handling. An approach to reduce contamination is to sample the surface of produce. This study used different detergent agents at 22&#176;C and 40&#176;C to determine their efficacy for recovery of pathogenic bacteria, from surfaces of several produce types and examined survival of organisms in detergents over time. Strawberries, tomatoes and green leaf lettuce were dip inoculated in a 6-6.5 LOG CFU/ml cocktail of nalidixic acid resistant organisms. After drying, produce were rinsed with either 0.1 % sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), 0.1% Tween 80, or water at different temperatures. Rinse solutions were plated onto Tryptic Soy agar supplemented with 50-ppm nalidixic acid (TSAN). About 4 LOG CFU/ml of Salmonella, and 3-LOG CFU/ml Shigella were recovered, with slightly lower recovery from tomatoes. Inoculated strawberries rinsed with SLS, displayed minimal recovery at ~1.5-LOG CFU/ml at 22&#176;C, and <1-LOG CFU/ml at 40&#176;C. When whole strawberries treated with SLS were analyzed, few Salmonella were recovered. Lack of recovery of Salmonella rinsed with SLS, suggests SLS may be inactivating Salmonella, especially at elevated temperatures. Detergent solutions were inoculated with 3-LOG CFU/ml cocktail and incubated for up to 32 hours at 22&#176;C, and 40&#176;C. Aliquots were plated onto TSAN at varying times. All solutions at 40&#176;C allowed Shigella to grow. SLS gave initial drops in Salmonella populations followed by slight recovery. SLS may cause an initial injury of Salmonella. While organisms were able to survive in detergents, the application of detergents to produce was no more effective in recovery of organisms from produce than water. / Master of Science

Sustainability is an important consideration in today’s society and all areas of textiles contribute to a negative environmental impact; in production, during the ‘in use’ phase and importantly, at the end of life. The use of fibres with alternative end of life options, such as recycling, to divert from landfill disposal, along with reduced temperatures for domestic laundering are becoming of increasing importance. However, concern arises when applied to the healthcare market, in particular, healthcare uniforms which could be contaminated with harmful microorganisms. It is common practice for healthcare uniforms in the United Kingdom to be laundered domestically by staff and, therefore, to establish current practices undertaken, a questionnaire to healthcare staff was distributed and resulted in 265 responses. Results were analysed to determine the most commonly used temperatures, detergents, frequency of laundering and items laundered with healthcare uniforms. The data showed that uniforms are not always laundered after every shift and the use of 40°C was common (33%, n=265). The survival of two frequently observed healthcare associated infections in hospitals, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, on the surface of polyester and cotton was established and the attachment analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. These results demonstrated that polyester had the lowest survival of both microorganisms and less attachment was seen on the surface of the fibre when compared to cotton. Polyester was selected for textile testing and a range of development fabrics were created using variations in yarn type and fabric structure. Conventional test methods were used to determine the comfort properties of the fabrics created, with results indicating that equal or better performance can be achieved when compared to current fabrics used for healthcare uniforms. To determine the optimal laundering process to achieve removal of microorganisms from the surface of textile items, three household detergents along with a standard reference detergent were tested for their efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus at three temperatures (40°C, 60°C and 71°C) and three times (3, 10 and 15 minutes). A domestic laundering cycle was then simulated whereby an inoculated swatch of fabric was washed and tested for recovery of bacteria to determine the most appropriate temperature for use in the home. The results of the investigation indicated that a standard 40°C domestic wash cycle was ineffective at achieving complete removal of microbial contamination and could allow cross contamination to occur. The use of a 60°C standard domestic wash cycle was found to be significantly more effective, achieving complete removal of microbial contamination.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 1993. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-116).

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-95). Also available via the Internet.

by Au Tsang Pui, Wong Kin Hong, Joseph. / Includes questionnaire in Chinese. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [29-32] (2nd gp.)). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / abstract --- p.ii / table of contents --- p.iii / Chapter --- p.1 / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / The Concept of Marketing --- p.1 / Green Movement --- p.2 / Green Marketing --- p.3 / Marketers' Response --- p.4 / Consumers' Response --- p.5 / Objective of Study --- p.7 / Scope of analysis --- p.8 / Objectives --- p.9 / Chapter II. --- literature review --- p.12 / Conjoint Analysis --- p.13 / Introduction --- p.13 / Comparison with Other Multiattribute Models --- p.14 / Alternative Approaches to Measuring Preference Structures --- p.15 / Conjoint Analysis in Detail --- p.16 / Commercial Use of Conjoint Analysis --- p.19 / Stimulus Set Construction --- p.20 / Limitations and Unsolved Problems --- p.21 / Values --- p.23 / Introduction --- p.23 / Relationship of Values with Environmental Behaviour --- p.25 / Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.27 / Research Design --- p.27 / Secondary Data Research --- p.27 / Primary Data Research --- p.28 / Chapter IV. --- RESULTS --- p.45 / Part II --- p.45 / Quantitative Results --- p.45 / Part III --- p.47 / Quantitative Results --- p.47 / Analytical Results --- p.48 / Chapter V. --- DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION --- p.49 / All Respondents --- p.49 / Green Consumer Segments --- p.51 / Demographic Effect --- p.54 / Effect of Age --- p.54 / Effect of Education --- p.55 / Effect of Households Monthly Income --- p.56 / Relationship Between Demographic and Environmental Values and Attitudes --- p.56 / Conclusion --- p.57 / Implication --- p.60 / Limitation --- p.61 / APPENDIX / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introdução: Biofilme consiste em um conjunto de microrganismos embutidos em uma matriz extracelular. O biofilme tradicional (TBF) se desenvolve em locais com contínua hidratação, e o biofilme buildup (BBF), em produtos para a saúde expostos a repetidos ciclos de sujidade, limpeza, desinfecção e secagem. Objetivo: avaliar o impacto do uso de detergente e fricção para remover biofilme buildup-5 (BBF-5) e biofilme tradicional-5 (TBF-5) de canais endoscópicos gastrointestinais flexíveis, bem como o impacto do glutaraldeído após a limpeza. Métodos: O BBF-5 foi desenvolvido após a exposição da superfície interna dos canais de endoscópicos gastrointestinais ao Artificial Test Soil (ATS) contendo 108UFC/ml de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) e Enterococcus faecalis (EF), limpeza, desinfecção de alto nível (DAN), enxágue e secagem durante cinco dias. O mesmo processo foi utilizado para desenvolver o TBF-5, porém a fase de DAN foi omitida. Limpeza com detergentes com enzimas de pH neutro e detergentes sem enzimas com pH alcalino, escova com cerdas e dispositivo de limpeza pull thru foram comparados à limpeza com água e sem fricção para remover o BBF-5 e o TBF-5. Testes de proteína e carboidrato, contagem de bactérias viáveis e adenosina trifosfato (ATP) foram realizados. Teste de Kruskal-Wallis e análise de post hoc Dunn-Bonferroni foram realizados. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0,05) entre a quantidade de EF e PA nos canais com TBF-5 e BBF-5. Não houve diferença da eficácia para a remoção de PA em TBF-5 entre o detergente enzimático e a água, em ambas as situações, a limpeza apenas não foi eficaz (p>0,05) na ausência de fricção (flush). Por outro lado, o detergente alcalino, associado a todos os procedimentos de limpeza (ausência e presença de fricção) e DAN, foi eficaz para remoção de PA. Para a remoção de EF em TBF-5, a eficácia da limpeza foi alcançada em todas situações avaliadas (com e sem fricção) com o uso do detergente enzimático; com a água, na presença de fricção (pull thru e escovas de cerdas); e com detergente alcalino, apenas com o método de limpeza com escovas de cerdas (p<0,05). Para a remoção de bactérias em BBF-5, formados em canais de PTFE, não houve diferença da eficácia para a remoção de PA entre o detergente enzimático e o alcalino, em ambas situações, todos os procedimentos avaliados foram eficazes (p<0,05), enquanto que a água foi ineficaz para remoção de PA apenas na ausência de fricção (p>0,05). Para a remoção de EF em BBF-5, o detergente enzimático e a água foram eficazes em todas situações avaliadas; o detergente alcalino, foi eficaz na presença de fricção com o dispositivo pull thru e escovas de cerdas (p<0,05). Testes de ATP, proteína e carboidrato foram incapazes de detectar biofilme. Conclusão: Água potável de torneira, detergente com enzimas e detergente alcalino sem enzimas foram eficazes para a completa remoção de BBF-5 e TBF-5 na presença de fricção (pull thru ou escova com cerdas) durante a limpeza. Na ausência de fricção, detergente enzimático apresentou maior habilidade para remover E. faecalis de TBF-5 e BBF-5, detergente alcalino para remover P. aeruginosa e a água não foi eficaz para a remoção de ambos microrganismos. Glutaraldeído destruiu bactérias remanescente após a maioria das combinações de limpeza avaliadas. / Background: Biofilm is the accumulation of microorganisms enclosed in an extracellular matrix. Traditional biofilm (TBF) develops under continuous hydration whereas buildup biofilm (BBF) develops on medical devices that are exposed to repeated cycles of soiling, cleaning, disinfection and drying. Objetive: to evaluat the impact of detergent and friction on BBF-5 and and TBF-5 removal from PTFE channels as well as the killing efficacy of glutaraldehyde post cleaning. Methods: BBF-5 was developed by repeated rounds over five days of exposure to bacteria, cleaning, high level disinfection (HLD), rinsing and drying of the inner surface of new polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) channels. Artificial Test Soil (ATS) containing 108CFU/ml of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), and Enterococcus faecalis (EF) was used for the bacterial exposure. The same process was used to develop TBF-5, however the HLD step was omitted. Cleaning with enzymatic and alkaline detergents, bristle brush and pull thru cleaner were compared to a water-flush only to determine BBF-5 and TBF-5 removal. The residual organic and microbial levels were tested using carbohydrate, and protein assays as well viable count, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing. Kruskal-Wallis test and the post hoc Dunn-Bonferroni analysis were performed. Results: There was not a statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) between the amount of EF and PA in the channels with TBF-5 and BBF-5. There was not a difference in efficacy for the removal of PA in TBF- 5 between the enzymatic detergent and water and in both situations, only cleaning was not effective (p>0.05) in the absence of friction (flush). Furthermore, the alkaline detergent, associated with all cleaning procedures (absence and presence of friction) and DAN, was effective for the removal of PA. For removal of EF in TBF-5, cleaning efficacy was achieved in all procedures evaluated (with and without friction) with the use of enzymatic detergent; with water in the presence of friction (pull thru and bristle brushes); and an alkaline detergent, the only method of cleaning brushes with bristles (p<0.05). For the removal of bacteria in BBF-5 formed on PTFE channels, there was not a difference in efficacy for PA removal of the enzymatic and alkalyne detergent and in both situations, all procedures were evaluated effective (p<0.05 ), while water was ineffective for PA removal only in the absence of friction (p>0.05). For EF removal on BEF-5, the enzymatic detergent and water were evaluated effective in all situations; alkaline detergent, was effective in the presence of friction with the pull thru device and bristle brushes (p<0.05). ATP, protein and carbohydrate testing were unable to detect biofilm. Conclusion: Tap water, enzymatic and alkaline detergent were effective for complete BBF-5 and TBF-5 removal in the presence of friction (pull thru or bristle brush) and a flushing pump during the cleaning. Without friction, enzymatic detergent was more effective for EF removal of TBF-5 and BBF-5, alkalyne detergent was more effective for PA removal and water was not effective for both types of bacterial removal. Glutaraldehyde effectively killed the remaining microorganisms after some cleaning combinations were tested.