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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Školní z(ne)hodnocení / (D)Evaluation at School

Poljaková, Tereza January 2021 (has links)
The diploma thesis (D)evaluation at School deals with the phenomenon of evaluation in the school environment in a broader sense. It focuses in particular on the psychosocial context of evaluation processes. It is a qualitative study focusing on diffrent forms of assessment by teaching staff and their influence on the behaviour of pupils. The study is based on data collected at several school institutions and is mainly based on hundreds of hours of observation and dozens of interviews. Most of the evaluation methods described in the thesis are part of the so- called hidden curriculum of the school and are often not reflected by the teaching staff. These are in particular different types of assessments from position of power, which can negatively affect the class climate and also have a potentially destructive effect on the development of pupils' personality. The thesis is devoted, of course, to more appropriate, respectful methods of evaluation. But it also points to the fact that even such assessments are no guarantee that pupils' behaviour will be disciplined and cooperative. The thesis discusses various modes of pupil responses to power and respectful evaluations by teaching staff, depending on the type of tune-up class as a social group. The main aim of the thesis is to highlight the gap between theory...
82

L’amygdale et la réponse aux stimuli associés aux récompenses : rôle des récepteurs glutamatergiques métabotropes du groupe II

Garceau, Caroline 08 1900 (has links)
Les stimuli conditionnés (CS) guident les animaux vers des récompenses essentielles à leur survie, telle que la quête de nourriture et d'eau. Ils peuvent également promouvoir la poursuite excessive de récompense, comme dans l’addiction. La transmission glutamatergique dans l’amygdale basolatérale (BLA) régule les effets des CS. Cependant, le rôle des récepteurs glutamatergiques métabotropes du groupe II (mGlu2/3) de la BLA est inconnu. Les mGlu2/3 sont principalement localisés au niveau extrasynaptique sur les terminaisons neuronales. L’activation de ces récepteurs diminue la libération synaptique de glutamate. Ainsi, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que l'activation des mGlu2/3 dans la BLA diminue la capacité des CS à potentialiser la recherche de récompense via la réduction de la libération de glutamate. La méthode de transfert Pavlovien-à-instrumental (PIT) a été utilisée pour tester cette hypothèse. Nous avons d'abord confirmé un effet PIT chez des rats mâles. Les rats ont initialement appris à appuyer sur un levier pour obtenir de l’eau comme récompense. Ils ont ensuite appris qu'un stimulus auditif (CS+) prédit la livraison non-contingente d'eau, tandis qu’un stimulus auditif différent (CS-) ne signale aucune récompense. Le jour du test PIT, les rats ont pu appuyer sur le levier sous extinction (eau omise) et nous avons évalué l’influence des CS+ et CS- sur ce comportement. Les rats ont appuyé davantage sur le levier pendant le CS+ comparé au CS-, indiquant que le CS+ incite les rats à rechercher la récompense. Chez un nouveau groupe de rats mâles, les mêmes méthodes ont été appliquées avec un agoniste des mGlu2/3, le LY379268 (0, 3 ou 6 μg/hémisphère) injecté dans la BLA avant le test PIT. Le LY379268 a diminué la capacité du CS+ à inciter l’appui sur le levier. Dans une dernière étude, nous avons examiné l’influence d’une administration systémique de LY379268 (0, 0.3 ou 1 mg/kg, sous-cutanée) sur l’effet PIT chez un groupe de rats mâles et femelles. Les effets motivationnels du CS+ sur la recherche de récompense étaient similaires entre les rats mâles et femelles. De plus, l’injection systémique de LY379268 a diminué ces effets chez les deux sexes. Ces résultats indiquent que les mGlu2/3 régulent les propriétés motivationnelles des CS chez les deux sexes. / Conditioned stimuli (CS) guide animals towards rewards needed for survival, such as food and water. In parallel, they can also promote maladaptive reward seeking, as in addiction. Glutamate signaling within the basolateral amygdala (BLA) modulates the effects of cues. However, the role of metabotropic group II glutamate (mGlu2/3) receptors in the BLA is unknown. mGlu2/3 are localized predominantly extrasynaptically on presynaptic terminals. The activation of these receptors suppresses synaptic glutamate release. Thus, we hypothesized that activating BLA mGlu2/3 receptors would attenuate cue-triggered increases in incentive motivation for reward, via reduced glutamate release. The Pavlovian-to-Instrumental transfer (PIT) method was used to test this hypothesis. We first confirmed a PIT effect in a cohort of male rats. Rats initially learned to press a lever to obtain a water reward. Then, they learned that one auditory cue predicts noncontingent delivery of water (CS+), while a second different auditory cue does not (CS-). On PIT test day, the rats could lever press under extinction (water deliveries omitted), and we assessed changes in lever pressing in response to CS+ and CS-. The rats pressed more on the lever during CS+ versus CS-, indicating cue-triggered potentiation of incentive motivation. In a separate cohort of male rats, the methods were repeated with the mGlu2/3 agonist LY379268 (0, 3 or 6 μg/hemisphere) infused into the BLA prior to PIT testing. LY379268 abolished CS+ potentiated pressing on the water-associated lever. In a last study, we examined the influence of systemic administration of LY379268 (0, 0.3 or 1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) on PIT, in a cohort of female and male rats. We found that cue-triggered increases in incentive motivation was similar across sexes, and that systemic injection of LY379268 decreased this effect in both sexes. These results indicate that mGlu2/3 receptors mediate the motivational effects of cues in both sexes.
83

Construction de l’individu - Construction de la peinture : pour une éthique de la création : le rater comme vecteur d’expression et de structuration de l’être / Construction of the individual - Construction of the painting : for an ethics of creation : the “Missing” as an expression vector and structure to be

Guevel, Nathalie 17 November 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse présente un projet de recherche création et recherche action dont l'axe principal questionne le rapport entre le processus identitaire à l’oeuvre dans l’activité picturale. Un lieu interne d'expérimentations devient « espace » de la peinture qui n’est plus abordée d’un point de vue esthétique mais sous un rapport subjectiviste et constructiviste. Ma démarche s’est construite autour d’un axe principal: le parallèle entre la construction de la peinture et la construction d'un individu devenu « sujet » créatif et autonome au sens où l'entend E. Kant. Ce rapport entre la pratique artistique et le processus d'individuation (tel que l'a défini C-G Jung) aboutit au paradoxe d’une « éthique de la relation » fondée sur un travail sur soi que j’ai approfondie pour proposer une théorie et une méthode pédagogique d’accompagnement en peinture. Accessible à tous, cette méthode accompagne des personnes en situation de handicap mental, de maladie psychique ou d’autisme, mais notre thèse engage une réflexion plus globale sur la peinture vécue par le corps « musical » comme vecteur de structure identitaire. Une nouvelle architecture de la peinture faite de « boues », de « dépôts », propose, comme appui à cette lecture musicale, des métaphores de renouvellement. Une théorie du rater se fait ici vecteur pédagogique. Elle se présente sous forme de jeux contre les principaux blocages privilégiant l’« imagination motrice » induite par la couleur et par la forme tant chez l’accompagnant que chez l’accompagné. Nous proposons un espace en peinture mutuellement constructeur permettant de sortir de la fermeture psychique et sociale parfois contrainte, pour s'ouvrir au monde et se transformer. / This thesis presents an action creation research project whose main axis analyses the relationship to the identity process at work in the pictorial activity. An internal locus of experimentation becomes a painting “space“which is no longer approached from an aesthetic point of view but more from a subjectivist and constructivist one. My approach is built around a main axis: the parallel between the construction of the painting and the construction of an individual become creative autonomous "subject" as E.Kant understands it. This relationship between artistic practice and the process of individuation (as defined by CG Jung) leads to the paradox of an "ethics of the relationship" based on self study that I have developed more thoroughly to provide both a theoretical framework and a teaching method in accompanying painting. Accessible to all, this method accompanies people with mental disability, mental illness or autism but our thesis undertakes a more comprehensive reflection on painting as embodied in a musical body as a vector of identity. A new architecture of painting as made up of "sludge", "deposits" supports this musical reading with metaphors of renewal. A theory of miss is seen here as an educational vector. It comes in the form of games against major obstacles favoring the “motor imagination” induced by shape and color both in the one that is accompanying and the one accompanied. We offer a mutually constructive painting space as a way out of psychological, sometimes social closure and stress, to open up to the world and transform ourselves.
84

Sterling and the stability of the International Monetary System, 1944-1971

Naef, Alain January 2019 (has links)
This dissertation studies the role of sterling during the Bretton Woods period (1944-1971). The Bretton Woods system has often been described as a dollar system with sterling having lost its relevance as reserve currency. However, despite being a secondary reserve currency and having lost importance, sterling was the 'first line of defence for the dollar' as contemporaries put it. They frequently stressed the fact that a sterling crisis would have consequences on the stability of the Bretton Woods system but economic historians have never tested this empirically. This dissertation argues that sterling played an important role in the stability of the international monetary system. Foreign exchange market participants globally monitored sterling and US policymaker stepped in to avoid devaluation of the British currency. US support to sterling was mainly due to the fear of a British devaluation, which could trigger a run on the dollar. When the UK finally devalued the pound in 1967, it marked the beginning of an instable period for the international monetary system. The Gold Pool, a syndicate to defend the US gold parity, collapsed in 1968 and this prefigured the end of the Bretton Woods system. This dissertation presents new data along with novel archival material from seven archives across continents to demonstrate how contagion from sterling to the dollar occurred. Modern econometric methods are used to analyse a new dataset with over 80,000 observations of offshore exchange rates, central bank intervention and reserves. This evidence shows that a secondary reserve currency can still play a key role in the stability of the international monetary system.
85

探討空間記憶之神經行為機制 / Investigation of the Neurobehavioral Mechanisms Underlying Spatial Memory

林建佑 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以神經毒素ibotenic acid破壞不同尾核區域以及鋰鹽去價值程序為操弄變項,觀測此兩種實驗操弄對於大鼠之迷津行為之影響,進而探討標誌系統之行為內涵及神經機制。實驗所採用的作業為線索學習作業以及自我中心作業,分別代表標誌系統下的線索導引策略及體位導向策略。實驗一及實驗二在於檢驗尾核功能缺損對於大鼠迷津行為之影響,從探測嘗試發現大鼠在線索學習的行為表現需依賴砂紙線索的導引,而在自我中心作業之行為則不以環境刺激為依據(實驗一A、二A),顯示大鼠在各迷津作業的行為符合標誌系統的運作原則。神經機制之操弄結果顯示在記憶習得階段,尾核破壞之受試在線索學習作業上的表現並沒有顯著變差,尾核功能缺損並未導致學習的延宕或阻斷,其進步的速度仍與控制組相同(實驗一B)。相較於線索學習作業,尾核破壞之受試在自我中心作業上的表現則明顯變差,幾乎沒有進步的趨勢(實驗二B)。而在記憶保持階段,不管是線索學習作業或自我中心作業之表現皆會因尾核破壞而顯著變差(實驗一C、二C)。實驗三及實驗四則利用鋰鹽去價值程序降低食餌之誘因價值,觀測大鼠行為有無相對應改變。結果發現去價值程序的操弄只會影響到大鼠在自我中心作業的行為表現(實驗四),而不影響其在線索學習作業之行為(實驗三)。由此可知,兩種迷津作業所形成的記憶表徵是不同的,自我中心學習歷程會將增強物表徵在聯結單位中,而線索學習之習得歷程則不會。綜合上述實驗結果,標誌系統下確實有兩個不同空間行為機制,一個為線索導引策略,另一個為體位導向策略,雖皆受到尾核的調節,但調節的程度是不同的。不管是記憶習得或保持階段,尾核在體位導向策略的運作中皆扮演重要的角色,而在線索導引策略只參與了記憶保持歷程的運作。另外,兩個空間行為機制在學習內涵上也不盡相同,以線索導引策略為依據之空間行為會形成刺激反應(S-R)的聯結型態,而以體位導向策略為依據之空間行為則會形成反應及增強物(R-S*)聯結。 / This study investigated the neurobehavioral mechanisms of taxon system of spatial memory through manipulating lesions of subareas in the caudate nucleus by ibotenic acid and lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced reward devaluation. With respect to behavioral measurement in an eight-arm radial maze, a cue learning task and an egocentric task were used for testing the guidance and orientation hypotheses of taxon system, respectively. Data from probing procedures showed that the performance of rats in the cue learning task was impaired when the cue was removed, but the performance in the egocentric task was not affected by changing the context (Experiments 1A and 2A). These results indicate that behavior reactions in two tasks are corresponding to those two operational principles of taxon system. In terms of the acquisition, deficits were significantly produced by the lesion of the dorsomedial caudate on egocentric task, while the ibotenate lesions did not affect cue learning task (Experiments 1B and 2B). For retention test, the performances in both cue learning and egocentric tasks were impaired by dorsomedial caudate lesion, no such impairment was observed from dorsolateral and posterolateral caudate lesions (Experiments 1C and 2C). In the third and fourth experiments, LiCl devaluation procedure was employed to lower the reward value of the bait in the maze. This manipulation significantly impaired the performance of egocentric task but not that of the cue learning task. These results indicate that the memory representations in the two tasks used in the present study are different. The memory representation in the egocentric task contains the reinforcer, whereas that in the cue learning task is not necessarily relevant to the reinforcer. In conclusion, the guidance and orientation hypotheses can be differentiated as behavioral mechanisms existing in the taxon system of spatial memory. Although the caudate nucleus is critically important for the operation of both hypotheses, the degrees of this brain site to get involved are different. The caudate nucleus participates in the acquisition and retention of orientation hypothesis, but only in the retention of guidance hypothesis. In addition, behavioral performance of the spatial memory using guidance hypothesis is based on forming the association of stimulus and response (S-R), while that using orientation hypothesis is based on forming the association of response and reinforcer (R-S*).
86

Les relations entre le trésor public francais et les banques centrales de la zone franc / The monetary agreements of France and the CFA franc zone

Nkodia Kibo, Mathat 13 March 2014 (has links)
Les rapports entre le Trésor français et les banques centrales africaines de la zone franc sont fondés sur la garantie de convertibilité externe que la France accorde aux francs CFA. De la sorte, le Trésor français convertit de manière illimitée les francs CFA en euro et en d’autres monnaies. Par ailleurs, la BCEAO et la BEAC sont protégées contre le risque d’épuisement des réserves de change car, elles peuvent puiser théoriquement de façon illimitée en cas de rupture de changes sur les réserves françaises. La mise en oeuvre de cette solidarité repose sur un mécanisme particulier appelé : comptes d’opérations. Hérité de la période coloniale, ce principe oblige les instituts d’émission africains en vertu des accords de coopération monétaire signés avec la France au lendemain des indépendances et rénovés en 1972 et 1973, à déposer 65 % de leurs réserves de change sur ces comptes. Cette quotité a été ramenée depuis la réforme de 2005 à 50%. Le Trésor français verse des intérêts à ces comptes lorsqu’ils sont créditeurs alors qu’il prélève des intérêts en cas de débit. Cette coopération vise deux objectifs principaux : la solidarité monétaire et le développement économique par le biais d’une solidarité monétaire sécurisée. Cette coopération a donné naissance à des institutions qui oeuvrent en vue d’atteindre ces objectifs. Lors de l’adoption de l’euro à l’échelle européenne en 1999, la France a pu obtenir de ses partenaires européens la reconnaissance de la nature budgétaire des accords qui la lient à ses anciennes possessions d’Afrique pour continuer à garantir les francs CFA. Cette coopération comporte cependant beaucoup d’inconvénients qui incitent au dépassement du cadre actuel. / The monetary agreements of France and the CFA franc zone are based on the permanent free convertibility of the CFA. In this case, the French Treasury supports the free convertibility of the CFA franc into Euros and other currencies with a fixed change rate. The BCEAO and the BEAC accordingly cannot suffer from the lack of changes risk for, they are both guaranteed by France. Such a parity and interdependence principles inherited from the colonial period was renewed in the 1960's up to 2005 reforms. The main goals of this cooperation are the economical development and monetary solidarity safety. Some institutions have been created in order to achieve those goals. In anticipation of the coming of the Euro in 1999, the competent French authorities convinced the European Union to maintain the monetary agreements France has with the African countries using the CFA currency. Nevertheless, such agreements compound some shortcomings which require new ideas.

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