Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-147).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-228).

This dissertation investigates the effects of exchange rate devaluation on non-mining exports in Botswana over the period 1984-2012 and the exchange rate pass-through effect to consumer prices. The economy of Botswana is significantly dependent on mineral exports, particularly the diamond. The dominance and over-reliance on diamond exports in the economy has led to low levels of economic diversification. Bank of Botswana has over the years devalued the pula, in attempt to stimulate growth of non-mining export industries and to enhance non-mining export competitiveness. However, raising export competitiveness this way may be inflationary and have no significant effect on non-mining exports. The study investigates the existence of cointegration between real effective exchange rate and the non-mining exports using the Johansen method of cointegration. The vector error correction model is used, to examine the short-run dynamics of the model. The results suggest that a positive long-run relationship exists between real effective exchange rate and Botswana’s non-mining exports. The results of the exchange rate pass-through suggest that nominal exchange rate has a short term relationship with consumer prices in Botswana. However this relationship does not hold over the long run.

This thesis looks into reasons for devaluation of patient by medical staff. Main objective of the paper is to point at risk factors and summarize present knowledge about devaluation in hospitals. Devaluation manner is behavior, which decreases patient personality and his self-confidence, ignores his needs, opinions and requirements. Actually we had three main tasks in this thesis. To find out, if patients are more devaluated by mistakes in direct medical care and more specifically, if they are more often victims of denying taking care about their biological needs and if patients older than 60 years are more frequent devaluated than others. We focused on demarcation of single characteristics and aspects of this well known risk in behavior, mainly occurred by secondary medical staff. Essential knowledge of this topic are in the theoretical part, which assign attainment about devaluation and evaluation from other researches. Exploration survey was done by two methods. First was statistical research, in which medical staff answers about questions in non-standardized questionnaire. Outcome of this survey was making of tables and after their elaboration into column and sector graphs. Second research method was directed structured interview with hospitalized patients. For elaboration was used Q-methodology and answers of respondents were summarized into graphs. We had three hypotheses. H1: Hospitalized patients are more devaluated by mistakes in direct medical care than by badly interpreted communication. H2: If there are mistakes in direct medical care more often is devaluation by denying taking care about biological needs. H3: Devaluation is more problem of patients older than 60 years. Thank to research we know that hospitalized patients are not more devaluated by making mistakes in direct medical care. However if this mistakes appears denying of taking care about patient biological needs is more often type of devaluation. Third and last hypothesis didn't prove that patient older than 60 years are more frequently devaluated than others. Main benefits of this thesis are summary of knowledge about this behavior and deeper look into this problematic. Simultaneously findings that main devaluation in providing direct care is denying taking care about patient biological needs, which formulate in 1943 A. H. Maslow, is crucial. Legacy of this American psychologist is more than recent and shouldn't be ignored in today's medical practice. Overall thesis collects information from different Czech and foreign resources and completely and clearly describes risks and consequences of devaluation.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar teórica e empiricamente o repasse das oscilações cambiais para os níveis de preços no Brasil, através da estimação do pass-through. O período analisado foi de 1994 a 2014, com foco no período de taxa de câmbio flexível. O pass-throughfoi estimado em duas abordagens distintas, através de um OLS em janelas fixas (rollingwindows) onde os parâmetros são fixos no tempo e através de um modelo com parâmetros variáveis no tempo, pelo Filtro de Kalman. Os resultados apresentaram evidências de uma queda do repasse com a adoção do regime de câmbio flutuante, um repasse cambial menor após apreciações do que após depreciações eque reações do IGP-DI do IPA são mais rápidas e intensas a choques da taxa de câmbio que o IPCA. / This dissertation analyzed theoretically and empirically the pass-through from exchange ratetoinflationin Brazil. The analyzed period extends from 1994 to 2014, focusing on the floating exchange rate regime. Two methodologies were employed: i) an OLS through rolling windowsin which the parameters are fixed in time and ii) aKalman filter, with varying-parameters. The results suggested a lower pass-through since the adoption of a floating exchange rate regime andalso a lower pass-through after an appreciation then after depreciations. In addition, responses of the IGP-DI and IPAfrom exchange rate shocks are faster and more intense thanthose of IPCA.

The question of why individuals value identities like race and gender is a contested one. Scholars in the Reflected Appraisals tradition argue that members of minority groups experience identity devaluation and minority stress (Hacker 1992; Harris 1993; Meyer 1995; Tatum 1997; Hoff-Sommers 2000; McIntyre 2002) and come to value their identities less in empirical terms than do members of equivalent majority groups (Harris 1993; Hacker 1995). The thesis here is that the values individuals place upon in-group identities are determined by the prestige and power of their in-groups (Cornell and Hartmann 2006: 60). This argument has been advanced often in both domestic and multi-national contexts (Spinner-Halev and Theiss-Morse 2003), but several rigorous empirical tests so far fail to support it (Charles 2003). My dissertation is a comprehensive test of the hypothesis that membership in a minority in-group predicts lowered valuation of in-group identity. I employ ordinal and List Experiment surveys to determine whether members of four minority groups value their identities less than members of the equivalent majority groups (racial, sexual, heterosexual, religious) in terms of (1) placing lower monetary values upon them and (2) being hypothetically more willing to change them. My hypothesis is that identity valuation will not be status dependent: minority status will not generally correlate to a significant degree with lowered identity valuation, as development of oppositional identities allows minorities to value themselves despite potential discrimination (Stern 1995; Simein 2005). This thesis was largely although not totally confirmed. With several exceptions during my List Experiment research, American racial minority status does not correlate with lowered valuation of racial identity, and female sex does not correlate with lowered valuation of gender identity. Religious minorities do not generally value their religious identities less than Protestant Christians, to a statistically significant degree. However, I did find consistent negative and usually significant correlations between LGBT status and lowered valuation of sexual orientation. List Experiment results also indicate that whites may be less honest about their levels of in-group identification than are minorities.

The thesis deals with the issue of devaluation of persons by medical and paramedical employees. Health service is the field in which the human dignity should be respected. The devaluation of men/women occurs during social contacts and even in health service, situations leading to devaluation may occur due to unconscious and unaware communication. For mutual contacts of the (para)medical employee and the patient, not only a good knowledge of psychology, but first of all the ability to apply adequately communication skills in practice is necessary. The patient should not represent for medical staff only diagnosis, but first of all he/she should be seen as a human being. Behavior of (para)medical employees should be supporting and strengthening, it should not only contribute to a quick recovery, but also to the psychological balance and well-being of patients. Three goals were postulated for the purposes of this thesis. The first goal was to find out if the devaluation of men/women by a (para)medical employee occurs during the hospitalization. It follows from the results of the research that situations of patient devaluation by the medical employee occur really. The purpose of the second goal was to find out the ways of person devaluation during the hospitalization. It follows from the investigation that the devaluation may take place in different ways. The research questions cover practically with this goal. The most frequent way of devaluation is unsuitably conducted communication of medical employees. The third goal was to find out if the medical staff has an impact on the devaluation of man. Patients do not have experience with an arrogant behavior but consider it as devaluing. It was found out by the investigation that the personal staff has an affects the devaluation of man because individual members of the nursing team contributes to the devaluation of the patient. These, was confirmed by the answers of patients in quantitative research. The respondents believe that the number of the medical staff rather does not support evaluation of the patients. It can be concluded that the personal staff in some way affects the devaluation.

Aggregate demand is influenced by the functional income distribution of an economy and that of its trading partners. This relationship between income distribution and output is analyzed in a short-run two-country Neo-Kaleckian model. The effects of devaluation and redistribution are discussed in detail. Trade and redistribution within one country interact and output increases or decreases with changes in either depending on the specific distributional and exchange rate movements. The Marshall-Lerner condition is shown to be equivalent to the assumption of expansionary devaluation. If devaluation increases output, national redistribution policy toward wage earners is also more likely to be expansionary. (author's abstract) / Series: Ecological Economic Papers

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar teórica e empiricamente o repasse das oscilações cambiais para os níveis de preços no Brasil, através da estimação do pass-through. O período analisado foi de 1994 a 2014, com foco no período de taxa de câmbio flexível. O pass-throughfoi estimado em duas abordagens distintas, através de um OLS em janelas fixas (rollingwindows) onde os parâmetros são fixos no tempo e através de um modelo com parâmetros variáveis no tempo, pelo Filtro de Kalman. Os resultados apresentaram evidências de uma queda do repasse com a adoção do regime de câmbio flutuante, um repasse cambial menor após apreciações do que após depreciações eque reações do IGP-DI do IPA são mais rápidas e intensas a choques da taxa de câmbio que o IPCA. / This dissertation analyzed theoretically and empirically the pass-through from exchange ratetoinflationin Brazil. The analyzed period extends from 1994 to 2014, focusing on the floating exchange rate regime. Two methodologies were employed: i) an OLS through rolling windowsin which the parameters are fixed in time and ii) aKalman filter, with varying-parameters. The results suggested a lower pass-through since the adoption of a floating exchange rate regime andalso a lower pass-through after an appreciation then after depreciations. In addition, responses of the IGP-DI and IPAfrom exchange rate shocks are faster and more intense thanthose of IPCA.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar teórica e empiricamente o repasse das oscilações cambiais para os níveis de preços no Brasil, através da estimação do pass-through. O período analisado foi de 1994 a 2014, com foco no período de taxa de câmbio flexível. O pass-throughfoi estimado em duas abordagens distintas, através de um OLS em janelas fixas (rollingwindows) onde os parâmetros são fixos no tempo e através de um modelo com parâmetros variáveis no tempo, pelo Filtro de Kalman. Os resultados apresentaram evidências de uma queda do repasse com a adoção do regime de câmbio flutuante, um repasse cambial menor após apreciações do que após depreciações eque reações do IGP-DI do IPA são mais rápidas e intensas a choques da taxa de câmbio que o IPCA. / This dissertation analyzed theoretically and empirically the pass-through from exchange ratetoinflationin Brazil. The analyzed period extends from 1994 to 2014, focusing on the floating exchange rate regime. Two methodologies were employed: i) an OLS through rolling windowsin which the parameters are fixed in time and ii) aKalman filter, with varying-parameters. The results suggested a lower pass-through since the adoption of a floating exchange rate regime andalso a lower pass-through after an appreciation then after depreciations. In addition, responses of the IGP-DI and IPAfrom exchange rate shocks are faster and more intense thanthose of IPCA.