Millions of men, as a result of the natural aging process, injury, illness, and medical therapies, experience a decline in testosterone levels that necessitate a need for testosterone supplementation therapy (TST). The signs and symptoms of testosterone decline may occur gradually, and low testosterone levels may be misdiagnosed as other medical conditions. Over the past two decades, there has been an increase in testing of testosterone levels and the use of TST. With so many men now on TST, it is essential for health care professionals to know the signs and symptoms, the causes of testosterone decline, how testosterone deficiency is diagnosed, what pathological changes are associated with testosterone decline, and the benefits and risks of TST. In addition, health care providers need to be aware of the various forms of testosterone available as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each. This article provides a brief overview of testosterone deficiency, TST treatment options and guidelines, and the risks and benefits associated with of TST.

Sport development is an emerging discipline in sport management due in part to the popular, normative associations between sport and its beneficial outcomes. However, concerns on how sport is used and designed as well as the miscomprehension of the word development cloud sport's utilitarian prospectus. Although research has started to address these concerns in youth and adolescent forums, research on adults using sport for developmental purposes is widely ignored. With life expectancy growing, the pressure to sustain living quality in late adulthood has become almost unmanageable. Maintaining quality of life in late adulthood is difficult. Drawing from human development and aging literature, quality of life is still possible in light of the challenges presented by multiple developmental forces. Developmental trajectories are the products of net gains and losses over the life course and are influenced by transitional events and the ability in people to adapt to them. In addition, development is both cumulative and innovative, which affirms that people in later stages of life can still develop. In order to do this, gerontological and psychological research argue that resources are key in the achievement of positive outcomes. However, research understanding mechanisms that affect resources that produce positive gains is still in its infancy. Hence, I constructed a dissertation with two studies using a multi-method approach to ascertain the role and efficacy of sport participation on the transitional process that undergirds the developmental trajectory. The impetus for this approach was to examine the utility of sport as a developmental force adults could consider in improving their overall quality of life. Study 1 used a life-history, qualitative method that reveals sports' role as an influential resource provider during life event transitions across a person's life. Data show that sport was believed to aid in the adaptation process that provided distinct benefits that other activities or support structures could not match or replicate easily. Study 2 used structural equation modeling to specify the magnitude of sport's role on resources during a specific transitional event that most adults will experience: retirement from the workforce. Quantitative evidence from this study yields support that sport participation can positively impact resources and retirement well-being directly. Both studies supply substantiation for the argument that sport participation can act as a positive developmental force for adults by assisting with the recruitment of resources and acting as a resource provider which affords adaptation assistance in transitions. The combined results demonstrate how sport may be viewed as a developmental tool which has practical implications for sport development and managers wishing to design sport for this purpose. In addition, the common assumption that sport development programming should be geared exclusively toward youth and adolescents is dismissed. This dissertation provides theoretical and empirical justification for creating positive adult developmental programming in sport. / text

<p>U radu se razmatraju demografski problemi regije Hercegovine s posebnim osvrtom na Zapadnohercegovačku županiju te njihov uticaj na morfolo&scaron;ko-funkcionalne promene naselja (gradova s pripadajućim naseljenim mestima) u pedesetogodi&scaron;njem &nbsp; vremenskom periodu,&nbsp; s naglaskom za vremenski period od&nbsp; 1961.&nbsp; do 2011. godine. &nbsp;Područje koje se analizira u ovome radu odnosi se na područje koje je funkcionalno vezano za Zapadnohercegovačku županiju, jednu od deset kantona/županija u FBiH. &nbsp;Proučavani prostor obuhvata 100 naseljenih mesta (četiri gradska naselja). U radu se analizira demografski razvitak, te međusobna povezanost demografskog i socio-ekonomskog razvitka naselja na području&nbsp;Zapadnohercegovačke županije te funkcionalno-morfolo&scaron;ke promene naselja. Zapadnohercegovačka županija tradicionalno je emigracijsko područje koje&nbsp;je već decenijama zahvaćeno procesom depopulacije. &Scaron;ire je područje značajnije počelo&nbsp;&nbsp; izumirati nakon Drugog svetskog rata, dok su&nbsp; gradski prostor i njegova okolina, inače centri imigracija, stvarali područja i žari&scaron;ta ekonomskog i op&scaron;teg razvitka Zapadnohercegovačke županije.&nbsp;Depopulaciju je u &nbsp;naseljenim mestima planinskog&nbsp; dela Županije (brdski prostori) pratilo napu&scaron;tanje tradicionalnih privrednih aktivnosti (u prvom redu zemljoradnje&nbsp; i stočarstva), do&scaron;lo je do pojave socijalnog pusto&scaron;enja, promena u krajoliku te&nbsp;izumiranja pojedinih naselja. Najznačajniji uticaj imali su znatno iseljavanje&nbsp; stanovni&scaron;tva u drugoj polovini 20. veka, direktne i indirektne posledice dvaju svetskih ratova, zatim različite epidemije, agrarna reforma, ekonomske krize koje su se u&nbsp;nekoliko navrata javljale tokom 20. veka. Tome su&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pridoneli i ostali faktori, kao &scaron;to su ekonomska emigracija od sredine &scaron;ezdesetih godina 20. veka, urbanizacija, industrijalizacija te snažan razvitak sredi&scaron;njih i prigradskih &nbsp;naselja. Deagrarizacija i&nbsp;deruralizacija, tranzicija nataliteta, rat na području Bosne i Hercegovine u prvoj polovini devedesetih godina 20. veka, te neprimerena populaciona politika,&nbsp; ostavile su traga na ovim područjima.&nbsp; S obzirom na dominantne demografske trendove u&nbsp;Županiji može se pretpostaviti da će reprodukcija, odnosno obnavljanje radne snage u budućnosti biti smanjeno. Naime, na navedenu će činjenicu uticati smanjenje stope prirodnog kretanja stanovni&scaron;tva prisutno na području &nbsp;Zapadnohercegovačke županije&nbsp; već nekoliko decenija, &scaron;to znači da će se smanjenje broja mladih stanovnika negativno odraziti na obim radne snage.&nbsp;</p><p>Depopulacija ima negativne posledice na funkcije naselja te na morfologiju naselja. U pojedinim naseljima je do&scaron;lo do promene u njihovoj strukturi i obliku osnove naselja, a gotovo sva naselja u Županiji imaju promene u fizionomiji.</p> / <p>This paper discusses the demographic problems of the region Herzegovina with special reference to the West Herzegovina County and their impact on the morphological and functional changes of settlements (cities with the belonging populated areas) in fifty years time, with particular emphasis on the period&nbsp;from 1961 to 2011. The area that is analyzed in this paper refers to the area that is functionally related to the West Herzegovina County, one of ten cantons/counties in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The studied area covers 100 settlements (four &nbsp;urban settlements). The paper analyzes the demographic development andinterconnection of demographic and socio&nbsp; -economic development of settlements &nbsp;in theWest&nbsp; Herzegovina&nbsp; County and functional and morphological changes of settlements.</p><p>West Herzegovina County&nbsp; is a traditional&nbsp; emigration area that has been affected by the process of depopulation for decades. Wider area&nbsp;began depopulating after World &nbsp;War II, while the urban area and its surroundings,&nbsp; which arein fact&nbsp; immigration centers, were creating areas and foci of economic and general development of West Herzegovina County. Depopulation in settled places of mountainous part of the County (mountain areas)&nbsp; was followed by the abandonment of traditional economic activities (primarily agriculture and animal husbandry).&nbsp;There&nbsp; was&nbsp; considerable social fallow as well as changes in the landscape and the extinction of some settlements. The emigration in the second half of the 20th century, the direct and indirect consequences of the two world wars, then various epidemics, agrarian reform, &nbsp;economic crises that have occurred on several occasions during the 20th century had &nbsp;the most significant influence on the depopulation in this area. Some &nbsp;other factors, such as the economic emigration from the mid-sixties of the 20th century, urbanization, industrialization and a strong development of central and suburban areas, contributed to this as well. Deagrarization and deruralization, fertility transition, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the first half of the nineties of the 20th &nbsp;century and inadequate population policy made their mark in this area.&nbsp;Concerning the dominant demographic trends in the County it can be assumed that the &nbsp;reproduction or recovery of the&nbsp; labor force in the future will be reduced. Namely, this fact will be&nbsp; affected by&nbsp; reduction in the rate of natural population&nbsp; growth that has been&nbsp; present in the area of&nbsp; West County for several decades, which&nbsp;means that the reduction in the &nbsp;number of young&nbsp;&nbsp; people has&nbsp; a negative impact on the volume of the &nbsp;labor force.</p><p>Depopulation has negative effects on the function of the village and the morphology of&nbsp;settlements. In some villages there is a change in their structure and form of the basics of the village, and almost all the villages in the County have a change in the &nbsp;physiognomy. The concentration of population and economic activities in urban and suburban area had also influence on the&nbsp; landscape change.&nbsp;Demographic processes, that have occurred in West County, affected the socio&nbsp; -&nbsp; economic,physiognomic and functional transformation of urban neighborhoods and some parts of the County.</p>

Mutually linked expression and methylation dynamics in the brain govern genome regulation over the whole lifetime with an impact on cognition, psychological disorders, and cancer. We performed a joint study of gene expression and DNA methylation of brain tissue originating from the human prefrontal cortex of individuals across the lifespan to describe changes in cellular programs and their regulation by epigenetic mechanisms. The analysis considers previous knowledge in terms of functional gene signatures and chromatin states derived from independent studies, aging profiles of a battery of chromatin modifying enzymes, and data of gliomas and neuropsychological disorders for a holistic view on the development and aging of the brain. Expression and methylation changes from babies to elderly adults decompose into different modes associated with the serial activation of (brain) developmental, learning, metabolic and inflammatory functions, where methylation in gene promoters mostly represses transcription. Expression of genes encoding methylome modifying enzymes is very diverse reflecting complex regulations during lifetime which also associates with the marked remodeling of chromatin between permissive and restrictive states. Data of brain cancer and psychotic disorders reveal footprints of pathophysiologies related to brain development and aging. Comparison of aging brains with gliomas supports the view that glioblastoma-like and astrocytoma-like tumors exhibit higher cellular plasticity activated in the developing healthy brain while oligodendrogliomas have a more stable differentiation hierarchy more resembling the aged brain. The balance and specific shifts between volatile and stable and between more irreversible and more plastic epigenomic networks govern the development and aging of healthy and diseased brain.

No description available.