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Thesis "Possibilities of Financing House-building in Czech Republic" analyses developers' apartment building projects in Czech Republic. It is divided into three parts: the first part deals with academic definition of developer's project and related legal aspects, the second part consists of analysis of two already realized developers' projects and in the third part there are solution proposals in the current situation of apartment building with respect to possible grants from public or European funds.

Orientador: Solange Maria Corder / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:12:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Velez-Agudelo_MariaIsabel_M.pdf: 3318065 bytes, checksum: 2ec555f41796cd165fd7dca8600120d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A política brasileira de CTI iniciou em fins da década de 90 um processo de reforma baseado na ampliação do marco legal de incentivo à inovação e na criação de fontes estáveis de recursos para a implementação das suas ações. A partir desses dois elementos principais deu-se a criação de um conjunto de instrumentos de fomento à PDI que teriam o propósito de contribuir para ampliar a capacidade de inovação das empresas visando ao aumento da competitividade. A operacionalização desse instrumentos (crédito com equalização de juros, subvenção econômica direta, fundos setoriais e capital de risco), vem sendo realizada pela Finep no marco das diretrizes colocadas pela política, a qual tem incluído dentre outras estratégias, a priorização setorial, que compartilha com a política industrial. O objetivo do presente trabalho é constatar como tem sido a evolução da Política de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação Brasileira (PCTI) em sua formulação e implementação a partir de dois elementos principais: a revisão dos documentos básicos através dos quais são formalizadas e divulgadas as orientações políticas nessa área e uma análise da operacionalização dos instrumentos de financiamento à PDI sob responsabilidade da Finep desde 1999. Busca-se, especificamente, verificar quais foram as prioridades estabelecidas para a CTI nos três últimos planos do governo federal e do MCT e como foi efetuada a alocação de recursos através dos instrumentos criados, procurando estabelecer sua sintonia com a dinâmica da indústria brasileira. Para tal é feita uma apresentação dos aspectos setoriais considerados mais relevantes, visando identificar aspectos da produção e do desempenho inovador que esbarram no aproveitamento e direcionamento dos recursos alocados pela Finep. Recorre-se, para a análise, à classificação industrial da OCDE estabelecida a partir das bases tecnológicas que determinam a competitividade dos diferentes setores industriais / Abstract: The Brazilian Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) began in the late 90s a reform process based on the expansion of the legal framework to encourage innovation and the creation of stable sources of funding for their actions. These main elements enabled the creation of a set of instruments for promoting R&D&I, which had the purpose of contributing to increase the innovation capacity of firms in order to rise their competitiveness. The operation of these financial instruments (loans with interest rate reduced, subvention, sectorial funds and venture capital), has been held by Finep, placed within the framework of the policy guidelines, which have included among others strategies, sectorial prioritization, also shared with the industrial policy. The aim of this study is to find out how has been the evolution of the Science, Technology and Innovation Brazilian Policy, based on two main elements: a review of basic documents through which are formalized and disclosed the policy guidelines in this area and an analysis of the operation of financial support instruments for R&D&I under the responsibility of Finep since 1999. The specific purpose is to determine the priorities established for STI in the last three ministerial and government plans and how was made the resource allocation through the instruments created, to establish their congruence with the dynamics of the Brazilian industry. To do so is made an presentation of the more relevant aspects of the sectorial dynamics of the industry, in order to identify aspects of production and innovation performance that concern the exploitation and targeting of the resources allocated by Finep. It is used for the analysis the OECD industrial classification founded on the technological bases that determine the competitiveness of each sector / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

The thesis presents the system of financing of the research and development in the Czech Republic, as well as issue of legislative. The dissertation provides us with the complete overview of financing of above mentioned areas of interests by the Departments together with the possibility of financing from EU resources. In conclusion there are suggested changes, which should improve the efficiency of the whole system - establishment of the independent Department of Science and Research, centralization of similar research institutes and clarification of the system of financing.

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Residential real estate development is a capital-intensive business with a lot of risks involved, particularly according to Swedish banks. Since the price fall and decreased consumer confidence on the housing market in 2017, banks have become considerably more restrictive with regards to their approval of construction credit, especially towards smaller and medium sized actors on the residential real estate development market. Due to this restrictive lending environment, small and medium sized developers are often forced to utilize equity capital to an extent that is unlikely to be optimal with regards to modern capital structure theories. The aim of this research paper was, therefore, to explore the financing issues within the sector, examine the financing options available to Swedish medium sized residential developers, and conclude what could be conducted differently by both financiers and developers within the sector to potentially resolve the suggested issue.  The method chosen to explore and examine the selected subject area was semi-structured interviews with highly experienced employees of medium sized developers located in Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish commercial banks and other alternative financiers active within the sphere of residential real estate development financing. The rationale behind involving both developers and financiers was to gain an understanding of the issue from different perspectives, and thus hear arguments and counter arguments for and against the current financing structure in order to find the most suitable potential improvements. The collected data from the interviews was thematically analyzed and discussed from a perspective of modern and established financial theory, such as the trade off theory and the pecking order theory, along with other relevant theoretical frameworks, such as anchoring, game theory and risk. What was found was that developers primarily have an issue with early project financing and moving capital efficiently between finished and starting projects. Paradoxically, it seems unlikely that developers currently operate in accordance with aforementioned established financial optimization theories due to them being financially conservative in an effort to signal financial strength to banks and be approved construction credit as a reward. Also, what was found was that there exists a lack of effective communication between banks and developers with regards to the development process and accompanied risks, leading to an even more restrictive bank due to the effects of asymmetric information. A potential improvement to the way in which developers currently structure their capital was suggested to be an involvement of alternative financiers in the short term in order to gain access to capital in the more sensitive stages of the development process, later refinancing the debt when possible, through the means of the traditional banking system. / Bostadsutveckling är en kapitalintensiv verksamhet med stora risker, särskilt enligt de svenska bankerna. Sedan prisfallet och det minskade konsumentförtroende för bostadsmarknaden 2017 har banker blivit betydligt mer restriktiva när det gäller godkännande av byggkredit, särskilt gentemot mindre och medelstora aktörer på bostadsmarknaden. På grund av denna restriktiva kredit-miljö tvingas små och medelstora utvecklare ofta att använda eget kapital i en utsträckning som sannolikt inte är optimal med hänsyn till moderna teorier om kapitalstruktur. Syftet med denna uppsats var därför att utforska finansieringsproblemen inom sektorn, undersöka finansieringsalternativen för svenska medelstora bostadsutvecklare och dra slutsatser om vad som kan göras annorlunda av både finansiärer och utvecklare inom sektorn för att eventuellt lösa det föreslagna problemet. Metoden som valts för att utforska och undersöka det valda ämnesområdet var halvstrukturerade intervjuer med mycket erfarna anställda från medelstora utvecklare i Stockholm, Sverige, svenska affärsbanker och andra alternativa finansiärer som är aktiva inom finansiering av bostadsutveckling. Motivet bakom att involvera både utvecklare och finansiärer var att få en förståelse för frågan ur flera olika perspektiv och därmed höra argument och motargument för och emot den nuvarande finansieringsstrukturen för att hitta de mest lämpliga potentiella förbättringarna. Den insamlade informationen från intervjuerna analyserades tematiskt och diskuterades utifrån modern och etablerad finansiell teori, såsom trade-off theory och pecking order-teorin. Därutöver analyserades och diskuterades informationen utifrån ytterligare ett antal relevanta teoretiska ramar, såsom förankringsteorin, spelteori och risk. Vad som konstaterades var att utvecklare främst har ett problem med tidig projektfinansiering samt att flytta kapital effektivt mellan färdiga och startande projekt. Paradoxalt nog verkar det osannolikt att utvecklare för närvarande arbetar i enlighet med tidigare nämnda etablerade finansiella optimeringsteorier på grund av att de är finansiellt konservativa i ett försök att signalera finansiell styrka till banker och tilldelas byggkredit som belöning. Vad som också konstaterades var att det saknas en effektiv kommunikation mellan banker och utvecklare när det gäller utvecklingsprocessen och åtföljande risker, vilket leder till en ännu mer restriktiv bank på grund av effekterna av asymmetrisk information. En potentiell förbättring av hur utvecklare för närvarande strukturerar sitt kapital föreslogs vara ett kortsiktigt involverande av alternativa finansiärer för att få tillgång till kapital i de känsligare stadierna av utvecklingsprocessen, för att senare refinansiera skulden när det är möjligt genom det traditionella banksystemet.

Cette thèse est articulée autour de deux questions centrales visant à expliquer pourquoi et comment devrait être organisée la Complémentarité entre les Banques et les institutions spécialisées dans la Microfinance (CBM), afin de financer efficacement le développement dans les pays de l’UEMOA : l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine. Les aspects bancaires de la théorie de rattrapage économique de Gerschenkron sont adaptés au contexte de la prépondérance de l’économie informelle dans l’UEMOA. L’analyse empirique montre, quant à elle, que les secteurs bancaires et microfinanciers de l’UEMOA sont respectivement réfractaires et peu performants - en termes de rentabilité et d’impact social - pour l’autonomisation du processus de CBM. Relativement à la mise en oeuvre de la CBM, le cadre néoinstitutionnaliste de l’hybridité de la firme est mobilisé en vue d’intégrer et d’expliciter le rôle de l’autorité publique vis-à-vis des acteurs financiers privés, dont ceux du « mobile banking ». Par ailleurs, les « best practices » internationales dans la microfinance servent également de références empiriques et typologiques aux pays de l’UEMOA, en vue d’une coordination publique indirecte ou directe de la CBM. / This thesis is based on two central questions whose purpose is to explain why and how the institutional complementarity should be organized between banks and microfinance institutions (MFIs) to effectively finance the development process of WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union) countries. The banking aspects of Gerschenkron’s catch-up theory are adapted to the large informal context of the WAEMU economies. At empirical level, the independent and private processes of Complementarity between Banks and Microfinance institutions (CBM) are scarce in WAEMU as long as banks avoid risks associated with adaptation to microfinance customers, and MFIs are not efficient for infrastructure modernization and expansion. Thus, to implement CBM processes, the neo-institutionalist framework of hybridity of the firm and the international best practices in microfinance are mobilized in order to clarify the role of public authorities towards private financial actors, including the mobile banking operators.

Orientadores: Sergio Luiz Monteiro Salles Filho, Carlos Americo Pacheco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Corder_SolangeMaria_D.pdf: 9001180 bytes, checksum: f1ca1adf3ce1a037f8b993a1f3d673ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é analisar os limites e as perspectivas dos incentivos e instrumentos de financiamento à ciência, tecnologia e inovação no Brasil, no período recente. Abordar os aspectos financeiros dos investimentos à inovação é fundamental no atual contexto no qual a inovação assume um papel central nas estratégias competitivas de empresas e países. O Brasil conta com uma estrutura bancária de dimensões significativas, mas o crédito privado é um instrumento que pouco tem contribuído para o financiamento dos investimentos produtivos e inovativos por motivos como baixa demanda, cenário macroeconômico desfavorável e postura conservadora deste segmento do mercado para financiar investimentos em que as incertezas e os riscos são maiores que no mercado financeiro. O mercado de capitais brasileiro, por sua vez, tem baixa representatividade no volume de negociações reutilizadas na esfera financeira, também contribuindo pouco para a produção e para a inovação, em parte pelo pequeno número de empresas que participam deste mercado, em parte pelos problemas institucionais e regulatórios por ele apresentados. Inovações importantes vêm ocorrendo nestes mercados no nível internacional, mas elas não têm sido proveitosas, ao menos no Brasil, para ampliar o aporte de recursos em P&D&I. Apesar de crescente, o capital de risco, ainda tem baixa expressividade nos investimentos desta natureza. Por sua vez, o governo criou recentemente, diversos instrumentos de incentivo, mas estes não cobrem com a mesma intensidade todas as etapas envolvidas no processo de inovação. Ao mesmo tempo, o uso dos recursos vem sendo dificultado, ou por problemas de contingenciamento, ou pelas dificuldades de gestão destes recursos. Ampliar o alcance destes instrumentos para que a atividade de inovação e o desenvolvimento da P&D seja uma prática nas empresas dos mais diversos setores é desejável, inclusive para ocupar o espaço não coberto pelo mercado, devido à mencionada atitude conservadora dos investidores para incorporar ativos desta natureza em seus portafólios, mesmo com a emergência dos mercados secundários, da securitização de títulos, dos derivativos, e demais instrumentos que permitem segregar riscos ou ampliar a liquidez dos papéis negociados tornando-os mais aceitáveis nos mercados primários. As principais conclusões deste trabalho apontam para a insuficiência dos incentivos e instrumentos criados pelo governo e para a necessidade de um melhor aproveitamento, por parte das agências de fomento, das oportunidades do mercado, seja por meio do aumento na sua participação direta e indireta em mercados de risco, seja por meio da criação de novos conceitos de financiamento, seja pela intensificação dos mecanismos existentes. É desejável que haja uma maior cooperação entre FINEP e BNDES, pois suas ações são complementares ou até mesmo se sobrepõem. Desse modo seria conformada uma sólida base de finance e funding aos investimentos inovativos até hoje escassa no Brasil. O crescimento sustentado da economia é, porém, condição indispensável para que, também pelo lado da demanda, haja um maior estimulo no tocante às decisões de investir, criando-se assim um círculo virtuoso para o investimento produtivo e inovativo / Abstract: This thesis aims to ana1yze the limits and perspectives of the science, tecbnology and innovation financing mechanisms and incentives in Brazil over recent years. It is fundamental to address the innovation aspects of investments financing in the present context where innovation plays a key role in countries' and enterprises' competitive strategies. Brazil has a significant large banking structure, but private credit has been of little importance on financing productive and innovative investments for reasons such as low demand, unfavorable macro-economic scenery and the conservative posture of the Brazilian banking segmento The Brazilian capital market, in tum, is underdeveloped and brings modest contributions to innovation and production: on one hand because of the smalI number of enterprises participating on that market, on the other hand for the regulatory and institutional problems it presents. Important innovations have been occurring on these markets international wise but, at least on Brazil, they have not been effective as to increase to R&D&I. Althougb it presents a tendency of growth, venture capital still has low participation in this sort of investment. The govemment, in tum, has recently created some incentive mechanisms but they do not cover alI the innovation process phases with the same intensity. Furthermore, these resources are quite hard to tap, either by their decreasing amount due to reduced availability, or by the difficulties managing public resources under current mIes. Widening these mechanisms application is imperative so that R&D&I activities can become common practice of alI business sectors. These new mechanisms would fill the gap left by the resistance conservative markets that investors maintain to these risk assets, even with the emergence of secondary markets, of security bonds, of derivatives, and other mechanisms that enable them to segregate risks and increase the commercial papers liquidity, making them more acceptable on primary markets. The most important conclusions of this work reveal insufficient govemment incentives and the need for a better use of market opportunities by Funding Agencies. This goal may be achieved either by incentives to increase their role on risk markets, by new finance program concepts or by a more intense use of the existing mechanisms. It would be desirable a more cooperative attitude between FINEP and BNDES because they actions are complementary and overlap themselves. This way it would be laid solidfinance andfimding groundwork for innovative investments, stilI deficient in Brazil. Sustained economic growth is an indispensable condition so we have, also in terms of demand, a stimulus to investment decisions, permitting the creation of a "virtuous circle" to productive and innovative investment / Doutorado / Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica