Members of Generation Y in the training and development industry will be required to assume leadership roles as Baby Boomers retire, yet little empirical research exists regarding how best to prepare them for leadership. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in leader developmental readiness between generational cohorts in the training industry, specifically Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. Leader developmental readiness provided a definition of developmental readiness for leaders using the five constructs (learning goal orientation, developmental efficacy, self-awareness, leader complexity, and metacognitive ability). A volunteer sample was compiled from members of the ASTD National LinkedIN group (n = 636). Results were analyzed using structured means analysis with maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. Generational cohorts demonstrated differences in leader developmental readiness. Baby Boomers indicated statistically and practically higher metacognitive ability and developmental efficacy than Generation Y. Results demonstrated statistically and practically higher leader complexity in Generation Y and both Generation X and Baby Boomers. These results should inform leader development practitioners as they continue to use existing methods in preparing the different generations for leader development interventions while pointing to possible needs to increase the metacognitive ability and developmental efficacy in Generation Y and ensure accurate perception of leader complexity in those individuals. Further research would be helpful to confirm or refute findings and expand on the target population for enhanced generalizability.

This study examines primary grade retention as it is utilized in one suburban school district as an intervention for low achievement. Since as early as the late 1800's, educators have been struggling with the solution for students who do not demonstrate readiness for grade promotion. Grade retention is one of the practices that has been utilized in an effort to give students added time to prepare for the next grade level. This researcher collected and analyzed data on the experiences of a sample of six kindergarten, first, and second grade students who are repeating their respective grade level. The data for this qualitative study have been presented through classroom observations, parent and teacher interviews, and document review. The patterns that resulted from the data collection and analysis have provided insight into the factors that influence a student's experience with grade retention. This study explored the influential components of a primary grade retention program with recommendations for practical application in the field and future research in this area. / Educational Administration

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L’enseignement des langues par la tâche est une approche d’enseignement des langues secondes de plus en plus adoptée dans différents contextes. Toutefois, la place de l’enseignement de la forme au sein d’une tâche fait toujours l’objet d’un débat. En plus de savoir si l’enseignement de la forme devrait se faire de façon préventive ou réactive (Ellis, 2017; Long, 2015), le moment auquel il faudrait procéder à un enseignement de la forme ne fait pas consensus, que ce soit au début de la tâche (Dekeyser, 1997, 2007), pendant la tâche (Lightbown, 2008; Long, 2015) ou après la tâche (Willis et Willis, 2007). Cette incertitude mène les enseignants à se demander s’ils devraient intégrer ou non un enseignement de la forme à une tâche et à quel moment ils devraient le faire (East, 2017). La présente étude quasi expérimentale vise à mieux comprendre le rôle lié au moment de procéder à un enseignement de la forme dans le cadre d’une tâche et à contrôler certaines variables qui peuvent moduler les effets du type d’enseignement, dont le niveau de connaissances initiales et l’aptitude langagière des apprenants. Huit groupes, six groupes expérimentaux et deux groupes témoins, d’étudiants de français langue seconde (quatre groupes de niveau B1 et quatre groupes de niveau B2) ainsi que leurs enseignants respectifs ont participé à l’étude. L’intervention expérimentale consistait en une tâche de hiérarchisation et une tâche de prise de décision. Six groupes ont reçu un enseignement explicite du subjonctif soit au début de chaque tâche, soit pendant la tâche, soit après la tâche et deux groupes ont réalisé les deux tâches sans recevoir d’enseignement explicite. Les participants (n = 165) ont effectué un prétest, un post-test immédiat et un post-test différé mesurant les connaissances implicites (test d’imitation sollicitée) et explicites (test de jugement de la grammaticalité) et ont effectué un test mesurant l’aptitude langagière (LLAMA). Le degré de connaissances des apprenants a été déterminé en fonction de leurs résultats aux prétests. Les participants dont les résultats étaient en dessous de la médiane ont été attribués aux groupes de niveau faible et ceux dont les résultats étaient au-dessus de la médiane ont été attribués aux groupes de niveau avancé. Les résultats d’ANOVA à mesures répétées montrent que les apprenants moins avancés semblent bénéficier d’un enseignement pendant la tâche, alors que les étudiants plus avancés semblent bénéficier d’un enseignement au début de la tâche. Par conséquent, le niveau des apprenants est à prendre en considération au moment de planifier un enseignement de la forme. Par ailleurs, les résultats de régressions multiples montrent que l’aptitude langagière est davantage sollicitée dans les conditions d’enseignement de la forme avant ou pendant la tâche et que différentes composantes interviennent à des stades d’acquisition différents. Cette étude offre des répercussions pratiques et théoriques au regard du moment de procéder à un enseignement de la forme en fonction du niveau des apprenants et de leur aptitude langagière. / Task-Based Language Teaching is an increasingly popular approach used in a variety of second-language learning environments. There is debate, however, on the incorporation of form-focused instruction and, more specifically, regarding when precisely it should be integrated in the execution of a task. Beyond determining whether a form should be taught proactively or reactively (Ellis, 2017, Long, 2015), the lack of consensus as to whether form-focused instruction should occur at the beginning of a task (Dekeyser, 1997, 2007), during a task (Lightbown, 2008; Long, 2015), or after a task (Willis et Willis, 2007) drives language instructors to question whether they should integrate form-focused instruction at all and creates uncertainty as to when it is most beneficial to do so (East, 2017). The present quasi experimental study seeks to better understand the effects of the timing of form-focused instruction in the task-based teaching framework while controlling for moderating variables such as the degree of learner knowledge and learners’ language aptitude. Eight groups, six experimental and two comparison, of French as a second language students (four groups of B1 level and four groups of B2 level) and their respective teachers participated in the study. The experimental intervention consisted of two tasks, one hierarchical task and one decision-making task. Six groups received explicit instruction on the subjunctive at the beginning, during, or after a task while two groups completed the tasks without explicit instruction. The participants (N = 165) completed a pre-test, an immediate post-test and a delayed post-test assessing both implicit knowledge (Elicited Imitation Test) and explicit knowledge (Grammaticality Judgment Test). Participants also completed a language aptitude assessment test (LLAMA). Learners’ degree of knowledge was determined based on their pre-test performance. Participants whose mean scores were below or above the median were assigned to the low or advanced knowledge groups respectively. Repeated-measures ANOVAs show that lower-level learners benefit from instruction during a task while more advanced learners benefit from instruction at the start of a task. Consequently, learner readiness is a factor to consider when planning and executing focus on form instruction. Additionally, multiple regression results demonstrate that language aptitude plays a more significant role when form-focused instruction is given before or during a task and that different components are drawn upon at different acquisitional stages. The study concludes by offering theories and practical recommendations regarding the inclusion of focus on form instruction that considers the level and aptitude of learners.