Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Paris 3, 1995. Titre de soutenance : La politique du logement social à Guadalajara et les stratégies immobilières des secteurs public et privé.

Public education in the United States is currently enveloped in an era of intense accountability. At the national level the No Child Left Behind Act, demands accountability in any district or school receiving federal funds One of the goals of the No Child Left Behind legislation had its roots in the Texas education accountability statute of 1999, when former governor George W. Bush signed into law a mandate that became known as the Student Success Initiative. That law required students in the 3rd grade to pass the state reading assessment in order to be promoted to the 4th grade, beginning in the year 2003. The same group of students would be required to pass their 5th and 8th grade reading and math exams to be promoted to the next grade level. The initiative continued for all students. In opposition to the those policies, the body of research regarding grade-level retention concludes that the practice of grade retention is ineffective in increasingstudent achievement (Jimerson, 2001, Harness, 1984, McCoy, 1999). This study examined the Student Success Initiative in Texas. The goal was to determine whether retention in 3rd, 5th, or 8th grade made a signification difference in subsequent TAKS scores in comparison with students who were placed in the next grade level by the official Grade Placement Committee. Data was analyzed from three large urban school districts in Texas. Results were consistent across the three school districts. Students who were retained in third grade performed better the subsequent year in third grade, but those successes did not continue consistently through the 5th and 8th grade years. Students retained in 5th grade for math performed poorly on subsequent tests, as did students retained in the 8th grade for reading or math. However, the group of students that was retained in 5th grade due to failure of the TAKS Reading test exhibited success in the subsequent year as well as the 8th grade year. Overall, TAKS students who were retained did not perform better than students who were placed in the next grade level as they progressed through 8th grade. / text

The purpose of this study was to inform educators of the impact of grade retention on a child's perception of self, and to provide recommendations and practical applications for educators in the future. Although the long-term effects of grade retention are still unclear, the number of students being retained annually is steadily on the rise. Conflicting beliefs about the advantages and disadvantages of the retention experience make it difficult to clearly predict which students will benefit from being retained. A large body of research reports the impact of grade retention on scholastic achievement. As retention has usually been considered to remediate academic difficulties, the effectiveness of retention is logically studied in terms of academic performance. However, because educators recognize the importance of affective variables, it is equally important to assess the effectiveness of retention in terms of self-perceptions and engagement at school. The focus of this inquiry was to explore the effects of retention as reported by twelve 5th and 6th grade students who had been retained. Because logical and theoretical arguments have been made for the negative effects of retention on a child's self-image, this study examined the self-esteem of retained students. Research techniques included open-ended questions and interviews, using Patton's qualitative interview guide approach. From the findings, the investigator reached the following conclusions: (a) for the participants in this study, being retained was not detrimental to their perceptions of self; (b) all participants perceived others to like them well; in fact, 5 of the 12 reported that others liked them better following their retention experiences; and (c) all students in this study believed that retention helped them to do better in school.

xi, 91 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This study used the existing database of 1,052 schools contained in the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 to examine the predictors that were related to high school students' enrollment in postsecondary education (PSE). In order to determine which school-related experiences had an impact on the students' enrollment in PSE, a multiple regression analysis was conducted. The results indicate that student attendance rates and "being held back" are significant predictors for predicting postsecondary enrollment across all analyses and for subpopulations disaggregated by race, SES, and gender. Recommendations to encourage student enrollment in postsecondary programs include providing grade level interventions to avoid the detrimental effects of a student repeating a grade, as well as developing programs to increase student engagement levels in the high school setting. Limitations to the study include control strategies for confounding factors. The inclusion of additional control variables, such as parents' level of education, would increase the validity of the findings. / Adviser: David Conley

This study examined and analyzed selected middle school teachers' perceptions of grade retention, and informed teachers about current and past research on grade retention. Through analysis of teacher interviews and using a Likert scale instrument, responses indicated that teachers continue to support and to use retention when students do not master required objectives for promotion. Because of the new Florida retention policy and the No Child Left Behind policy, it was critical to measure teachers' levels of understanding and perceptions of grade retention. Their perceptions gave insight into their thoughts and beliefs about the practice. Survey responses of 326 teachers in five selected middle schools in Florida and ten interviews clearly indicated that teachers believe children should be retained. A majority, nearly 83%, disagreed that students should not be retained. Although suspension and attendance have bearing, over 76% of teachers agreed that poor academics were the major reason for retention. Over 65% of teachers indicated that grade retention allows students who are behind academically to "catch-up" with peers. In addition, nearly 39% disagreed that retention is harmful to a child's self-concept/self-image. However, nearly 80% of teachers agreed grade retention affects a child's self-esteem. Data also indicated 56% of students who are more than two grades behind should not be retained. A chi-square statistics test used to measure significant differences based on teachers' years of teaching experience, grade level taught, race of teacher and socioeconomic status of the students, found significant differences only for student socioeconomic status. Although students have been retained since one-room schoolhouses, research on effectiveness of retention clearly points to instead of practicing grade retention, teachers, administrators, and parents need to analyze data in greater depth. Without more studies and analysis, teachers, administrators, and parents will continue a practice research has found harmful instead of beneficial to students. Educators must find a way to ensure that every child experiences academic success. Each educator must devise methods of working with students before they fail a grade. Tutoring, remediation, mentoring, small group work, after school programs, Saturday school, and summer school can help children learn.

The purpose of this study was to examine the strict 'no social promotion' policy in place in a large urban Texas school district (Waco Independent School District (WISD), Waco, Texas), and analyze the possible effects of the new promotion policy on student retention rates, curricular programming and student academic outcomes. This study analyzed past retention research, identified gaps in the research literature and developed a new program model/theory to generate areas for research. Next, trends in WISD Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TAAS) scores and number of retentions over time were examined (1994-2001). Third, the study measured student retention and academic outcomes before and after retention as a function of older and newer school district promotion policy standards (1994-2001) in WISD. Furthermore, the study reviewed the context of retention in relation to a strict 'no social promotion' policy. Next, the study developed an analysis of how the strict 'no social promotion' policy was implemented by administrators and the rewards/challenges encountered. Finally, the study examined the relationship between school district promotion policy on program implementation and on student academic outcomes. Unlike research of the past (retention as an independent variable: retention causes/correlated to low self-esteem and dropping out) the independent variables (processes) affecting student academic performance outcomes were identified as: the conditions of learning/new strict 'no social promotion' policy and the opportunities to learn/ implementation of policy and their affect on student academic performance. A Sequential Mixed-Method Type VIII study was used to identify not only the 'underlying' mechanism(s) (inner workings of the implementation) but to identify and describe the context (the right conditions for learning) of the new strict 'no social promotion' policy and relate them to student outcomes. The most important outcomes were: the significant gains in student academic performance, the increased communication with the community at large, and the increased accountability of all involved. The successes were due to several key factors: the new strict 'no social promotion' policy; the implementation of successful programming and instructional strategies; the opportunities to learn each individual student has had, and the retention appeal process developed by WISD. / text

Parcerias entre governo e organizações sociais tornaram-se uma importante ferramenta para a execução de políticas públicas. Com a interdependência dos atores, a relação entre público e privado é remodelada constantemente, o que faz emergir novas formas de ação social coordenada ou governança. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo propor ao Governo do Estado de Roraima a adoção de uma ferramenta semelhante à Rede Parceria Social (RPS), utilizada pelo Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o intuito de indicar caminhos para a conquista de mais e melhores oportunidades e qualidade de vida, sobretudo mostrar que direta e indiretamente essa nova ferramenta de gestão de redes reflete no aumento do PIB, ou seja, no crescimento da economia e, consequentemente, no desenvolvimento econômico do Estado de Roraima. A revisão da literatura abordou o desenvolvimento econômico, em especial, o desenvolvimento local e seus desdobramentos, a gestão de redes, políticas públicas e o terceiro setor. Apresentou-se a RPS e seus impactos sobre a economia gaúcha, com base no estudo realizado pela Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE) do Rio Grande do Sul. Com fundamento no trabalho da FEE, constatou-se que a adoção de uma ferramenta de gestão semelhante à RPS é de grande valia para o alcance dos objetivos socioeconômicos propostos pelo Governo de qualquer estado, inclusive o Estado de Roraima, sendo o primeiro passo a criação de uma lei que institua um programa de apoio à inclusão e promoção social (no Rio Grande do Sul: Lei da Solidariedade – Lei nº 11.853/2002), uma lei de incentivo fiscal para empresas que desejam investir em projetos sociais. Nesse sentido, o Governo do Estado de Roraima precisa “abrir os olhos” para oportunidades como esta que, além de contribuírem para a justiça social e solidariedade, podem gerar impactos positivos na economia, ou seja, aumentar o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), “primeiro passo” para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da sociedade. / Partnerships between government and social organizations have become an important tool for the implementation of public policies. With the interdependence of the actors, the relationship between public and private sectors is constantly remodeled, which brings out new forms of social action coordinated or governance. This dissertation aims to propose to the government of Roraima state to adopt a similar tool to the Social Partnership Network (SPN), used by the State Government of Rio Grande do Sul, in order to indicate ways to conquer more and better opportunities and quality of life, particularly directly and indirectly show that this new network management tool reflected in GDP growth, ie growth of the economy and consequently in the economic development of the State of Roraima. The literature review addressed the economic development, in particular, local development and its consequences, network management, public policy and the third sector. Presented to the SPN and its impact on the economy of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, based on a study by the Foundation of Economics and Statistics (FES) in Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the work of the FES, it was found that the adoption of a tool management similar to SPN is of great value to the achievement of socioeconomic goals proposed by the government of any state, including the state of Roraima, the first step being the creation of a law to implement a program to support and promote social inclusion (in Rio Grande do Sul: Solidarity Act - Law No. 11.853/2002), a law of tax incentives for companies that wish to invest in social projects. In this sense, the government of Roraima state needs to “open your eyes” for opportunities like this that, in addition to contributing to social justice and solidarity, can generate positive impacts on the economy, ie, increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), “first step” to improve the quality of life of society.

Parcerias entre governo e organizações sociais tornaram-se uma importante ferramenta para a execução de políticas públicas. Com a interdependência dos atores, a relação entre público e privado é remodelada constantemente, o que faz emergir novas formas de ação social coordenada ou governança. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo propor ao Governo do Estado de Roraima a adoção de uma ferramenta semelhante à Rede Parceria Social (RPS), utilizada pelo Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o intuito de indicar caminhos para a conquista de mais e melhores oportunidades e qualidade de vida, sobretudo mostrar que direta e indiretamente essa nova ferramenta de gestão de redes reflete no aumento do PIB, ou seja, no crescimento da economia e, consequentemente, no desenvolvimento econômico do Estado de Roraima. A revisão da literatura abordou o desenvolvimento econômico, em especial, o desenvolvimento local e seus desdobramentos, a gestão de redes, políticas públicas e o terceiro setor. Apresentou-se a RPS e seus impactos sobre a economia gaúcha, com base no estudo realizado pela Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE) do Rio Grande do Sul. Com fundamento no trabalho da FEE, constatou-se que a adoção de uma ferramenta de gestão semelhante à RPS é de grande valia para o alcance dos objetivos socioeconômicos propostos pelo Governo de qualquer estado, inclusive o Estado de Roraima, sendo o primeiro passo a criação de uma lei que institua um programa de apoio à inclusão e promoção social (no Rio Grande do Sul: Lei da Solidariedade – Lei nº 11.853/2002), uma lei de incentivo fiscal para empresas que desejam investir em projetos sociais. Nesse sentido, o Governo do Estado de Roraima precisa “abrir os olhos” para oportunidades como esta que, além de contribuírem para a justiça social e solidariedade, podem gerar impactos positivos na economia, ou seja, aumentar o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), “primeiro passo” para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da sociedade. / Partnerships between government and social organizations have become an important tool for the implementation of public policies. With the interdependence of the actors, the relationship between public and private sectors is constantly remodeled, which brings out new forms of social action coordinated or governance. This dissertation aims to propose to the government of Roraima state to adopt a similar tool to the Social Partnership Network (SPN), used by the State Government of Rio Grande do Sul, in order to indicate ways to conquer more and better opportunities and quality of life, particularly directly and indirectly show that this new network management tool reflected in GDP growth, ie growth of the economy and consequently in the economic development of the State of Roraima. The literature review addressed the economic development, in particular, local development and its consequences, network management, public policy and the third sector. Presented to the SPN and its impact on the economy of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, based on a study by the Foundation of Economics and Statistics (FES) in Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the work of the FES, it was found that the adoption of a tool management similar to SPN is of great value to the achievement of socioeconomic goals proposed by the government of any state, including the state of Roraima, the first step being the creation of a law to implement a program to support and promote social inclusion (in Rio Grande do Sul: Solidarity Act - Law No. 11.853/2002), a law of tax incentives for companies that wish to invest in social projects. In this sense, the government of Roraima state needs to “open your eyes” for opportunities like this that, in addition to contributing to social justice and solidarity, can generate positive impacts on the economy, ie, increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), “first step” to improve the quality of life of society.

Parcerias entre governo e organizações sociais tornaram-se uma importante ferramenta para a execução de políticas públicas. Com a interdependência dos atores, a relação entre público e privado é remodelada constantemente, o que faz emergir novas formas de ação social coordenada ou governança. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo propor ao Governo do Estado de Roraima a adoção de uma ferramenta semelhante à Rede Parceria Social (RPS), utilizada pelo Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o intuito de indicar caminhos para a conquista de mais e melhores oportunidades e qualidade de vida, sobretudo mostrar que direta e indiretamente essa nova ferramenta de gestão de redes reflete no aumento do PIB, ou seja, no crescimento da economia e, consequentemente, no desenvolvimento econômico do Estado de Roraima. A revisão da literatura abordou o desenvolvimento econômico, em especial, o desenvolvimento local e seus desdobramentos, a gestão de redes, políticas públicas e o terceiro setor. Apresentou-se a RPS e seus impactos sobre a economia gaúcha, com base no estudo realizado pela Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE) do Rio Grande do Sul. Com fundamento no trabalho da FEE, constatou-se que a adoção de uma ferramenta de gestão semelhante à RPS é de grande valia para o alcance dos objetivos socioeconômicos propostos pelo Governo de qualquer estado, inclusive o Estado de Roraima, sendo o primeiro passo a criação de uma lei que institua um programa de apoio à inclusão e promoção social (no Rio Grande do Sul: Lei da Solidariedade – Lei nº 11.853/2002), uma lei de incentivo fiscal para empresas que desejam investir em projetos sociais. Nesse sentido, o Governo do Estado de Roraima precisa “abrir os olhos” para oportunidades como esta que, além de contribuírem para a justiça social e solidariedade, podem gerar impactos positivos na economia, ou seja, aumentar o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), “primeiro passo” para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da sociedade. / Partnerships between government and social organizations have become an important tool for the implementation of public policies. With the interdependence of the actors, the relationship between public and private sectors is constantly remodeled, which brings out new forms of social action coordinated or governance. This dissertation aims to propose to the government of Roraima state to adopt a similar tool to the Social Partnership Network (SPN), used by the State Government of Rio Grande do Sul, in order to indicate ways to conquer more and better opportunities and quality of life, particularly directly and indirectly show that this new network management tool reflected in GDP growth, ie growth of the economy and consequently in the economic development of the State of Roraima. The literature review addressed the economic development, in particular, local development and its consequences, network management, public policy and the third sector. Presented to the SPN and its impact on the economy of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, based on a study by the Foundation of Economics and Statistics (FES) in Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the work of the FES, it was found that the adoption of a tool management similar to SPN is of great value to the achievement of socioeconomic goals proposed by the government of any state, including the state of Roraima, the first step being the creation of a law to implement a program to support and promote social inclusion (in Rio Grande do Sul: Solidarity Act - Law No. 11.853/2002), a law of tax incentives for companies that wish to invest in social projects. In this sense, the government of Roraima state needs to “open your eyes” for opportunities like this that, in addition to contributing to social justice and solidarity, can generate positive impacts on the economy, ie, increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), “first step” to improve the quality of life of society.

The purpose of this study was to determine if teachers and administrators hold differing beliefs about grade retention. School districts in Northeast Tennessee participated in this study. Participants in eight school districts took an online survey designed to collect data on beliefs about grade retention. The survey consisted of two sections. Section A inquired about beliefs about grade retention. Section B collected demographic information and also included an openended response question. Respondents were also asked to choose a factor that has the strongest influence on their belief. Responses from 205 surveys were analyzed and informed the results of this study. A quantitative study was conducted to determine if significant differences about grade retention existed between teachers and principals. Overall belief scores were measured to determine if teachers and administrators favor grade retention as an effective intervention strategy. Independent variables in this study included: type of system, grade level, years of experience, and type of degree. Factors that had the strongest influence on beliefs about grade retention included: other people’s opinions, principal’s opinion, research, experience with a retained student, or other. Respondents choosing other were asked to explain their answer. 3 Findings from the study indicated that there is not a significant difference in beliefs about grade retention between teachers and administrators in a city school system versus a county school system. Additional analysis did not show significant differences in beliefs about grade retention between teachers in grades kindergarten through fourth grade (K-4) versus teachers in grades fifth through eighth (5-8). A teacher’s or administrator’s number of years of experience did not indicate significant differences in beliefs about grade retention. The type of degree held by teachers and administrators did reveal a significant difference in beliefs about grade retention between the two degree types (graduate or bachelor’s). Results from this test indicated that teachers with a graduate degree significantly favor retention over teachers who hold a bachelor’s degree. Additionally, an overall belief score for all respondents was calculated for significance. Overall belief scores showed that, in spite of the research showing retention as a negative practice, both teachers and principals are significantly in favor of grade retention as an effective intervention strategy.