Researchers, clinicians, theorists, and policy makers have embraced a variety of etiological explanations in their attempts to understand sexually deviant behaviors. Here, the major etiological models of sex offending are described and analyzed. This discussion includes both single faceted theories - biological, cognitive, behavioral, social learning, personality, and evolutionary theories - as well as multi-faceted or integrated theories - Finkelhor's Precondition Model, Marshall and Barbaree's Integrated Theory, Hall and Hirschman's Quadripartite Model, Malamuth's Confluence Model, and Ward and Siegert's Pathways Model. In addition, a new integrative theory of sexual deviance is introduced. The Multi-Model Self-Regulation Theory includes components of developmental, behavioral, cognitive, and personality research. Relevant empirical findings are presented, and fictional case studies are also provided to demonstrate how this theory would be applied in the explanation of sexual deviance. This work concludes with a discussion of empirical support for the Multi-Modal Self-Regulation Theory as well as future directions for research, prevention, and treatment.In Appendix B, an empirical study of the core components of the Multi-Modal Self-Regulation Theory is included. In this study, dysregulation is examined as a key variable in the development of paraphilias, antisocial behaviors, and disordered substance use in a sample of 95 sex offending men. Results from a causal path analysis demonstrate that dysregulation, as defined by difficulties with emotional regulation, significantly and causally predict both paraphilic and antisocial behaviors. Implications for cognitive and personality variables are also discussed.

ABSTRACT Although sub-Saharan Africa continues to bear the brunt of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic and other sexually transmitted diseases (UNAIDS and WHO 2008; Fatusi and Wang 2009), very few studies in the region and for that matter Ghana have systematically and exclusively examined adolescent risky sexual behaviour in a manner that is theoretically consistent with the unique socio-cultural norms that govern sexuality in the society. Given that involvement in risky sexual behaviour constitutes sexual deviance in the Ghanaian context, and from the ontological position that behaviour is a product of structure and human agency (Sewell 1992), this study extends the theories of social control (Hirschi 1969), power control (Hagan et al. 1979, 1985,1987, 2002; McCarthy et al. 1999) and rational choice (Cornish and Clarke 1986) in examining the predictors of risky sexual behavior among Ghanaian adolescents. Using the 2004 Ghana National Adolescent Survey data (N=3985), the study employs descriptive statistics, measures of association and complementary log-log regression models in predicting the likelihood of being sexually active before marriage, having more than one lifetime sexual partner and condom use. Overall findings provide mixed support for the theoretical expectations. From the perspective of Hirschi’s control theory, the findings suggest among others that while some measures of conventional behaviour do not discourage premarital sex, they do so with respect to multiple sexual partnerships. A puzzle that needs further elaboration is the finding that highly educated adolescents who hold leadership positions have a higher significant taste for premarital sex and multiple sexual relations than their uneducated counterparts who are not leaders. Overall findings regarding the predictions of power control theory are consistent with the revised version offered by McCarthy and Colleagues (1999) and Hagan and colleagues (2002); that daughters in less patriarchal or matriarchal households are more likely than sons to have premarital sex and be in multiple sexual partnerships. Findings regarding the predictions of rational theory suggest a mixed rationality; condom use among adolescents in many instances is inconsistent with rational choice behaviour. General and specific policy implications of the findings and direction for future research are also discussed. / Thesis (Master, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2010-07-31 02:18:09.013

Modern day ocean voyaging in private sailing vessels dates back to the turn of the century. Despite this, the present thesis is the first academic study of ocean cruising to be completed. Of the thousands of people who make ocean voyages only a few hundred are committed to the lifestyle of cruising, that is, see cruising as a whole way of life that they will pursue indefinitely. The thesis first presents an ethnography of the lifestyle of cruising with particular attention to (1) what activities constitute the lifestyle, (2) why people cruise, and (3) what values, attitudes, and characteristics attach to the participants. Second, the thesis relates this ethnography to several theories in sociology and psychology. In sociology, subculture and deviance theories are used to place cruising in the context of the wider scholastic study of society. Pearson (1979) and others are drawn upon in placing cruising in the context of subcultures while the work of Walter Buckley (1967) is used to modify deviance theory to account for the apparently positive nature of the deviance inherent in the cruising lifestyle. In psychology, theories of autotelic rewards, enjoyment, and human satisfaction are used to understand the experience of and motivation to cruise. In addition, theories of personal growth developed by Hampden-Turner (1970) and others are applied to cruisers and their way of life. The thesis concludes that cruisers, as cultural 'heroes', can be seen as affirmative deviants. That is to say, given an humanistic and western individualistic value system their deviance can be seen as contributing to their individual health and growth, and to positive social evolution.

Modern day ocean voyaging in private sailing vessels dates back to the turn of the century. Despite this, the present thesis is the first academic study of ocean cruising to be completed. Of the thousands of people who make ocean voyages only a few hundred are committed to the lifestyle of cruising, that is, see cruising as a whole way of life that they will pursue indefinitely. The thesis first presents an ethnography of the lifestyle of cruising with particular attention to (1) what activities constitute the lifestyle, (2) why people cruise, and (3) what values, attitudes, and characteristics attach to the participants. Second, the thesis relates this ethnography to several theories in sociology and psychology. In sociology, subculture and deviance theories are used to place cruising in the context of the wider scholastic study of society. Pearson (1979) and others are drawn upon in placing cruising in the context of subcultures while the work of Walter Buckley (1967) is used to modify deviance theory to account for the apparently positive nature of the deviance inherent in the cruising lifestyle. In psychology, theories of autotelic rewards, enjoyment, and human satisfaction are used to understand the experience of and motivation to cruise. In addition, theories of personal growth developed by Hampden-Turner (1970) and others are applied to cruisers and their way of life. The thesis concludes that cruisers, as cultural 'heroes', can be seen as affirmative deviants. That is to say, given an humanistic and western individualistic value system their deviance can be seen as contributing to their individual health and growth, and to positive social evolution.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise das representações da marginalidade na obra cinematográfica de Pedro Almodóvar, com base na Sociologia do Desvio de Goffman, Becker e Elias, atualizada pela teoria de covering de Yoshino. A intenção do trabalho é problematizar a produção audiovisual do início da carreira do diretor manchego, de forma a comprovar que os filmes Pepi, Luci e Bom e outras garotas de montão (1980), Labirinto de Paixões (1982), Maus hábitos (1983) e O que eu fiz para merecer isto? (1984) documentam seu engajamento na dinâmica contracultural desenvolvida na Espanha da época. Almodóvar representa a marginalidade em seus filmes do período, configurando o que alguns críticos denominam como estética do mau gosto, de tal forma que as obras produzidas registram a luta pela liberdade democrática após anos de regime ditatorial. Pensar na cinematografia de Almodóvar a partir do ponto de vista da sociologia do desvio é refletir sobre as políticas de visibilidade de identidades culturais minoritárias. O trabalho do diretor apresenta menos inovações formais, pois parte de estruturas narrativas clássicas, mesmo quando mistura os gêneros; mas inova quando revela a marginalidade, cotidianiza-a, potencializando o processo de sua assimilação. / This research presents an analysis of the portrayal of deviance in Pedro Almodóvars early movies, based upon the Sociology of Deviance by Goffman, Becker and Elias, reviewed through Yoshinos covering theory. The purpose of the work is to review the movies produced by Almodóvar in the early 80s, in order to prove that features like Pepi, Luci, Bom and other girls on the heap (1980), Labyrinth of Passion (1982), Bad habits (1983) and What have I done to deserve this? (1984) register his commitment in the countercultural dynamics developed in Spain at the time. Almodóvar portrays deviants in his movies of the period, configuring what some critics name aesthetics of bad taste, in such a way that the films produced register the fight for democratic freedom after years of dictatorship. To think about Almodóvars cinematography from the point of view of the sociology of deviance is to reflect about the visibility of cultural minorities identities. The work of the director presents less formal innovations, as he uses classical narrative structures, even when mixing genres; but innovates when reveals deviance, from a day-by-day perspective, empowering the process of its assimilation.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise das representações da marginalidade na obra cinematográfica de Pedro Almodóvar, com base na Sociologia do Desvio de Goffman, Becker e Elias, atualizada pela teoria de covering de Yoshino. A intenção do trabalho é problematizar a produção audiovisual do início da carreira do diretor manchego, de forma a comprovar que os filmes Pepi, Luci e Bom e outras garotas de montão (1980), Labirinto de Paixões (1982), Maus hábitos (1983) e O que eu fiz para merecer isto? (1984) documentam seu engajamento na dinâmica contracultural desenvolvida na Espanha da época. Almodóvar representa a marginalidade em seus filmes do período, configurando o que alguns críticos denominam como estética do mau gosto, de tal forma que as obras produzidas registram a luta pela liberdade democrática após anos de regime ditatorial. Pensar na cinematografia de Almodóvar a partir do ponto de vista da sociologia do desvio é refletir sobre as políticas de visibilidade de identidades culturais minoritárias. O trabalho do diretor apresenta menos inovações formais, pois parte de estruturas narrativas clássicas, mesmo quando mistura os gêneros; mas inova quando revela a marginalidade, cotidianiza-a, potencializando o processo de sua assimilação. / This research presents an analysis of the portrayal of deviance in Pedro Almodóvars early movies, based upon the Sociology of Deviance by Goffman, Becker and Elias, reviewed through Yoshinos covering theory. The purpose of the work is to review the movies produced by Almodóvar in the early 80s, in order to prove that features like Pepi, Luci, Bom and other girls on the heap (1980), Labyrinth of Passion (1982), Bad habits (1983) and What have I done to deserve this? (1984) register his commitment in the countercultural dynamics developed in Spain at the time. Almodóvar portrays deviants in his movies of the period, configuring what some critics name aesthetics of bad taste, in such a way that the films produced register the fight for democratic freedom after years of dictatorship. To think about Almodóvars cinematography from the point of view of the sociology of deviance is to reflect about the visibility of cultural minorities identities. The work of the director presents less formal innovations, as he uses classical narrative structures, even when mixing genres; but innovates when reveals deviance, from a day-by-day perspective, empowering the process of its assimilation.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Robert K. Schaeffer / This exploratory research project has utilized a mixed-method (Seiber 1973; Creswell 1994, 2005; Jick 1979; Dexter 1970) approach to examine why some NFL players participate in deviant, and sometimes law breaking, behavior and others do not. Using Dexter’s (1970) qualitative technique of elite and specialized interviewing along with Schatzman’s and Strauss’s (1973) naturalistic field method, access was gained into an exclusive group of current and former NFL players. The qualitative findings in conjunction with Durkheimian theory provided the conceptualization of a quantitative instrument. Through a nonprobability snowball sample (Babbie 1986; Berg 2001), 104 NFL players were interviewed. A series of quantitative analyses were run to describe and assess relationships within this study group. In essence, this study has entailed a series of steps that could be represented as a cumulative progression. From the qualitative data, the three core themes that emerged were (1) deviance, (2) anomie, and (3) social ties. Within the study group, a substantial number of players had prior experience with deviant and illegal behaviors. Many reported problems coping upon entering the NFL and sought to find personal fulfillment and happiness despite wealth and fame. It appeared that some level of anomie was present in a number of these players’ lives. However, players that had strong ties to various social groups appeared less likely to succumb to anomie and deviance. Supporting the qualitative data, the quantitative findings revealed that anomie was one of the significant predictors of law breaking players. It would therefore appear reasonable to suggest that some of the players were involved in behaviors that could be labeled anomic deviance. Furthermore, the findings supported the primacy of social ties/support in combating anomie and deviance in the lives of NFL players in the study group.

The purpose of this thesis is to empirically explore prostitution through a feminist perspective. Several background factors are explored on a small sample of women in the northeastern United States. Some of these women have been involved in an act of prostitution in their lifetime; some have not. This research will add to the body of knowledge on prostitution, as well as highlight the unique experiences of women. The goal is to understand whether or not these life experiences have had a hand in women's choices to engage in prostitution.

This dissertation provides an empirical test of the relational dimension of Donald Black's theory of moral time. In Moral Time, Black (2011) aims to explain the causal mechanism of conflict within and across cultures, over time, and within macro, meso, and micro level interactions. According to Black (2011), the movement of social time within three dimensions of social life, relational, vertical, and cultural, is the root of all conflict. In this study, I test the relationship between movements of intimacy, the relational dimension of social life, and conflict, using judgments of offensiveness of sexualized interaction between coworkers depicted in vignettes. An online survey was administered to 1,936 undergraduate and graduate students at a large, public university in the Southeastern United States, who judged the offensiveness of movements of intimacy between coworkers. Findings provide strong support for the relational dimension of Black's theory at the aggregate level, but also indicate that the theory provides a less robust explanation of interpersonal conflict when contextual factors, such as the level of previous intimacy, occupational rank, gender, and sexual orientation of the people involved, are included in analyses. / Ph. D.

This study explores the boundary-work accomplished by seventeen female and male escort workers. Escort work, defined as the acceptance of money for spending time with and offering companionship to others, is not illegal; however, social scientific research indicates that escort workers often engage in paid sexual activity, thus placing their occupation within the realm of prostitution. Previous research indicates that escort workers, subsumed within the highest echelon of the prostitution hierarchy, are less likely than their street and brothel counterparts to report victimization and stigmatization, and are more likely to earn higher wages and use safe-sex practices. In light of these significant variations in work-related experiences, I use the boundaries framework and study boundary-work accomplished by the participants in an attempt to avoid perpetuating negative labels associated with escort work. I define boundary-work as the process by which individuals create symbolic distinctions between themselves and others, and the individualized process of structural boundary negotiation. Individuals play a significant role in the processes of group inclusion and exclusion through the creation of symbolic boundaries; they also must negotiate structural boundaries, such as laws and stereotypical gender roles. Thus: the study of boundary-work provides a means for social scientists to engage in intra- and inter-group comparisons among "deviant" and "non-deviant" individuals. Through in-depth interviews with nine female and eight male escort workers, I identified the symbolic boundaries they used to distinguish themselves from others. In addition to the identification of socio-economic, cultural and moral boundaries used as criteria for inclusion in and exclusion from their personal and professional lives, this study also identifies various strategies used to negotiate one structural boundary: criminal law. In addition, this study provides support for rational choice theory, as all of the participants viewed escort work as a chosen profession, and each participant believed the benefits outweighed the real costs and potential risks associated with escort work. Future research needs to (1) tease out the structural elements of boundary-work, (2) use a measure of relative saliency among symbolic boundaries, and (3) collect data regarding boundary-work accomplished by members of assumed "deviant" and "non-deviant" groups, in order to address basic assumptions of deviance.