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Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise das representações da marginalidade na obra cinematográfica de Pedro Almodóvar, com base na Sociologia do Desvio de Goffman, Becker e Elias, atualizada pela teoria de covering de Yoshino. A intenção do trabalho é problematizar a produção audiovisual do início da carreira do diretor manchego, de forma a comprovar que os filmes Pepi, Luci e Bom e outras garotas de montão (1980), Labirinto de Paixões (1982), Maus hábitos (1983) e O que eu fiz para merecer isto? (1984) documentam seu engajamento na dinâmica contracultural desenvolvida na Espanha da época. Almodóvar representa a marginalidade em seus filmes do período, configurando o que alguns críticos denominam como estética do mau gosto, de tal forma que as obras produzidas registram a luta pela liberdade democrática após anos de regime ditatorial. Pensar na cinematografia de Almodóvar a partir do ponto de vista da sociologia do desvio é refletir sobre as políticas de visibilidade de identidades culturais minoritárias. O trabalho do diretor apresenta menos inovações formais, pois parte de estruturas narrativas clássicas, mesmo quando mistura os gêneros; mas inova quando revela a marginalidade, cotidianiza-a, potencializando o processo de sua assimilação. / This research presents an analysis of the portrayal of deviance in Pedro Almodóvars early movies, based upon the Sociology of Deviance by Goffman, Becker and Elias, reviewed through Yoshinos covering theory. The purpose of the work is to review the movies produced by Almodóvar in the early 80s, in order to prove that features like Pepi, Luci, Bom and other girls on the heap (1980), Labyrinth of Passion (1982), Bad habits (1983) and What have I done to deserve this? (1984) register his commitment in the countercultural dynamics developed in Spain at the time. Almodóvar portrays deviants in his movies of the period, configuring what some critics name aesthetics of bad taste, in such a way that the films produced register the fight for democratic freedom after years of dictatorship. To think about Almodóvars cinematography from the point of view of the sociology of deviance is to reflect about the visibility of cultural minorities identities. The work of the director presents less formal innovations, as he uses classical narrative structures, even when mixing genres; but innovates when reveals deviance, from a day-by-day perspective, empowering the process of its assimilation.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise das representações da marginalidade na obra cinematográfica de Pedro Almodóvar, com base na Sociologia do Desvio de Goffman, Becker e Elias, atualizada pela teoria de covering de Yoshino. A intenção do trabalho é problematizar a produção audiovisual do início da carreira do diretor manchego, de forma a comprovar que os filmes Pepi, Luci e Bom e outras garotas de montão (1980), Labirinto de Paixões (1982), Maus hábitos (1983) e O que eu fiz para merecer isto? (1984) documentam seu engajamento na dinâmica contracultural desenvolvida na Espanha da época. Almodóvar representa a marginalidade em seus filmes do período, configurando o que alguns críticos denominam como estética do mau gosto, de tal forma que as obras produzidas registram a luta pela liberdade democrática após anos de regime ditatorial. Pensar na cinematografia de Almodóvar a partir do ponto de vista da sociologia do desvio é refletir sobre as políticas de visibilidade de identidades culturais minoritárias. O trabalho do diretor apresenta menos inovações formais, pois parte de estruturas narrativas clássicas, mesmo quando mistura os gêneros; mas inova quando revela a marginalidade, cotidianiza-a, potencializando o processo de sua assimilação. / This research presents an analysis of the portrayal of deviance in Pedro Almodóvars early movies, based upon the Sociology of Deviance by Goffman, Becker and Elias, reviewed through Yoshinos covering theory. The purpose of the work is to review the movies produced by Almodóvar in the early 80s, in order to prove that features like Pepi, Luci, Bom and other girls on the heap (1980), Labyrinth of Passion (1982), Bad habits (1983) and What have I done to deserve this? (1984) register his commitment in the countercultural dynamics developed in Spain at the time. Almodóvar portrays deviants in his movies of the period, configuring what some critics name aesthetics of bad taste, in such a way that the films produced register the fight for democratic freedom after years of dictatorship. To think about Almodóvars cinematography from the point of view of the sociology of deviance is to reflect about the visibility of cultural minorities identities. The work of the director presents less formal innovations, as he uses classical narrative structures, even when mixing genres; but innovates when reveals deviance, from a day-by-day perspective, empowering the process of its assimilation.

The local language production strategy (LLP) emerged in the early 1990s and developed into a key practice for major media corporations operating in Latin America, Europe, and Asia. This dissertation analyzes where Sony’s international production strategies intersect transformations in the Brazilian and Spanish film industries during the mid-1990s to 2010. The LLP strategy, widely perceived as a corporate product of globalization and market power of Sony, is simultaneously viewed as a culturally specific media product intended for local Portuguese or Spanish-language audiences using national tax incentive policies and talent. This project provides a multi-layered history of Sony’s trans/national practices, Latin American and European regional industries, Brazilian and Spanish national policies and conditions, and the creative agency and power of local film production companies. Adapted from Timothy Havens, Amanda D. Lotz, and Serra Tinic’s critical media industry studies approach and Paul du Gay’s “circuit of culture,” I conducted archival research and on-site field interviews in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Madrid, and Brussels with local producers, distributors, policymakers, lobbyists, and Sony executives. The study is grounded equally in box office data, co-production financing specifics, and cultural policy as well as first-hand accounts and industry discourse. Instead of labeling the LLP another all-powerful strategy of Global Hollywood, I explore the everyday practices, power relations, and complex negotiations involved in local and national agents working alongside large transnational media company to produce commercial films like Chico Xavier (2010) or Salir Pitando (2007). Sony’s local operations have to balance the global corporate strategy and logic with changing local conditions, policies, practices, technologies, and partnerships. Each location study illustrates a unique strategy and situation ranging from the quasi-autonomous operation in São Paulo to the short-lived, highly micro-managed Sony European operation in based in Madrid. I challenge traditional theoretical and industrial understandings of national cinema, media imperialism, media convergence, and the classification of Sony Pictures Entertainment as solely an American or Japanese company. What results is a close institutional analysis exploring issues such as what defines “local” media industries, the flexibility of the nation, and the position of transnational media companies outside the U.S. / text

This thesis will shed light on the mechanics of women's enclosure in Spanish cinema and television since the transition to democracy, particularly convent and prison spaces. The study aims to make an original contribution to the field of Spanish cultural studies by highlighting the tension between these spaces as sites of control and sites of community, a tension which both problematizes and enriches the negotiation of the abject, the excessive, and the inassimilable within Spain. Following some contextual scene-setting laid out in the Introduction, the first two chapters explore how the convent was recuperated in the popular imagination after the end of the dictatorship. The first chapter will examine convent space in three post-transition biopics of the sixteenth century Spanish mystic, Teresa de Jesús: Josefina Molina's 1984 TVE television series, Teresa de Jesús, Ray Loriga's 2007 film Teresa, el cuerpo de Cristo, and Jorge Dorado's recent TV movie, Teresa (2015). This analysis will unravel the concrete and historical forces which have shaped representations of the saint's space, particularly how Teresa's mysticism has imbued the convent with authority as a political tool in defining national identity and gender roles. Equally, it will examine how the ineffable experience of the mystic ultimately makes the space unassimilable to any overarching power structure. The impossibility of assimilating convent space will then be the focus of the second chapter which explores the use of different aesthetic registers to render the convent socially intelligible in two mid-eighties convent films, Entre tinieblas (Almodóvar 1983) and Extramuros (Picazo 1985). The next two chapters focus on the construction and management of Otherness in representations of female homosocial enclosure during the mid-nineties. The third chapter looks at two adaptions of the stage play, Canción de cuna - José María Elorrieta's 1961 version and José Luis Garci's 1994 remake - to examine how the radical Otherness of convent enclosure has been mitigated on screen in order to ease anxieties around unmarried, childless women, and to reclaim the space as part of the national landscape. Chapter 4's analysis of Libertarias (Aranda 1995) and Entre rojas (Rodriguez 1996) will contrast this with a study of how the Otherness inherent to homosocial enclosure has also been exploited as a path towards new imaginings of community and intimacy. The final section will examine gender, memory, and martyrdom in women's prison films since 2000: Las trece rosas (Martínez-Lázaro 2007), La voz dormida (Zambrano 2011), and Estrellas que alcanzar (Rueda 2010). This chapter will consider how enclosed environments have been used to frame martyrdom narratives, problematically situating them at the intersection of traditional Catholic iconography and more contemporary depictions of imprisoned and confined women. While the study focuses primarily on cultural production since the transition to democracy, emphasis is placed throughout on tracing the roots of these representations to earlier hagiography, missionary films, and the cine religioso of the 1950s. These connections not only demonstrate the endurance of the convent and prison as significant sites in the Spanish popular imagination but also their versatility as a signifying force and the need for more nuanced readings of them in cultural studies.

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La prolifération des versions multiples dans le cinéma en Espagne de 1955 à 1967 résulted’une situation complexe, qui trouve son origine dans les conditions de production et dedistribution, dans une législation qui ne cesse d’évoluer pour mieux contrôler le domaine, et aussidans l’émergence de voix discordantes au sein de la création.Le premier facteur déterminant est la mise en place de structures administratives decontrôle, dont la censure se révèle l’instrument le plus direct, mais qui ne doit pas faire oublier laportée des autres mécanismes d’autorisation et de protection économique : il s’agit d’imposer aucinéma les cadres de l’idéologie du régime franquiste et de l’Église. Il ne faut cependant pas sousestimerl’importance de l’industrie dans cette pratique systématique : les formes de production,de distribution, de diffusion, l’émergence de nouveaux courants et les difficultés techniques jouentelles aussi un rôle essentiel.Après une analyse générale de ces facteurs étroitement liés entre eux, un éventail de neufétudes de cas dresse un portrait de la pluralité filmique dans une Espagne qui traverse unepériode d’espoir et de velléités d’ouverture. À travers l’approfondissement de la genèsecompliquée de films représentatifs des principaux genres et courants ainsi que des différentesétapes qui jalonnent l’histoire du cinéma espagnol de 1955 à 1967, il apparaît quel’interdépendance de l’État et de l’industrie constitue le terrain propice à l’existence systématiquede variantes voulues ou imposées. / The proliferation of multiple versions in cinema in Spain from 1955 to 1967 is due to a complexsituation originating from the conditions of production and distribution, a legislation that constantlyevolved in order to control the sector more efficiently and the emergence of dissenting voices amongcreators themselves.The first decisive factor is the setting up of administrative organs of control, among whichcensorship proves to be the most straightforward instrument, although other significant mechanismssuch as licensing or protectionism are equally important: their aim is to impose upon cinema theideology of the Franco regime and Catholic Church. However, the role of the industry in this systematicpractice should not be underestimated: a significant part is played by the forms of production,distribution and diffusion, the emergence of new trends and also technical difficulties.After a general analysis of these closely interconnected factors, a sample of nine case studiesprovides a portrait of film plurality in Spain as it is undergoing a period of hope and timid opening.Through an in‐depth study of the complicated creation of films representative of the main genres andcurrents as well as the different stages in the history of Spanish cinema from 1955 to 1967, it appearsthat the interdependency of the State and the industry is the breeding ground for a systematic use ofmultiple versions, whether deliberate or imposed.

The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented incorporation of women within the Spanish film industry. This is part of a general increase in newcomers since the beginning of the 1990s, when the industry was undergoing a deep restructuring. The media has celebrated this incorporation of women filmmakers, recurrently referring to their different sensibility, a feminine perspective noticeable in their films. Despite the socio-cultural interest of this incorporation, no thorough study of their work has been completed. This research project surveys the extent and scope of these women's incorporation within the industry, and explores the varied ways that their films engage with the main discursive trends that define femininity in Spanish cinema and mass media. Femininity is broadly understood here as the socio-cultural interpretations of what constitutes 'correct womanhood', but, also, discursively: as the space of struggle wherein individual (fictional) women engage with these constructions, by contesting and / or adopting some of their elements. Further attention is given to the ways that these new filmmakers's films engage with traditional and modern formulations of femininity, as articulated in implicit relation to, respectively, Francoism and postfeminism. In the core chapters, several detailed analyses are given of especially relevant films by these women, using a critical discourse analysis approach. These chapters address topics that are foregrounded in these women’s films and that have been central to feminine experience, namely: the family and motherhood, romanticism and sexuality, and the ‘Other’. From the study it emerges that these women’s films adopt a different perspective if only because they often render visible discriminatory behaviours (e.g. discrimination at work) and representational practices (e.g. the sexual objectification of women). Regarding their treatment of the aforementioned ‘feminine themes’ (i.e. family and romanticism), these filmmakers self-consciously engage with the conventions that have constructed femininity in the media.

Un certain nombre de films réalisés après la mort du dictateur Franco et l’entrée de l’Espagne dans la postmodernité témoignent d’une indéniable prédilection de certains cinéastes espagnols pour l’excès et le débordement. Des noms tels que Pedro Almodóvar, Bigas Luna, Álex de la Iglesia, Santiago Segura ou Juanma Bajo Ulloa, entre autres, s’imposent à l’esprit lorsqu’on s’interroge sur l’impression d’outrance qui émane d’une partie de la production cinématographique de la démocratie. Le présent travail a pour ambition d’explorer les mécanismes et les enjeux de l’outrance, à travers un corpus réunissant plusieurs longs-métrages de ces cinq réalisateurs. Pierre angulaire d’un cinéma qui déforme et dissout toutes les frontières, cette notion, à première vue difficile à saisir, sera envisagée comme véritable concept esthétique, fondé sur les principes du franchissement et de la distorsion. C’est en particulier autour du corps, constamment manipulé, déformé, voire disséqué, qu’elle se polarise : aux épanchements des organismes de chair et aux débordements du corps social dans les différents univers fictionnels, répondent, chez chaque cinéaste, les migrations et réélaborations textuelles qui se jouent au sein du corps filmique. Ces opérations de métamorphose référentielle relèvent d’un processus de recyclage éminemment postmoderne, qui suppose l’hybridation de matériaux provenant tout autant de la tradition espagnole que de la culture mondialisée contemporaine. Voie d’expression d’une « espagnolité » soumise aux logiques transformatrices de la postmodernité, l’outrance apparaît comme une esthétique qui tend définitivement à brouiller les frontières, à tel point qu’elle finit même par franchir celles du film pour contaminer la périphérie extracinématographique. / Several films produced after the death of the dictator Franco and Spain’s entry into postmodernity show an undeniable penchant among some Spanish film-makers for excess and the extreme. Names like Pedro Almodóvar, Bigas Luna, Álex de la Iglesia, Santiago Segura and Juanma Bajo Ulloa, among others, spring to mind when we wonder about the impression of excess that emanates from part of the cinematographical production of democracy. This work aims to explore the mechanisms and stakes of excess through a collection of full-length films by these five directors. It will contemplate this notion, the keystone of a cinema that deforms and dissolves all limits which at first is elusive, based on the principles of distortion and the extreme. Because it is constantly manipulated, deformed, and even dissected, the body occupies a central8place in the aesthetic of excess: the textual migrations and re-elaborations that take place within the filmic body respond to both the outpourings of the bodies of flesh and blood and the excesses of the social body in the different fictional universes. These operations of referential metamorphosis pertain to an eminently postmodern process of recycling, which involves the hybridisation of materials that come from Spanish tradition, on the one hand, with those from contemporary globalised culture on the other. Means of expression of a “Spanishness” that is subjected to the logical transformations of postmodernity, excess constitutes an aesthetic that tends to blur limits, to such a point that it crosses the boundaries of the film to contaminate the extra-cinematographical periphery

Cette thèse porte sur les documentaires qui, en Espagne, se situent à mi-chemin entre l’engagement militant et le désengagement politique. Notre recherche s’est orientée vers des films minoritaires susceptibles de prendre le contrepied des représentations timides des problématiques sociales, autrement dit d’en proposer une lecture politique. Ces productions, en s’approchant au plus près du militantisme, interrogent le discours et l’action des pouvoirs en place (politiques et économiques) et en même temps donnent à voir des alternatives, qu’elles appartiennent à un passé lointain ou très récent. Portmán, a la sombra de Roberto (Miguel Martí, 2001), El efecto Iguazú (Pere Joan Ventura, 2002), 200 km. (Discusión14, 2003), La mano invisible (Isadora Guardia, 2004), Veinte años no es nada (Joaquín Jordà, 2004), El astillero (Disculpen las molestias) (Alejandro Zapico, 2007), Flores de luna (Juan Vicente Córdoba, 2009), 15M Libre te quiero (Basilio Martín Patino, 2011), ces films, bien qu’ils partagent de nombreux points communs avec la critique sociale ne se concentrent pas sur des destins individuels, mais sur des projets collectifs. Par ailleurs, ils ne se contentent pas d’un constat, ils exercent une fonction de dénonciation. Leur but étant de transformer la conscience du spectateur, ils agissent. / This thesis is about documentaries which, in Spain, are in a half-way between militant commitment and political disengagement. Our research focused on minority movies likely to take the opposite view of the feeble representations of social problematics, and thus, to propose a political interpretation. These productions, by coming closer to militancy, question the speech and the action of in place authorities (political and economical) and, at the mean time, show alternatives that belong to a distant or very recent past. Portmán, a la sombra de Roberto (Miguel Martí, 2001), El efecto Iguazú (Pere Joan Ventura, 2002), 200 km. (Discusión14, 2003), La mano invisible (Isadora Guardia, 2004), Veinte años no es nada (Joaquín Jordà, 2004), El astillero (Disculpen las molestias) (Alejandro Zapico, 2007), Flores de luna (Juan Vicente Córdoba, 2009), 15M Libre te quiero (Basilio Martín Patino, 2011), although these movies share a lot of things in common with social criticism, they do not focus on individual fates, but rather on collective projects. Moreover, beyond describing facts, they act as whistleblowers in order to modify the viewer’s consciousness.