Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1961.

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1961.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is affected by two major viral diseases, namely Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and Cassava mosaic disease (CMD). Accurate and efficient detection and identification of plant viruses are fundamental aspects of virus diagnosis leading to sustainable disease management. In the present study I describe two techniques, the first based on a single tube duplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR), developed for simultaneous detection of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) and East African cassava mosaic Malawi virus (EACMMV), and second, a technique based on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of Reverse Transcribed (RT) -PCR amplified Cassava brown streak viruses species, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Cassava brown streak Uganda virus (CBSUV). In this work, the single tube duplex and multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of the four cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) was developed successfully. Four primer pairs were designed from published DNA-A component sequences targeting specific amplification of the four cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs). Evaluation of the primers sensitivity in serially diluted virus samples revealed that the new primers amplified their target virus to a dilution of 10-4 and 10-3 for uniplex and multiplex PCR respectively. Developed multiplex assay enabled specific amplification of the viruses in producing 950, 503, 435 and 260 base pairs (bp) for ACMV, EACMMV, EACMCV and EACMZV respectively in single and mixed infections of CBSVs. Analysis of 172 field samples from Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania and Zambia detected both single and mixed infections, results which were proved by analysis of the sequenced amplicons. Second, a technique based on 2 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of RT-PCR amplified cassava brown streak viruses, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and cassava brown streak Uganda virus (CBSUV), was performed. A degenerate primer amplifying 785 bp of the coat protein gene (CP) of CBSV and CBSUV was also designed. Two restriction endonucleases, HindIII and EcoR1 (identified by a software package, Vector NTI® Express v1.0 from Life Technologies/Invitrogen), which produce different fragments upon digestion of RT-PCR amplicons from CBSV and CBSUV, were used to distinguish the two viruses RFLP analysis using EcoRI has no site in CBSV producing one fragment (785 bp), two fragments (525 bp and 224 bp) for CBSUV and three fragments (785, 525 and 224 bp) for the mixed infections. On the other hand, HindIII has no site in CBSUV producing one fragment (785 bp), three fragments (437 bp, 267 bp and 81 bp) were produced for CBSV, and four fragments (785, 437, 267 and 81 bp) for CBSV and CBSUV mixed infections. In both multiplex and RFLP analyses, results from the sequenced PCR/RT-PCR amplicons agreed with sequence identities of the respective published virus species. Experience from using developed multiplex and RFLP techniques show that time was saved and amount of reagents used were reduced. RFLPs confirmed the presence of CBSV and CBSUV in RT-PCR amplicons without requirement for sequencing. Additionally, modified protocols from Dellaporta et al. (1983) and Chang et al. (1993), were used to extract DNA and RNA respectively from dry and fresh cassava leaves with comparable results. I also demonstrated a method of collecting and preserving cassava leaf samples to retain their integrity during storage for a period of over one month. The two diagnostic tools can be used routinely in germplasm indexing, disease surveillance, and disease monitoring programs 3 Problem Statement and Rationale In east and southern Africa, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the leading crops in terms of production and has become an important source of income to households and small-scale farmers. However, the production across the region is greatly affected by Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). Reports from different authors (Gibson. 1996; Ogbe et al., 1996; Legg et al., 1999; Fondong et al., 2000; Bisimwa et al., 2012) have reported the occurrence of CMD in different countries in the SSA. In Tanzania, CMD has been reported from many locations. Comprehensive characterization by Ndunguru et al. (2005) showed seven cassava mosaic geminiviruses species occur in Tanzania. Mbanzibwa et al. (2009a) reported prevalence of two potyvirus species causing CBSD in the Lake Victoria basin and along the coastal belt of Indian Ocean. A countrywide survey of all major cassava-growing areas in Kenya by Bull et al. (2006) reported presence of six CMG species with novel begomoviruses and a new recombinant strain of EACMV, demonstrating increasing diversity and geographical distribution of CMGs. Similarly, recent reemergence of CBSD has been reported in many districts in Uganda (Alicai et al., 2007) as well as from Malawi (Winter et al., 2010), Kenya (Mware et al., 2009) and Rwanda (Shirima et al., 2012). No reports of occurrence of CBSD have been reported from Zambia. With the current development of more robust diagnostic tools such as RT-PCR and real-time PCR, the diagnosis of CMD and CBSD has also improved in many cassava- producing countries. Similarly, the challenges to obtain more sensitive broad-spectrum cost-effective diagnostic tools also increase. This is evident following discovery of more 4 virus species causing CMD and CBSD (Mbanzibwa et al., 2009a and Winter et al., 2010) which can easily be overlooked. In the field the co-infections of many CMBs and CBSVs is common. Therefore, it will require several tools to detect the multiple infections using the diagnostic tools currently available. Thus, development of efficient and affordable diagnostic tools for simultaneous detection and identification of CMBs and CBSVs is vital and will have a significant impact on development and implementation of cassava virus disease management. Diagnostics will be used for disease monitoring in cassava multiplication plots production and distribution of disease- free cassava planting materials. Therefore, this research make use of the available sequence information in the database for both CMBs and CBSVs to develop sensitive tools for the simultaneous detection of four species of cassava begomoviruses namely: African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV), East African cassava mosaic Malawi virus (EACMMV) and East African cassava Mosaic Zanzibar Virus (EACMZV) using multiplex PCR. Also identification and differentiation of two species of Cassava brown streak viruses namely Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Cassava brown streak Uganda virus (CBSUV) by RT-PCR/RFLP approach. This study generated knowledge and new tools that will enhance the diagnosis of both CMD and CBSD. The tools will facilitate deployment of virus-indexed cassava planting materials within the region.

Thesis. 1979. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Martin Howard Flax and Michael John Dinnis Brand. / M.S.

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1974. / "Program in Hospital Administration."

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1974. / "Program in Hospital Administration."

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-101).

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka bröstcancerpatienters tillfredsställelse med vården under utredning av sin sjukdom samt att utforska vilka förbättringsbehov av vården patienterna uppgav. Metod: Samtliga patienter som rapporterades till Kvalitetsregistret för bröstcancer i Uppsala- Örebroregionen under 2007-2008 tillfrågades om deltagande i en enkätstudie. Undersökningsgruppen bestod av 165 kvinnor som i enkäten kommenterat den utredande vården. Enkätsvaren analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundmans metod. Resultat: Bröstcancerpatienternas kommentarer gällde kategorierna organisation, kompetens, bemötande, information och generellt. Angående organisation uppgav patienterna behov av bättre samordning, högre personalkontinuitet, tillgång till en kontaktperson inom vården samt utökad psykosocial vård. Hög tillfredsställelse med vårdens kompetens rapporterades men även misstag samt upplevd bristande professionalitet hos vårdpersonalen. Vårdpersonalens bemötande uppgavs mestadels som tillfredsställande. Lägre tillfredsställelse rapporterades då vårdpersonalen förbisett patienten som individ. Tillfredsställelsen med information under utredning var hög då information getts personligen med tid för frågor och återkoppling. Då information varit svårtillgänglig, bristande eller ej anpassad efter patientens behov var tillfredsställelsen lägre. De generella kommentarerna indikerade hög tillfredsställelse. Slutsats: Bröstcancerpatienterna uppgav hög tillfredsställelse med kompetens och bemötande under utredningen. Lägre tillfredsställelse uppgavs med vårdens organisation och information. Förbättringsbehov som tydligast framgick var av ökad samordning av utredningens faser samt utökad psykosocial vård. / Purpose: The purpose was to examine breast cancer patients’ satisfaction with care during diagnostic process and to investigate their identified needs for improvement. Method: Patients reported to the Quality register for breast cancer in Uppsala- Örebro during 2007-2008 were asked to participate in a questionnaire study. The study population was 165 women who commented on the diagnostic process. Answers were analyzed using qualitative content analysis by Graneheim and Lundman. Result: Patients commented diagnostic services regarding organization, competence, interpersonal skills, information and general. Concerning organization they reported needs for better coordination, better personnel continuity, a contact person and more psychosocial care. High satisfaction with health care competence was reported but also mistakes and lack of professionalism. Personnel’s interpersonal skills appeared mostly satisfactory. Lower satisfaction was reported when personnel overlooked the patient as an individual. Satisfaction with information was high when information was given in person with time for questions and feedback, and lower when information was hard to access, lacking or not adjusted to the patients’ needs. General comments indicated high satisfaction. Conclusions: Patient satisfaction with competence and interpersonal skills was high while satisfaction with organization and information was lower. Diagnostic services can be improved by coordination and more psychosocial care.

The networking of control devices is well advanced in a modern automobile. To ensure secure communications with each other and to prevent mistakes due to communication error, protocol tests are performed at the physical and data link layer level. In a modern car the diagnosis of the electronic devices (e.g. reading/deleting fault memory entries) is done with a standardized communication protocol (UDS - Unified Diagnostic Services). Modern control units have this diagnostic capabilities to detect this communication error among others. This data is provided for a guided troubleshooting the vehicle via a defined interface. In this communication test detection mechanisms are specifically stimulated and read afterwards. In order to read or delete these entries, a diagnosis query is performed on the basis of the diagnostic protocol UDS. The diagnostic requests are currently performed with a diagnostic service of bus analysis software Vector CANoe. This service requests can be performed directly on CAN but for the diagnosis of other bus systems a software gateway is used. The maintenance required and the error rate of the software gateways is very high and should be replaced in the future. Furthermore, additional bus systems can be integrated only with great effort. Therfore the main aim of the master thesis was to develop a concept for univesal UDS API and afterwards implementation of that concept using CAPL programming for modular use in test environments for vehicle communication testing.

Cars are getting more technically advanced and more ECUs are being developed that results in increased safety and comfort, and a lower environmental impact. This leads to a complex work to test and verify that all the different ECUs are functioning as intended in various situations. Vehicle diagnostics often requires software from third parties that are often expensive. Syntronic AB are currently using software with a much larger functionality than needed to perform vehicle diagnostics and much of the unneces-sary functionality in the software leads to unnecessarily long runtimes for the program. By studying CAN and UDS and analyzing how they interact, I was able to create a software by systematically developing the software with two interfaces connected to each computer and continuously testing the implementation against the theoretical basis and then finally testing the software in a vehicle. The created software was better suited to the needs of the company and the more functionality-adapted software could perform the same diagnostics faster than the company’s current software. The most used UDS-service by the company could be implemented and the created software enabled more UDS services to be added without modifications of the main program or its features. / Bilar blir allt mer tekniskt avancerade och fler ECU:er har utvecklats som har medfört ökad säkerhet och komfort samt minskad miljöpåverkan. Det resulterar i ett komplext arbete med att testa och verifiera att alla olika ECU:er fungerar som de skall i olika situationer. Fordonsdiagnostik kräver ofta program-varor från olika aktörer där licenserna ofta är dyra. Idag använder Syntronic AB en programvara med en mycket större funktionalitet än de behöver för att utföra fordonsdiagnostik och all denna onödiga funktionalitet i programvaran har medfört onödigt långa körtider. Genom att studera CAN och UDS och genom att analysera hur de samverkar kunde jag skapa en programvara genom att systematiskt utveckla programvaran med två gränssnitt inkopplade i var sin dator och kontinuerligt testa implementationen mot den teoretiska grunden för att slutligen testa programvaran i en bil. Den skapade programvaran var bättre anpassad för företagets behov och den mer funktionalitetsanpassade programvaran kunde utföra samma diagnostik snabbare än företagets nuvarande programvara. Den UDS-tjänst företaget använde mest kunde implementeras och den skapade programvaran konstruerades så att fler UDS-tjänster kunde läggas till utan modifikation av huvudprogrammet eller dess funktioner.