This research explores how human values and concerns are manifested and negotiated through the process of design. In undertaking this study, a variety of design interventions were explored to facilitate how values can be articulated and discussed amongst project stakeholders during the design process. These design interventions will be referred to as projects within the exegesis. In this exegesis, I will argue for the importance of a dialogic process among project stakeholders in the creation of a human-centred design practice in communication design. This exegesis explains the central argument of the research and how the research questions were investigated. It presents a journey of the discoveries, learnings and knowledge gained through an inquiry of the research questions. The total submission for this research consists of the exegesis, exhibition and oral presentation. Through each mode of delivery I will share and illuminate how the research questions were investigated.

At present two options are available that can lead to a determination of how moral education may be possible in practice. One takes its formulation from the work of Kant, the other stands in the tradition of Aristotle. Kant emphasizes the importance of duty mid obligation. In contrast, Aristotle attempts to construct a theory of moral life on the practice of virtue. Both theoretical perspectives have debilitating deficiencies. A spectrum of moral experience is presented that represents the wood opportunities available to the agent in life experience. The polarities of this spectrum pull most naturally towards either an Aristotelian or a Kantian perspective, although neither perspective is capable of addressing the requirements of the entire spectrum. The Aristotelian perspective is associated with the life of non-dilemmic virtue, undertaken in community, where relational realities and the contextual contingency of moral life is emphasized. The Kantian perspective is associated with dilemmic situations to be resolved by a process of moral The central problem of the dissertation acknowledges the antithetical nature of these perspectives, and the dichotomous nature of their philosophical roots. The central task of the dissertation is the establishment of a dialogic process that has the potential to reconcile this dichotomy, and to allow these perspectives to mutually inform and reinforce each other. This task is accomplished by providing responses to a central research question that is accompanied by a series of subsidiary questions. From an analysis of various theories of moral education, Kohlberg's theory of structural developmentalism is chosen for reformulation as it is informed by the exploration of the requirements of the dialogic process. To address the research questions, additional Spectra are offered to provide an epistemological and ontological basis for a five-step dialogic treatment that combines, through a developmental climacteric, the Magistral dialogue of Vvgotsky Socratic dialogue of Bakhtin. The five-step model is comprised of a recursive loop through the four steps of the Magistral dialogue prior to an entrance into a Socratic dialogue. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The recent expansion of general practitioner (GP) out of hours cooperatives indicates that many British GPs see this as the solution to managing out of hours work, particularly the 'problem' of 'inappropriate' demand. This thesis investigates the highly contentious subject of 'inappropriateness' of demand for out of hours GP services for children under five, and develops a methodology that allows for a reconceptualisation of the issues involved based on the beliefs, assumptions and practices of all those concerned, rather than locating the 'problem' within the province of parents alone, or within the doctor-patient relationship as a bounded system. Using a predominantly sociological and anthropological conceptual framework, the thesis draws on a synthesis of views and practice, bringing those of professionals and parents together with fieldwork observations based in the primary care centre setting. It suggests that contrary to talk about management of the 'problem' in technical, bureaucratic and medical terms, this becomes a moral issue in practice. Scientific or organisational imperatives disguise largely moral proscriptions and examples illustrate ways in which moral and emotional dimensions embedded within these social relations can conflict with particular forms of rationality. The analysis shows how organisational initiatives that fail to take account of such moral frameworks can produce unexpected and unintended consequences. The thesis illustrates the value of what is described as a dialogic process, taking account of the fluidity between voices, layers of time and space, and interchange between researcher, participants, and future audiences. The play of these issues in the rapid and extensive growth of cooperatives is discussed in the wider context of the rhetoric of consumerism and shifts in interprofessional practices and relationships. Negotiation of 'appropriate' supply of and demand for out of hours services has had a major impact on government initiatives for primary care as a whole. Thus key elements in the formation of cooperatives, originally targeted at a more narrow conceptualisation of problems, can be seen as expressing a deeper impetus for change, and serving as vehicles for more fundamental and rapid development.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-15T15:07:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_Hillene Freitas_2017.pdf: 1239371 bytes, checksum: 28d8e6b643ebaa9c5e9617e87719de30 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-15T15:07:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_Hillene Freitas_2017.pdf: 1239371 bytes, checksum: 28d8e6b643ebaa9c5e9617e87719de30 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-15T15:07:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_Hillene Freitas_2017.pdf: 1239371 bytes, checksum: 28d8e6b643ebaa9c5e9617e87719de30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-11 / The object of the study was the dialogical process in the care relationship between health care agents and subjects with diabetes mellitus 2, in the primary health care, family health care strategy. The theoretical assumptions of health psychology, community orientation, and concepts about subjectivity, dialogue and mediation in health care were central to our analysis. The main objectives were: to investigate the mediation and dialogue processes of ACS with subjects/users with DM2, inserted in the Hiperdia Program, in a UBSF, in Manaus; To identify the health care practices of ACS in the assigned territory of a UBSF; to characterize the health care practices of the ACS in the Hiperdia Program in the context of this UBSF. The qualitative methodology of the Participating Observation in the field of research (UBSF), used the field diary and documentary material, respecting the ethical norms in research. The researcher was inserted as a participant observer in the daily life of the UBSF, interacting with the professionals of the multidisciplinary team and users of the unit, in a general way. And, more directly, with the community health care agents and users of the Hiperdia Program. In this unit, the five community health care agents were women. All agreed to participate in the research and signed the Informed Consent Term. The analysis of the corpus was performed in coherence with the theoretical assumptions of health psychology and the field methodology used. The results showed the precariousness and vulnerability of the population and dwellings of the affiliated territory of the UBSF, where the ACS work in daily life. The ACS practices are more focused on preventive care work, particularly, observing the behaviors and situations of risk of illness and aggravation of the same, acting as mediators between the users and multidisciplinary team. In the Hiperdia Program, the actions of mediation of the ACS, valued both the subjective aspects of the subjects / users and those of the glycemic control, of the practice of physical exercises in DM2. An example of the care pathways of an ACS in the territory was singled out, highlighting a care relationship in a dialogical process, with availability and solidarity regarding the subjects/users of DM2. In the final considerations, it is suggested the deepening of the research on the dialogic processes underlying the care relationships of the ACS in their daily practice. / O objeto do estudo foi o processo dialógico na relação de cuidados entre agentes de saúde e sujeitos com diabetes mellitus 2, na atenção básica, estratégia saúde da família. Os pressupostos teóricos da psicologia da saúde, de orientação comunitária, e os conceitos sobre subjetividade, diálogo e mediação nos cuidados à saúde foram fundamentais para a nossa análise. Os objetivos principais foram: investigar os processos de mediação e de diálogo das ACS com sujeitos/usuários com DM2, inseridos no Programa Hiperdia, em uma UBSF, em Manaus; identificar as práticas de cuidados à saúde das ACS no território adstrito de uma UBSF; caracterizar as práticas de cuidados à saúde das ACS no Programa Hiperdia no contexto dessa UBSF. A metodologia qualitativa da Observação Participante, no campo investigativo (UBSF), utilizou o diário de campo e material documental, respeitando as normas éticas em pesquisa. A pesquisadora esteve inserida como observadora participante no cotidiano da UBSF, interagindo com os profissionais da equipe multidisciplinar e usuários da unidade, de uma forma geral. E, mais diretamente, com as agentes comunitárias de saúde e usuários do Programa Hiperdia. Nesta unidade, as cinco agentes comunitárias de saúde eram mulheres. Todas concordaram em participar da pesquisa e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. A análise do corpus foi realizada em coerência com os pressupostos teóricos da psicologia da saúde e da metodologia de campo utilizada. Os resultados mostraram a precariedade e vulnerabilidade da população e moradias do território adstrito da UBSF, onde as ACS atuam no cotidiano. As práticas das ACS são mais voltadas ao trabalho de cuidados preventivos, particularmente, observando os comportamentos e situações de risco de adoecimento e de agravamento do mesmo, atuando como mediadoras entre os usuários e equipe multidisciplinar. No Programa Hiperdia, as ações de mediação das ACS, valorizavam tanto os aspectos subjetivos dos sujeitos/usuários quanto aqueles do controle da glicemia, da prática de exercícios físicos em DM2. Foi individualizado um exemplo de percursos de mediação de cuidados de uma ACS no território, destacando-se uma relação de cuidados em processo dialógico, com disponibilidade e solidariedade em relação aos sujeitos/usuários de DM2. Nas considerações finais, sugere-se o aprofundamento da pesquisa sobre os processos dialógicos subjacentes às relações de cuidados das ACS em sua prática cotidiana.

[pt] Com a modernidade em crise, a crítica aos ideais iluministas e até da noção tradicional da razão em cheque, passou-se a buscar uma melhor compreensão da realidade, como alternativa para suprir um crescente descontentamento social em função do distanciamento entre as decisões administrativas, incluindo as judiciais, e os efetivos anseios dos cidadãos. Dentre as propostas que aliam o novo ideal democrático ao contexto do mundo da vida, o filósofo alemão Jürgen Habermas propõe uma mudança de paradigma da Razão através de uma lógica dialógica, transferindo a noção da Razão Prática para um espectro procedimental, usando como ferramenta indispensável o agir comunicativo, o discurso e o consenso entre as partes interessadas; além disso, promove uma reconstrução do direito e do Estado, com a superação dos modelos teóricos existentes – liberal e republicano – e com a formatação de um Estado efetivamente democrático, posto que viabiliza a participação dos concernidos na criação dos direitos. Em outras palavras, Habermas aposta no sucesso processo de interação comunicativa, que se efetiva por meio de um acordo discutido, debatido e refletido em função dos motivos apresentados pelos interessados. Diante dessa linha habermasiana que envolve a atuação efetiva dos cidadãos e das instituições da sociedade civil, além do próprio Estado, no processo de formulação normativa e decisória surge, para alguns, a ideia da inaplicabilidade dessa teoria por entenderem que, em função da realidade brasileira, principalmente em relação ao déficit educacional da população, essa ideia ficaria prejudicada. O Direito Coletivo do Trabalho, como ramificação de nosso sistema jurídico, promove a derrocada dessa premissa de inaplicabilidade da proposta de Habermas que adota o agir comunicativo como instrumento para alcance do entendimento, do consenso dos interessados, promovendo, assim, uma harmônica relação entre a validade e faticidade da norma. Importante ainda ressaltar a convivência dos interesses individuais e dos coletivos, não havendo prevalência da simples vontade da maioria, mas sim da vontade melhor justificada dentro do processo dialógico, ocorrendo a preservação das garantias e direitos individuais fundamentais. / [en] With modernity in crisis, criticizes the Enlightenment ideals and even the traditional notion of reason in check, began to seek a better understanding of reality, as an alternative to supply a growing social discontent due to the distance between the adminstrative decisions, including judicial, and actual desires of citizens. Among the proposals that combine the new democratic ideal context of the living world, the German philosopher Jurgen Habermas proposes a paradigm shift of Reason through a dialogical logic, transferring the notion of Practical Reason for a procedural spectrum, using as the indispensable tool communicative action, discourse and consensus among stakeholders; Moreover, it promotes a reconstruction of law and state, with the overcoming of the existing theoretical models - liberal and republican - and the formatting of a democratic state effectively, since it enables the participation of concerned in the creation of rights. In other words, Habermas betting on the success of the process, which is effective communicative interaction through an agreement discussed, debated and reflected on the basis of the reasons given by those concerned. Given this Habermasian line that involves the effective participation of citizens and civil society institutions, and the state itself, the formulation of rules and decision-making process arises, for some, the idea of this theory inapplicable because they understand that, according to the Brazilian reality mainly in relation to the educational deficit of the population, this idea would be impaired. The Collective Labour Law, as a branch of our legal system, promotes the overthrow of this premise inapplicability of proposed which adopts Habermas communicative action as an instrument to reach understanding, consensus of stakeholders, thus promoting a harmonious relationship between the validity and facticity of the norm. Important to highlight the coexistence of individual and collective interests, with no prevalence of simple will of the majority, but the best justified within the dialogical process will occur and guarantees the preservation of fundamental individual rights.