Ativo essencial na composição de produtos de nutrição, o fosfato bicálcico é aplicado como fonte de fósforo e cálcio em rações animais, sais minerais, e outros bens regularmente consumidos no segmento pecuário. Mesmo com uma contribuição importante para o sector agrícola nacional, a obtenção de fosfato bicálcico proporciona impactos significativos ao meio ambiente. Isso ocorre não apenas pelo consumo inexorável de rocha fosfática recursos naturais considerados como reserva estratégica de uma nação , mas também, por causa das demandas de água , de aditivos e de outros agentes de processo. Além disso, destacam-se nesse mesmo recorte a geração de resíduos sólidos e emissões para a água e para o ar, geradas em virtude da abordagem tecnológica praticado neste processamento. Este estudo faz uma avaliação do desempenho ambiental da produção de fosfato bicálcico como esta é praticada no Complexo Mineroquímico de Cajati -SP, sob a perspectiva de propor ações de melhoria ao mesmo processamento. A fim de levar a cabo a conte o presente desenvolvimento a técnica de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (LCA) a técnica foi utilizada para determina em termos quantitativos, a magnitude das interações entre os sistemas antrópicos e o ambiente. Os resultados da primeira etapa do projeto mostraram que a importação de enxofre, a produção de ácido fosfórico e o consumo de energia elétrica foram os estágios com o maior potencial de impactos ambientais. O diagnóstico fornecido por esta iniciativa permitiu que arranjos tecnológicos concebidas sob o enfoque ambiental fossem então modelados. Nesses termos, foram propostas melhorias quanto a logística do transporte de enxofre, o consumo de água no complexo industrial, e a aquisição de energia elétrica junto à concessionária. O estudo conclui que, se a importação de enxofre fosse realizada a partir de diferentes fornecedores, mas desconsiderando a Rússia o mais importante destes na condição atual o desempenho ambiental do processo seria afetado positivamente. Quanto ao consumo de água, a implementação de ações de reciclagem trouxe ganhos em termos de esgotamento do recurso, de eutrofização e de toxicidades em água doce e terrestre. Ainda que estes resultados fossem previsíveis, as magnitudes das reduções foram expressivas. No entanto, o uso de cal virgem para neutralização do efluente na nova estação de tratamento (ETEL) aumentou significativamente os impactos como mudanças climáticas. Por fim, a alternativa de fornecimento de energia eletricidade por cogeração de biomassa será ambientalmente eficaz se acaso esta puder proporcionar de maneira simultânea uma redução da demanda de energia térmica decorrente de combustíveis fósseis. / Essential asset in the composition of nutrition products, the dicalcium phosphate is applied as a source of phosphorus and calcium in animal rations, minerals salts and other regularity consumed goods in the livestock sector. Even with an important contribution to the national agricultural sector, the obtaining of dicalcium phosphate provides significant impacts to the environment. This occurs not only by the inexorable consumption of phosphate rock natural resources considered as strategic reserve of a nation but also, because of the demand for water, additives and other agents used in the process. Moreover, still regarding environmental effects, must be highlighted the solid waste generation and the emissions for water and to the air released by virtue of the technological approach usually practiced in this processing. This study makes an evaluation of the environmental performance of dicalcium phosphate production as it is practiced in the Complexo Mineroquímico of Cajati-SP, under the perspective to propose improvement actions. In order to carry out the development Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) technique was employed in order to determine, in a quantitative way, the magnitude of the interactions between the anthropic systems and its surroundings. The results of the first step of the project showed that sulfur import, phosphoric acid production and consumption of electric energy were the stages with the most significant environmental impacts. The diagnosis allowed that technological arrangements conceived under the environmental perspective were modeled. Therefore there were proposed improvements concerning the logistic of Sulphur transportation, water consumption in the industrial complex, and to the electricity acquired from the concessionaire. The study concludes that if the sulphur importation were shared among different suppliers, without considering Russia the most important of them nowadays , the environmental performance of the process would be positively affected. Regarding water consumption, the implementation of recycling actions brought gains in terms of water depletion, Eutrophication and both Freshwater and Terrestrial Ecotoxicity. Event that these results could be previously predicted the magnitudes of the decreases were expressive. However, the use of quicklime to neutralize the effluent in the wastewater treatment increased significantly the impacts as Climate Changes. The alternative of energy supplying electricity by cogeneration of biomass will be environmentally effective if it can provide, simultaneously reduction of thermal energy demand from fossil fuels.

Ativo essencial na composição de produtos de nutrição, o fosfato bicálcico é aplicado como fonte de fósforo e cálcio em rações animais, sais minerais, e outros bens regularmente consumidos no segmento pecuário. Mesmo com uma contribuição importante para o sector agrícola nacional, a obtenção de fosfato bicálcico proporciona impactos significativos ao meio ambiente. Isso ocorre não apenas pelo consumo inexorável de rocha fosfática recursos naturais considerados como reserva estratégica de uma nação , mas também, por causa das demandas de água , de aditivos e de outros agentes de processo. Além disso, destacam-se nesse mesmo recorte a geração de resíduos sólidos e emissões para a água e para o ar, geradas em virtude da abordagem tecnológica praticado neste processamento. Este estudo faz uma avaliação do desempenho ambiental da produção de fosfato bicálcico como esta é praticada no Complexo Mineroquímico de Cajati -SP, sob a perspectiva de propor ações de melhoria ao mesmo processamento. A fim de levar a cabo a conte o presente desenvolvimento a técnica de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (LCA) a técnica foi utilizada para determina em termos quantitativos, a magnitude das interações entre os sistemas antrópicos e o ambiente. Os resultados da primeira etapa do projeto mostraram que a importação de enxofre, a produção de ácido fosfórico e o consumo de energia elétrica foram os estágios com o maior potencial de impactos ambientais. O diagnóstico fornecido por esta iniciativa permitiu que arranjos tecnológicos concebidas sob o enfoque ambiental fossem então modelados. Nesses termos, foram propostas melhorias quanto a logística do transporte de enxofre, o consumo de água no complexo industrial, e a aquisição de energia elétrica junto à concessionária. O estudo conclui que, se a importação de enxofre fosse realizada a partir de diferentes fornecedores, mas desconsiderando a Rússia o mais importante destes na condição atual o desempenho ambiental do processo seria afetado positivamente. Quanto ao consumo de água, a implementação de ações de reciclagem trouxe ganhos em termos de esgotamento do recurso, de eutrofização e de toxicidades em água doce e terrestre. Ainda que estes resultados fossem previsíveis, as magnitudes das reduções foram expressivas. No entanto, o uso de cal virgem para neutralização do efluente na nova estação de tratamento (ETEL) aumentou significativamente os impactos como mudanças climáticas. Por fim, a alternativa de fornecimento de energia eletricidade por cogeração de biomassa será ambientalmente eficaz se acaso esta puder proporcionar de maneira simultânea uma redução da demanda de energia térmica decorrente de combustíveis fósseis. / Essential asset in the composition of nutrition products, the dicalcium phosphate is applied as a source of phosphorus and calcium in animal rations, minerals salts and other regularity consumed goods in the livestock sector. Even with an important contribution to the national agricultural sector, the obtaining of dicalcium phosphate provides significant impacts to the environment. This occurs not only by the inexorable consumption of phosphate rock natural resources considered as strategic reserve of a nation but also, because of the demand for water, additives and other agents used in the process. Moreover, still regarding environmental effects, must be highlighted the solid waste generation and the emissions for water and to the air released by virtue of the technological approach usually practiced in this processing. This study makes an evaluation of the environmental performance of dicalcium phosphate production as it is practiced in the Complexo Mineroquímico of Cajati-SP, under the perspective to propose improvement actions. In order to carry out the development Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) technique was employed in order to determine, in a quantitative way, the magnitude of the interactions between the anthropic systems and its surroundings. The results of the first step of the project showed that sulfur import, phosphoric acid production and consumption of electric energy were the stages with the most significant environmental impacts. The diagnosis allowed that technological arrangements conceived under the environmental perspective were modeled. Therefore there were proposed improvements concerning the logistic of Sulphur transportation, water consumption in the industrial complex, and to the electricity acquired from the concessionaire. The study concludes that if the sulphur importation were shared among different suppliers, without considering Russia the most important of them nowadays , the environmental performance of the process would be positively affected. Regarding water consumption, the implementation of recycling actions brought gains in terms of water depletion, Eutrophication and both Freshwater and Terrestrial Ecotoxicity. Event that these results could be previously predicted the magnitudes of the decreases were expressive. However, the use of quicklime to neutralize the effluent in the wastewater treatment increased significantly the impacts as Climate Changes. The alternative of energy supplying electricity by cogeneration of biomass will be environmentally effective if it can provide, simultaneously reduction of thermal energy demand from fossil fuels.

Yes / Brushite, or Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4⋅2H2O), is a well-known calcium phosphate (CaP) found in mineralized tissues and is utilized in medical treatment, particularly in bone powder for bone repair. Brushites with Zn2+ and Ag + ions concentration were synthesized in an aqueous solution using the conventional precipitation procedure. The synthesized brushites were characterized using techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and bioassays were carried out to evaluate their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The alterations in PXRD and FTIR peak locations demonstrated that zinc and silver ions were effectively inserted into the brushite crystals. Initial tests revealed that the powders were innocuous, which make them potentially beneficial for mineralized tissue engineering. These brushites exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activities. Zn-doped brushite completely controlled the growth of fungi namely Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotium rolfsii at a concentration of 0.0039 mg mL-1 while Ag-doped brushite completely arrested the growth of these fungi at 0.0312 and 0.0039 mg mL-1, respectively. Likewise, both the brushite exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against Bacillus thuringiensis and moderate activity against Escherichia coli. Brushite compounds coupled with active metal ions, notably Ag+ and Zn2+, demonstrated promise as a distinct class of reactive materials for bone-related applications.

Foram avaliados os efeitos do fósforo proveniente das fontes Fosfato Bicálcico (FBC) e Fosfato Monoamônico (FMA) sobre a digestibilidade ruminal in situ do feno de coast-cross (Cynodon dactylum) e a solubilidade das mesmas fontes de P, através de estudo in vitro. Doze carneiros machos, castrados, mestiços da raça Sulfock, dotados de cânulas ruminais, foram empregados por um período experimental dividido em duas etapas: a primeira avaliou a solubilidade in situ do fósforo proveniente das duas fontes em três diluentes distintos, sendo líquido ruminal obtido de animais recebendo feno e concentrados, líquido ruminal obtido de animais recebendo apenas feno e solução de ácido cítrico a 2%. Para quantificação da solubilidade do FMA e FBC no líquido ruminal foi formado um pool distinto dos líquidos de cada grupo quanto aos alimentos oferecidos. Em seguida as mostras foram dissolvidas nos diluentes e determinou-se a concentração de fósforo total no meio, a partir da leitura da absorbância em espectrofotômetro. A segunda etapa foi desenvolvida para avaliar o efeito da disponibilidade do fósforo das duas fontes sobre a digestibilidade ruminal in situ do mesmo feno de coast-cross. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado composto por dois tratamentos: Fosfato Bicálcico e Fosfato Monoamônico. A digestibilidade da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro foi calculada pelo emprego da técnica dos sacos de náilon incubados no rúmen durante 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. O fosfato monoamônico apresentou maior disponibilidade no líquido ruminal em relação ao bicálcico (P<0,05). No entanto, essa diferença na concentração de P disponível no líquido ruminal não promoveu aumento significativo na digestibilidade in situ da FDN ou da MS do feno. / The effects of phosphorus from Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP) or Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) sources were evaluated on in situ ruminal digestibility of coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylum) and also their solubility using in vitro study. Twelve Suffolk crossbred wethers were used, fitted with ruminal cannulas. The experimental period was divided into two stages: the first one evaluated the in situ solubility of the two sources of phosphorus in three different extractors: ruminal fluid from animals receiving roughage plus concentrate-based diet; ruminal fluid from animals receiving only roughage-based diet; and 2% citric acid solution. To quantify the solubility of DCP and MAP in rumen fluid, a pool of fluid from each group, relating to the feed offered, was formed. The samples were dissolved in solvents and total phosphorus concentration was determined, by reading the absorbance in a spectrophotometer. The second stage evaluated the effect of phosphorus availability from the two sources used on in situ ruminal digestibility of the coast-cross hay. A completely randomized design was used, composed by two treatments: Dicalcium Phosphate and Monoammonium Phosphate. Digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber was calculated, applying in situ nylon bag technique, with incubation time of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 or 96 hours. Monoammonium phosphate showed higher availability in ruminal fluid than dicalcium phosphate (P<0,05); however, this difference in the concentration of phosphorus available in ruminal fluid did not cause significant increase on in situ digestibility of NDF or DM of hay.

Summary: A process is under investigation for the manufacture of dicalcium phosphate by the hydrolosis of concentrated superphosphate containing recycled monocalcium phosphate. The hydrolysis also results in the formation of an aqueous solution of monocalcium phosphate and free phosphoric acid. The phases are separated, followed by washing and drying of the solid dicalcium phosphate. The wash water is used in the hydrolyzer. The solution is returned to the superphosphate production step, where phosphate rock and additional phosphoric acid are added, and where water is evaporated to form the solid superphosphate. Pilot plant results have indicated that filtration rates vary widely under almost identical mixing conditions, presumably due to variations in particle size ranges. It was thought worthwhile, therefore, to study the effects of different mixing variables on the relative particle sizes as indicated by the settling rates of the mixture.

Summary: A process is under investigation for the manufacture of dicalcium phosphate by the hydrolosis of concentrated superphosphate containing recycled monocalcium phosphate. The hydrolysis also results in the formation of an aqueous solution of monocalcium phosphate and free phosphoric acid. The phases are separated, followed by washing and drying of the solid dicalcium phosphate. The wash water is used in the hydrolyzer. The solution is returned to the superphosphate production step, where phosphate rock and additional phosphoric acid are added, and where water is evaporated to form the solid superphosphate.Pilot plant results have indicated that filtration rates vary widely under almost identical mixing conditions, presumably due to variations in particle size ranges. It was thought worthwhile, therefore, to study the effects of different mixing variables on the relative particle sizes as indicated by the settling rates of the mixture.

Foram avaliados os efeitos do fósforo proveniente das fontes Fosfato Bicálcico (FBC) e Fosfato Monoamônico (FMA) sobre a digestibilidade ruminal in situ do feno de coast-cross (Cynodon dactylum) e a solubilidade das mesmas fontes de P, através de estudo in vitro. Doze carneiros machos, castrados, mestiços da raça Sulfock, dotados de cânulas ruminais, foram empregados por um período experimental dividido em duas etapas: a primeira avaliou a solubilidade in situ do fósforo proveniente das duas fontes em três diluentes distintos, sendo líquido ruminal obtido de animais recebendo feno e concentrados, líquido ruminal obtido de animais recebendo apenas feno e solução de ácido cítrico a 2%. Para quantificação da solubilidade do FMA e FBC no líquido ruminal foi formado um pool distinto dos líquidos de cada grupo quanto aos alimentos oferecidos. Em seguida as mostras foram dissolvidas nos diluentes e determinou-se a concentração de fósforo total no meio, a partir da leitura da absorbância em espectrofotômetro. A segunda etapa foi desenvolvida para avaliar o efeito da disponibilidade do fósforo das duas fontes sobre a digestibilidade ruminal in situ do mesmo feno de coast-cross. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado composto por dois tratamentos: Fosfato Bicálcico e Fosfato Monoamônico. A digestibilidade da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro foi calculada pelo emprego da técnica dos sacos de náilon incubados no rúmen durante 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. O fosfato monoamônico apresentou maior disponibilidade no líquido ruminal em relação ao bicálcico (P<0,05). No entanto, essa diferença na concentração de P disponível no líquido ruminal não promoveu aumento significativo na digestibilidade in situ da FDN ou da MS do feno. / The effects of phosphorus from Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP) or Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) sources were evaluated on in situ ruminal digestibility of coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylum) and also their solubility using in vitro study. Twelve Suffolk crossbred wethers were used, fitted with ruminal cannulas. The experimental period was divided into two stages: the first one evaluated the in situ solubility of the two sources of phosphorus in three different extractors: ruminal fluid from animals receiving roughage plus concentrate-based diet; ruminal fluid from animals receiving only roughage-based diet; and 2% citric acid solution. To quantify the solubility of DCP and MAP in rumen fluid, a pool of fluid from each group, relating to the feed offered, was formed. The samples were dissolved in solvents and total phosphorus concentration was determined, by reading the absorbance in a spectrophotometer. The second stage evaluated the effect of phosphorus availability from the two sources used on in situ ruminal digestibility of the coast-cross hay. A completely randomized design was used, composed by two treatments: Dicalcium Phosphate and Monoammonium Phosphate. Digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber was calculated, applying in situ nylon bag technique, with incubation time of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 or 96 hours. Monoammonium phosphate showed higher availability in ruminal fluid than dicalcium phosphate (P<0,05); however, this difference in the concentration of phosphorus available in ruminal fluid did not cause significant increase on in situ digestibility of NDF or DM of hay.

La politique mondiale de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet serre repose en grande partie sur la recherche de nouvelles solutions pour l’industrie cimentaire qui contribue largement aux émissions de CO2. Parmi ces solutions, l’exploitation de ciments riches en silicate bicalcique, Ca2SiO4, ou bélite, qui est sa dénomination cimentaire, semble intéressante puisque le procédé industriel de fabrication requiert une moindre demande en calcaire et une température de cuisson plus basse que dans le cas des ciments Portland. A ce jour, les freins à une exploitation massive par les cimentiers de la bélite sont l’absence ou la lenteur de la réactivité avec l’eau, qui se traduit par une lente montée en résistance mécanique des ciments bélitiques, et le ‘dusting’ ou éclatement au refroidissement du fait de la transformation allotropique β. Les interprétations de ces phénomènes restent, à ce jour, contradictoires car elles reposent bien souvent sur l’analyse de la bélite dans un clinker, avec toute sa complexité. Aussi, nous avons choisi d’entreprendre une étude fondamentale des propriétés de β-Ca2SiO4. Afin de valoriser notre travail, nous avons essayé d’apporter des explications aux inconvénients majeurs qui bloquent l’exploitation des ciments bélitiques. Nous avons travaillé d’une part avec de la bélite synthétisée par voie chimique, pure ou dopée avec des éléments choisis (phosphore, soufre, bore) et, d’autre part, avec une bélite extraite d’un clinker sulfoalumineux bélitique. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la stabilisation du polymorphe haute température β. Cette stabilisation a été étudiée d’un point de vue microstructural et chimique. La phase β est maclée. Les surfaces des grains présentent des défauts (dislocations, joints de macles et joints de grains avec des désorientations) qui sont autant de sites potentiels pour une réaction avec l’eau. Que ce soit la bélite de synthèse ou la bélite extraite d’un clinker, elle réagit rapidement avec l’eau. En revanche, la bélite dans une matrice cimentaire réagit lentement. Nous avons attribué cette caractéristique non pas à la lente hydraulicité de la bélite elle-même mais plutôt à la formation, au cours de l’hydratation du ciment, d’hydrates qui viennent recouvrir les grains de belite et empêcher sa dissolution. Ce travail propose également des solutions pour améliorer l’hydraulicité de la bélite contenue dans une matrice cimentaire. / The global policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions is largely based on finding new solutions for the cement industry, which contributes significantly to CO2 emissions. Among these solutions, the exploitation of cements rich in dicalcium silicate, Ca2SiO4, or belite, which is its cementitious name, seems interesting since the industrial manufacturing process requires a lower demand for limestone and a lower firing temperature than in the case Portland cements. To date, the obstacles for a massive exploitation of the belite by cement producers are the absence or the slowness of its reactivity with the water, which results in a slow increase in mechanical resistance of the belite rich cements, and the 'dusting', or splitting on cooling due to the β allotropic transformation. The interpretations of these phenomena remain, to date, contradictory because they are often based on the analysis of belite in a clinker, with all its complexity. In this context, we have chosen to undertake a fundamental study on the properties of β-Ca2SiO4. In order to value our work, we have tried to explain the major disadvantages that retard or prevent the exploitation of belite rich cements. On one hand, we worked with chemically synthesized belite, either pure or doped with selected elements (phosphorus, sulfur, boron) and, on the other hand, with a belite extracted from a belite sulfoaluminate clinker. We focused on the stabilization of the high temperature β polymorph. This stabilization has been studied from a microstructural and chemical point of view. The β phase is twinned. The grain surfaces have defects (dislocations, twin joints and grain boundaries with disorientations) which are all potential sites for a reaction with water. Whether belite is synthetic or extracted from a clinker, it reacts quickly with water. In contrast, belite in a cement matrix responds slowly. We have attributed this characteristic not to the slow hydraulicity of the belite itself, but to the formation, during the hydration of the cement, of hydrates which cover the belite grains and prevent their dissolution. This work also proposes solutions to improve the hydraulicity of the belite contained in a cement matrix.

No description available.

Apesar de ser utilizado na indústria de Fosfato Bicácico (DCP) há vários anos, a microgranulação a partir de misturados horizontais de alto cisalhamento possui fundamentos pouco conhecidos, de maneira que as operações das unidades industriais sejam baseadas em conhecimentos empíricos. Este trabalho busca determinar os mecanismos de granulação associados com o processo de microgranulação de DCP e o perfil de crescimento dos grãos em função dos seguintes parâmetros operacionais: a quantidade de fase líquida, acidez do meio reacional e a velocidade de rotação do eixo central do granulador. Após a análise estatística de dados coletados a partir de um ano de operação em uma unidade industrial, conclui-se que a aglomeração do DCP em ambientes com alta umidade geram preferencialmente partículas grosseiras, que não contribuem para o aumento da eficiência de granulação. O processo de microgranulação de DCP deve ser controlado em uma estreita faixa de condições operacionais, balanceando a quantidade de fase líquida adicionada e a taxa de reciclo de material seco praticada. A redução na umidade de operação, aumenta a qualidade granulométrica do material produzido por este processo. / Despite being used by the Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP) Industry for many years, the fundaments of high shear horizontal mixer microgranulation are poorly known, so the industrial operations are based on empirical knowledge. The goal of this work was to determine the granulation mechanisms associated with the DCP microgranulation process and the particle size enlargement pattern, according with the following operational parameters: the amount of liquid phase, reaction media acidity and the mixer paddles` rotational speed. After statistically analysing one year operational data collected from an industrial facility, it was concluded that the agglomeration of DCP at a high moisture environment promotes preferable formation of coarse particles, which dont increase the overall granulation efficiency. The DCP microgranulated process has to be controlled in very narrow operational condition, balancing the liquid phase and the recycle material returned during the granulation process. The reduction of the process moisture increased the quality of physical quality of the material produced by this process route.